"Plain muscle fibres. n, nucleus of muscle cell; p, undifferentiated cell protoplasm; p', the differentiated contractile portion of the cell." — Galloway

Muscle Fibres

"Plain muscle fibres. n, nucleus of muscle cell; p, undifferentiated cell protoplasm; p', the differentiated…

"Spherical cell (resting stage of Amoeba) illustrating general or universal symmetry. Any plane passing through the center will divide it into two essentially equal portions." — Galloway

Spherical Cell

"Spherical cell (resting stage of Amoeba) illustrating general or universal symmetry. Any plane passing…

"Eudorina. A colony of 16 flagellate cells imbedded in a gelatinous matrix." — Galloway

Eudorina

"Eudorina. A colony of 16 flagellate cells imbedded in a gelatinous matrix." — Galloway

"Nettling cells of Hydra. A, unexploded; B, exploded; b, barbs; c, the nettling cell in which the nettling organ is developed; cn., the cnidocil or "trigger"; cp., the capsule or nettling organ; f, the nettling filament or lasso; n, neck of the capsule; nu., nucleus of the cell." — Galloway

Hydra

"Nettling cells of Hydra. A, unexploded; B, exploded; b, barbs; c, the nettling cell in which the nettling…

A tool used for boring holes in metal, stone, wood, or an other hard substance.

Drill Bit

A tool used for boring holes in metal, stone, wood, or an other hard substance.

A wood pecker have the feathers of the pileum elongated and conspicuous.

Pilated Woodpecker

A wood pecker have the feathers of the pileum elongated and conspicuous.

A frame of wood erected on a post or pole, with movable boards resembling those in the stocks, and the holes which were put the head and hands of an offender, which was thus exposed to public derision.

Pillory

A frame of wood erected on a post or pole, with movable boards resembling those in the stocks, and the…

A primative musical instrument consisting of a graduated series of tubes of cane, wood, metal, or stone, closed at the lower end.

Pan Pipes

A primative musical instrument consisting of a graduated series of tubes of cane, wood, metal, or stone,…

A young man staining a wooden floor.

Staining

A young man staining a wooden floor.

"In the stomach, intestines and elsewhere the epithelial cell is obling in profile and is called columnar epithelium." — Richardson, 1906

Columnar Epithelium

"In the stomach, intestines and elsewhere the epithelial cell is obling in profile and is called columnar…

"Non-striped spindle-shaped cells which branch and join with one another." — Richardson, 1906

Non-Striated Muscle

"Non-striped spindle-shaped cells which branch and join with one another." — Richardson, 1906

"The national emblem of Ireland, is a plant with a leaf formed from three leaflets. It is thought to be the wood-sorrel, a native of Ireland, by some, and by others the name is given to the bird's-foot trefoil." — Beach, 1900

Shamrock

"The national emblem of Ireland, is a plant with a leaf formed from three leaflets. It is thought to…

"A massive square framework of wood, mounted on six sarp disc wheels, each about two feet in diameter, which cut deep into the ground, and on the lightest land they can hold as effectually to resist the pull of the rope which is passed around the sheave beneath." — Chambers, 1881

Fowler's Anchor

"A massive square framework of wood, mounted on six sarp disc wheels, each about two feet in diameter,…

"The Chinapatam Sugar-mill consists of a mortar made by cutting down some hard-wood tree to within 2 or 3 feet of the ground, and hollowing the top of the portion left standing in the ground into the form of a mortar, A. A small hole is then bored obliquely through from the bottom of the cavity to the outside, and a pipe, f, conveys the juice into a jar, g. B is a cylindrical piece of wood, sharpened at each end, to act as a pestle, which is kept in its place with sufficient pressure by the lever C and the ropes at E. Two men are required: one at I has a basket supplied with small lengths of freshly-cut cane, which he places, two or three at a time, in the mortar, and when necessary, removes the crushed ones; the other man sits on the other end of the train, balancing it, and at the same time drives oxen which are attached to the end of the beam D, and keep the movable parts of the mill constantly turning round." — Chambers, 1881

Chinapatam Sugar-mill

"The Chinapatam Sugar-mill consists of a mortar made by cutting down some hard-wood tree to within 2…

"This wood-engraving represents St. Christopher carrying the infant saviour across the sea, and is dated 1423. The inscription at the bottom has been thus translated: 'In whichever day thou seest the likeness of St. Christopher, in that same day thou wilt, at least, from death no evil blow incur." — Chambers, 1881

Wood Engraving

"This wood-engraving represents St. Christopher carrying the infant saviour across the sea, and is dated…

"A copy of one of the cuts in the Apocalypsis. It represents St. John preaching to three men and a woman, with the inscription: 'By the preaching of St. John, Drusiana and others are withdrawn from their idols)." — Chambers, 1881

Wood Engraving

"A copy of one of the cuts in the Apocalypsis. It represents St. John preaching to three men and a woman,…

"From Biblia Pauperum, is curious as showing the general manner of representing the creation of Eve during the 15th century, the same subject frequently occurring previous to 1500. Both have the appearance of careful drawings." — Chambers, 1881

Wood Engraving

"From Biblia Pauperum, is curious as showing the general manner of representing the creation of Eve…

"A reduced copy of the 'Knight,' and is interesting as one of the first wood-engravings executed in Great Britain: several works followed, all, hoever, in the same rude manner." — Chambers, 1881

Wood Engraving

"A reduced copy of the 'Knight,' and is interesting as one of the first wood-engravings executed in…

A primative musical instrument consisting of a graduated series of tubes of cane, wood, metal, or stone, closed at the lower end.

