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Adjusting the needle point so that it is slightly longer than that of the pencil.

The Tip of the Compass

Adjusting the needle point so that it is slightly longer than that of the pencil.

In changing the compass from a small to large radius, hold the legs together with one hand and spin the nut with the other, in order to save wear on the threads.

Adjusting the Compass

In changing the compass from a small to large radius, hold the legs together with one hand and spin…

Scales are made with different divisions for different purposes. For machine, structural and architectural drawing the architects' scale of proportional feet and inches is used.

The Scale of the Architects

Scales are made with different divisions for different purposes. For machine, structural and architectural…

The pulp of a hair injected; 1, cut surface of hair; 2, the pulp; 3, injected vessel ramifying in it. On the right the figure shows the hair in its follicle, though the drawing was made from the whisker of a Walrus; 2, the cutis; 3, external sheath of the follicle; 4, internal sheath continuous with the cuticle; 5, pulp; 6, shaft of hair; 7, large nerve going to it.

Hair and Its Follicle

The pulp of a hair injected; 1, cut surface of hair; 2, the pulp; 3, injected vessel ramifying in it.…

Outside calipers are used to measure solid objects.

Outside Caliper

Outside calipers are used to measure solid objects.

Inside calipers are used to measure hollow objects or internal holes.

Inside Caliper

Inside calipers are used to measure hollow objects or internal holes.

Transfer the caliper to a scale to receive measurement.

Reading the Outside Caliper

Transfer the caliper to a scale to receive measurement.

Transfer the caliper to a scale to receive measurement.

Reading the Inside Caliper

Transfer the caliper to a scale to receive measurement.

When the caliper cannot be removed from a thickness, a filler can be used. The distance must be subtracted from the total distance to obtain the desired thickness.

Caliper with Filler

When the caliper cannot be removed from a thickness, a filler can be used. The distance must be subtracted…

The transfer caliper is provided with a false leg which is set so that the caliper may be opened and then brought back to the same position after removing from the casting.

Transfer Caliper

The transfer caliper is provided with a false leg which is set so that the caliper may be opened and…

Do not hold the pen over the drawing while filing. Keep the blades parallel to the direction of the line

Pen Positioning

Do not hold the pen over the drawing while filing. Keep the blades parallel to the direction of the…

Always draw a circle in one stroke, inclining the compass in the direction of the line and rolling the handle between the thumb and finger.

Inking a Circle

Always draw a circle in one stroke, inclining the compass in the direction of the line and rolling the…

Phrenology is a psychological theory that the shape and bumps on a person's head can tell what mental powers and sentiments the person uses the most. The images make up the phrenology chart.

Phrenology

Phrenology is a psychological theory that the shape and bumps on a person's head can tell what mental…

Phrenology is a psychological theory that the shape and bumps on a person's head can tell what mental powers and sentiments the person uses the most. The images make up the phrenology chart.

Phrenology

Phrenology is a psychological theory that the shape and bumps on a person's head can tell what mental…

Phrenology is a psychological theory that the shape and bumps on a person's head can tell what mental powers and sentiments the person uses the most. The images make up the phrenology chart.

Phrenology

Phrenology is a psychological theory that the shape and bumps on a person's head can tell what mental…

Phrenology is a psychological theory that the shape and bumps on a person's head can tell what mental powers and sentiments the person uses the most. The images make up the phrenology chart.

Phrenology

Phrenology is a psychological theory that the shape and bumps on a person's head can tell what mental…

"Drawings carved by Middle Stone Age man on ivory." -Breasted, 1914

Stone Age Carving

"Drawings carved by Middle Stone Age man on ivory." -Breasted, 1914

A drawing of plowing and sowing in the Pyramid Age of Egypt. The hieroglyphs tell the story of the picture.

Plowing and Sowing

A drawing of plowing and sowing in the Pyramid Age of Egypt. The hieroglyphs tell the story of the picture.

"Donkey carrying a load of grain sheaves in the Pyramid Age." -Breasted, 1914.

Donkeys

"Donkey carrying a load of grain sheaves in the Pyramid Age." -Breasted, 1914.

Carpenters in the Pyramid Age of Egypt.

Egyptian Carpenters

Carpenters in the Pyramid Age of Egypt.

A Peruvian drawing of Inca warriors.

Peruvian Drawing

A Peruvian drawing of Inca warriors.

Suppose a person was looking at a church with a tree standing at its side, he would have in each eye an actual inverted panorama of the objects, as seen in this image. The mind then reads this image as right-side up.