Pan Pipes

A primative musical instrument consisting of a graduated series of tubes of cane, wood, metal, or stone,…

"This machine consists of two vertical shafts, carrying radial arms. These arms pass each other in opposite directions, so that, in addition to a tearing action on the dough, which the knives have on passing each other, they have a screw action, pressing the dough down on one side and up on the other. The vessels containing the dough are made of wood, of an oval form, to correspong with the action of the machine." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Vertical Mixer

"This machine consists of two vertical shafts, carrying radial arms. These arms pass each other in opposite…

"A hive largely and successfully used in Scotland, it is octagonal, and the "Quinby hive" of America is much deeper from back to front than it is wide. The Stewarton is not properly a frame, but a bar-hive, although frames are sometimes fitted to it. It usually consists of three octagon breeding-boxes, 14 inches in diameter by 6 inches deep, each furnished with nine bars placed equidistant, the spaces between being occupied by movable slides of wood working in grooves in the bars." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Stewarton Hive

"A hive largely and successfully used in Scotland, it is octagonal, and the "Quinby hive" of America…

A giant tree often 90 to 120 feet high. Commonly used in wood working.

American Plane Tree

A giant tree often 90 to 120 feet high. Commonly used in wood working.

A machine used for planing large blocks of wood.

Planing Machine

A machine used for planing large blocks of wood.

"Radial longitudinal section of wood of Pinus Sylvestris. a, cambium; b, c, d, e, f, wood cells; f, bordered pits in an early stage of formation, before the thickening ring has arched over the thin portion of cell'wall; t', bordered pit after the thickening mass has arched over the thin cell-wall; st, very large pits where in contact with medullary rays." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Pinus Sylvestris

"Radial longitudinal section of wood of Pinus Sylvestris. a, cambium; b, c, d, e, f, wood cells; f,…

"Porous or pitted cell from the Mistleto." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Pitted Cell

"Porous or pitted cell from the Mistleto." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

"Section of Bamboo, showing an angular network of cells, and the round apertures of pitted vessels." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Bamboo

"Section of Bamboo, showing an angular network of cells, and the round apertures of pitted vessels."…

"Vertical section of the leaf of Potamogeton or Pondweed, showing air cavities or lecunae l, and parenehymatous cells p, with granules." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Pondweed Leaf

"Vertical section of the leaf of Potamogeton or Pondweed, showing air cavities or lecunae l, and parenehymatous…

"Cellular tissue from leaf of Urostigma elasticum. c, a large cell; r, cystolith, an agglomeration of crystals situated at the extremity of an inward prolongation of the cell-wall, t; u, cells filled with chlorophyll granules." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Urostigma Elasticum

"Cellular tissue from leaf of Urostigma elasticum. c, a large cell; r, cystolith, an agglomeration of…

"Vertical section of epidermis, from the lower surface of the leaf of Madder, showing the intimate union of the spidermal cells e, the loose subjacent parenchyma p, with intercellular canals m, and lacuna l; s, stoma." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Epidermis

"Vertical section of epidermis, from the lower surface of the leaf of Madder, showing the intimate union…

"Epidermis of leaf of Saxifraga Sarmentosa, showing clusters of stomata s, surrounded by large epidermal cells e. The cells among which the stomata occus are very small." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Saxifraga Sarmentosa

"Epidermis of leaf of Saxifraga Sarmentosa, showing clusters of stomata s, surrounded by large epidermal…

"Formation of stomata from leaf of Hyacinth, seen from the surface. e, epidermis cells; s', mother-cell of stomatic guard-cells; s, bipartition of mother-cell into two guard-cells." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Hyacinth

"Formation of stomata from leaf of Hyacinth, seen from the surface. e, epidermis cells; s', mother-cell…

"Splitting of partition wall between guard-cells to form the stoma (Sachs.)" — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Sachs

"Splitting of partition wall between guard-cells to form the stoma (Sachs.)" — Encyclopedia Britanica,…

"Transverse section of an open fibro-vascular bundle. c, cambium; cb, continuation of cambium between the fibro-vascular bundles; g, large pitted vessels; t, smaller pitted vessels and spiral vessels intermixed with wood-cells; y, inner phloem layers; bm bast fibers; m is the parenchyma of the pith; r, is the cortical parenchyma. Immediately external to the bark lies the bundle sheath of cells filled with starch." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Cambium

"Transverse section of an open fibro-vascular bundle. c, cambium; cb, continuation of cambium between…

"Longitudinal section of an open fibro-vascular bundle. c, cambium; s, spiral vessels with fibers which can be unrolled; l, scalariorm reticulated vessel; h, h', h'', h''', wood-cells; t, bordered pitted vessel; t', young pitted vessel; p, inner phloem layer; b, best layer; gs, bundle-sheath; r, cortical parenchyms; m, pith parenchyms. The elements are developed from s to t' in the xylem portion." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Fibro-vascular Bundle

"Longitudinal section of an open fibro-vascular bundle. c, cambium; s, spiral vessels with fibers which…

A wasp that makes his nest in wood or cork, then covers the enterance with mud.

Potter Wasp

A wasp that makes his nest in wood or cork, then covers the enterance with mud.

A group of beetles known for being preditors. They have bulging eyes and slender legs.

Wood Tiger Beetle

A group of beetles known for being preditors. They have bulging eyes and slender legs.

A tool in which the wood working end is pointed, blunt, and a continuous edge enclosing an area, or a pattern in relief or intaglio. Used to perforate or indent a solid material.

Punch

A tool in which the wood working end is pointed, blunt, and a continuous edge enclosing an area, or…

"1, Portion of epithelium from the tentacle of an Actinian, showing three supporting cells and one sense cell; 2, a cnidoblast with enclosed nematocyst from the same specimen; 3 and 4, two forms of gland cell from the stomodaeum; 5a, 5b, epithelio-muscular cells from the tentacle in different states of contraction; 5c, an epithelio-muscular cell from the endoderm, containing a symbiotic zooxanthella ; 6, a ganglion cell fro mthe ectoderm of the peristome." —Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Tentacles

"1, Portion of epithelium from the tentacle of an Actinian, showing three supporting cells and one sense…

"The hand-gun was used by both infantry and cavalry; it consisted of a simple iron or brass tube with touch-hole at the top, fixed on a straight stock of wood; when used on foot, the soldier held it firmly by passing the stock under the arm; when used on horseback he stock was shortened to butt against the breast, the barrel resting on a fork secured to the saddle bow." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Hand-Gun

"The hand-gun was used by both infantry and cavalry; it consisted of a simple iron or brass tube with…

"A wood-engraver's scooper." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Wood-engraver's Scooper

"A wood-engraver's scooper." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"The bradawl is a boring tool adapted only for soft wood." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Bradawl

"The bradawl is a boring tool adapted only for soft wood." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"The Gimlet." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Gimlet

"The Gimlet." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"The Gimlet." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Gimlet

"The Gimlet." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"The wood-worker's main stand-by for boring is the stock or brace and set of bits." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Stock

"The wood-worker's main stand-by for boring is the stock or brace and set of bits." — Encyclopedia…

"A ratchet brace is a powerful instrument, and carries in itself the screw for obtaining the requisite pressure. Small holes can be drilled under a light pressure with rapid rotation on the part of the drill." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Ratchet Brace

"A ratchet brace is a powerful instrument, and carries in itself the screw for obtaining the requisite…

A stock used to tighten and loosen bolts.

Stock

A stock used to tighten and loosen bolts.

"Cutting pliers and cutting nippers have a pair of knife edges so arranged as to work exactly opposite to one another, the handles, on being tightly grasped, affording sufficient leverage for these edges to be forced to a short distance into the two opposite sides of a nail or wire, which, if of small diameter or of soft metal, can thus be cut asunder." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Cutting Pliers

"Cutting pliers and cutting nippers have a pair of knife edges so arranged as to work exactly opposite…

"A form of glass cutter with a cast-iron handle." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Glass Cutter

"A form of glass cutter with a cast-iron handle." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"The ordinary sheet-metal shears merely resemble very powerful scissors, and, their action being quite local, they serve well for dividing the plates or other thin sheets for which alone they are suitable." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Sheet-metal Shears

"The ordinary sheet-metal shears merely resemble very powerful scissors, and, their action being quite…

"Block shears act with additional leverage, and can consequently be used for rather thicker metal, the upper bow being replaced by a long straight handle, and the lower one by a stake which can by firmly fixed in a block of woood or otherwise." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Block Shears

"Block shears act with additional leverage, and can consequently be used for rather thicker metal, the…

A vice used to hold wood in place.

Vice

A vice used to hold wood in place.

"The ordinary tail-vice used by mechanics has not yet been largely superseded, though many ingenious arrangements have been devised for remedying its main defect." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Tail-vice

"The ordinary tail-vice used by mechanics has not yet been largely superseded, though many ingenious…

"The English parallel vice is little used except for small work." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Parallel Vice

"The English parallel vice is little used except for small work." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Hand-vices are used in the manner implied by their name, without being attached to a bench like the foregoing." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Hand-Vice

"Hand-vices are used in the manner implied by their name, without being attached to a bench like the…

"Blacksmith's Tongs." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Blacksmith's Tongs

"Blacksmith's Tongs." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Mosaic appearance of epithelium." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Epithelium

"Mosaic appearance of epithelium." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Stratified epithelium." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Epithelium

"Stratified epithelium." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"A ciliated epithelium cell." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Epithelium

"A ciliated epithelium cell." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"A striated epithelium cell." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Epithelium

"A striated epithelium cell." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"A ciliated cell with one large cilium." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Epithelium

"A ciliated cell with one large cilium." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893