Formation of an Image on the Eyeball

Suppose a person was looking at a church with a tree standing at its side, he would have in each eye…

A: "Camera-lucida drawing of a bleached leaf of a Dicotyledon, showing the course of the vascular bundles, and how end free in the mesophyll." C:magnified detail. -Stevens, 1916

Dicotyledon Leaf

A: "Camera-lucida drawing of a bleached leaf of a Dicotyledon, showing the course of the vascular bundles,…

B: "Camera-lucida drawing of a bleached leaf of... a Monocotyledon, showing the anastomosis of the parallel veins by means of slender lateral branches." D: magnified detail. -Stevens, 1916

Monocotyledon Leaf

B: "Camera-lucida drawing of a bleached leaf of... a Monocotyledon, showing the anastomosis of the parallel…

"Showing pitted connections between medullary rays and xylem parenchyma, and between contiguous xylem parenchyma cells. m, medullary rays; n, xylem parenchyma. Camera-lucida drawing of tangential section of wood of yellow poplar." -Stevens, 1916

Yellow Poplar Wood

"Showing pitted connections between medullary rays and xylem parenchyma, and between contiguous xylem…

"Stages in the formation of the megaspore, its germination, fertilization of the egg and endosperm cells. D, more highly magnified drawing of o in A showing archesporial cell at a." -Stevens, 1916

Megaspore Formation Stage 4

"Stages in the formation of the megaspore, its germination, fertilization of the egg and endosperm cells.…

"The repairing of a rent in the nest of the red tree ant (Ecophylla smaragdina). The nest is made of leaves, held together with a silken web. The figure shows the workers repairing a rent, one brigade of them being occupied in drawing the edges of the leaves together, while the others on the inside of the nest move the spinning larvae back and forth across the gap." -National Geographic, 1912

Red Tree Ants

"The repairing of a rent in the nest of the red tree ant (Ecophylla smaragdina). The nest is made of…

"Diagram of a gymnoblastic Hydroid. a., Stem; b., root; c., gut cavity; d., endoderm (dark); e., ectoderm; f., horny perisarc; g., hydra-like "person" (hydranth); g'., the same, contracted; h., hypostome bearing mouth; k., sac-like reproductive bud (sporosac); m., a modified hydranth (blastostyle) bearing sporosacs; l., medusoid "person." -Thomson, 1916

Hydroid

"Diagram of a gymnoblastic Hydroid. a., Stem; b., root; c., gut cavity; d., endoderm (dark); e., ectoderm;…

An illustration of a promissory note that has been indorsed by more than one person. "Each indorser can be held responsible for the payment of the note, should the maker fail to keep his promise to pay at the specified time."

Indorsed Promissory Note

An illustration of a promissory note that has been indorsed by more than one person. "Each indorser…

An illustration of a commercial draft for $122.50. "A commercial draft is a written order by which one person directs a second person to pay a specified sum of money at a stated time, through a bank."

Commercial Draft

An illustration of a commercial draft for $122.50. "A commercial draft is a written order by which one…

Neolithic age hut urns. The first drawing probably representing a lake dwelling. Not drawn to scale.

Neolithic Age Hut Urns

Neolithic age hut urns. The first drawing probably representing a lake dwelling. Not drawn to scale.

Perhaps the earliest people to form real cities in the western region of the world, were a people of mysterious origin called Sumerians. This drawing is a very early Sumerian stone carving showing Sumerian warriors in phalanx.

Stone Carvings of Sumerian Warriors

Perhaps the earliest people to form real cities in the western region of the world, were a people of…

Drawing of Napoleon of France as Emperor.

Napoleon as Emperor

Drawing of Napoleon of France as Emperor.

Drawing of Tsar Alexander I. He was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland, and first Grand Duke of Finland.

Tsar Alexander I

Drawing of Tsar Alexander I. He was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland, and first Grand Duke of Finland.

The Indians and the Highlander. Caption below illustration: "The Scotchman requested that the broad sword should be given to the most alert and most vigorous person in the assembly; and laying bare his neck after he had rubbed it over with magic signs , and muttered a few inarticulate words, he called out, with a loud voice and cheerful air."

Indians and the Highlander

The Indians and the Highlander. Caption below illustration: "The Scotchman requested that the broad…

This image shows a woman creating an illustration using the camera obscura.

Camera Obscura

This image shows a woman creating an illustration using the camera obscura.

A group of words or phrase written by figures or pictures of objects whose names resemble in sound the words or syllables of which they are composed. In heraldry a rebus is a device on a coat of arms conveying an allusion to the name of the person, as castles for Castleton, three cups for Butler. The accompanying cut show a rebus on a personal name (not very happy attempts, however), standing for the name Islip.

Rebus of Abbot Islip

A group of words or phrase written by figures or pictures of objects whose names resemble in sound the…

A group of words or phrase written by figures or pictures of objects whose names resemble in sound the words or syllables of which they are composed. In heraldry a rebus is a device on a coat of arms conveying an allusion to the name of the person, as castles for Castleton, three cups for Butler. The accompanying cut show a rebus on a personal name (not very happy attempts, however), standing for the name Oldham (Owledom).

Rebus of Bishop Oldham

A group of words or phrase written by figures or pictures of objects whose names resemble in sound the…

An illustration showing how to use isometric perspective. "This kind of perspective admits of scale measurements the same as any ordinary drawing, and gives a clear representation of the object. It is easily learned. All horizontal rectangular lines are drawn at an angle of 30°. All circles are ellipses of proportion, as shown."

Construction Using Isometric Perspective

An illustration showing how to use isometric perspective. "This kind of perspective admits of scale…

Two students drawing geometrical shapes on the chalkboard. A student is also using a scale while students sitting at desks take notes.

Geometry

Two students drawing geometrical shapes on the chalkboard. A student is also using a scale while students…

The branched character of the cells is seen. Shown is a transverse section from a cross section of the tail of a rabbit, showing sheath, fibrous septa, and branched connective tissue corpuscles. The spaces left white in the drawing represent the tendinous fibers in transverse section.

Branched Tendon Cells

The branched character of the cells is seen. Shown is a transverse section from a cross section of the…

A girl drawing still life on an easel.

Girl Drawing

A girl drawing still life on an easel.

"Perspective- Place roofs and tree tops above the horizon line, and the tree trunks and main part of the houses, below." -Foster, 1921

Landscape Perspective

"Perspective- Place roofs and tree tops above the horizon line, and the tree trunks and main part of…

"Composition- A simple grouping of three objects." -Foster, 1921

Composition

"Composition- A simple grouping of three objects." -Foster, 1921

"Observe: That when drawn above the level of the eye, the bottom faces can be seen. (Boxes H, C and I.) That when drawn below the level of the eye, the top faces can be seen. (Boxes F, B and G.) That when drawn at the left of the eye, the right faces can be seen (Boxes H, D and F)> That when drawn at the right of the eye, the left faces can be seen. (Boxes I, E and G.)" -Foster, 1921

Positioning

"Observe: That when drawn above the level of the eye, the bottom faces can be seen. (Boxes H, C and…

A, B, and C show three types of triangular prisms: right, isosceles, and equilateral. When put together with rectangular prisms, they create the three basic house forms. D is a shed roof and E and F are gable roofs.

Drawing House Forms

A, B, and C show three types of triangular prisms: right, isosceles, and equilateral. When put together…

"Hold On. From the drawing by Horace Vernet." -Rees, 1894

Hold On

"Hold On. From the drawing by Horace Vernet." -Rees, 1894

"Petits! Petits! Petits! Foraging in an Enemy's Country. From the drawing by Horace Vernet." -Rees, 1894

Petits! Petits! Petits! Foraging in an Enemy's Country

"Petits! Petits! Petits! Foraging in an Enemy's Country. From the drawing by Horace Vernet." -Rees,…

"A Grenadier. From a drawing by Horace Vernet." -Rees, 1894

A Grenadier

"A Grenadier. From a drawing by Horace Vernet." -Rees, 1894

"Portrait of the Emperor Maximilian. From a drawing by Dürer in the Albertina Gallery in Vienna." -Heath, 1901

Portrait of the Emperor Maximilian

"Portrait of the Emperor Maximilian. From a drawing by Dürer in the Albertina Gallery in Vienna."…

In changing the compass from a small to large radius, hold the legs together with one hand and spin the nut with the other, in order to save wear on the threads.

Adjusting the Compass

In changing the compass from a small to large radius, hold the legs together with one hand and spin…

To properly change the compass from one size to another, make sure to place legs together while turning the nut slowly.

Compass Adjustment

To properly change the compass from one size to another, make sure to place legs together while turning…

A compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the poles.

Turning the Compass

A compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the poles.

Drawing equal parts, one of three.

Dividers

Drawing equal parts, one of three.

Drawing equal parts, two of three.

Dividers

Drawing equal parts, two of three.

Drawing equal parts, three out of three.

Dividers

Drawing equal parts, three out of three.

Orthographic projection drawing of a candlestick or upright telephone. An orthographic projection is the method of representing the exact form of an object in two or more views on planes generally at right angles to each other, by dropping perpendiculars fro the object to the planes.

Orthographic Projection of Candlestick Telephone

Orthographic projection drawing of a candlestick or upright telephone. An orthographic projection is…

Orthographic projection drawing of an arm-chair. An orthographic projection is the method of representing the exact form of an object in two or more views on planes generally at right angles to each other, by dropping perpendiculars from the object to the planes.

Orthographic Projection of Arm-Chair

Orthographic projection drawing of an arm-chair. An orthographic projection is the method of representing…

Orthographic projection drawing of stairs. An orthographic projection is the method of representing the exact form of an object in two or more views on planes generally at right angles to each other, by dropping perpendiculars fro the object to the planes.

Orthographic Projection of Stairs

Orthographic projection drawing of stairs. An orthographic projection is the method of representing…

Stage three of fire making uses a bow as a tension rod and a fly wheel. To begin the bow would wind around the stick; the person would then push down causing the stick the spin. When the tension was released from the bow the fly wheel would continue spinning causing the rope to be re-spun around the stick. This would cause friction below resulting in fire.

Fire-Making

Stage three of fire making uses a bow as a tension rod and a fly wheel. To begin the bow would wind…