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"The battering-ram, was used to batter down the walls of besieged cities. It consisted of a large beam, made of the trunk of a tree, especially of a fir or an ash. To one end was fastened a mass of bronze or iron, which resembled in its form the head of a ram. The upper figure in the annexed cut shows the aries in its simplest state, and as it was borne and impelled by human hands, without other assistance. In an improced form, the ram was surrounded with iron bands, to which rings were attached for the purpose of suspending it by ropes or chains from a beam fixed transversel over it. " — Smith, 1873

Aries

"The battering-ram, was used to batter down the walls of besieged cities. It consisted of a large beam,…

"The Quassia is a tree cultivated in the West Indies and the parts adjacent. It has terminal clusters of large, red flowers, and unequally pinnate leaves. It comes to this country in logs or billets, and is retained as chips or raspings. It is given as an extract, an infusion, or a tincture. An infusion of it is used to poison flies."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Quassia

"The Quassia is a tree cultivated in the West Indies and the parts adjacent. It has terminal clusters…

The Seventeen Year Locust (Cicada septendecim) spends seventeen years underground feeding on the roots of trees. On the seventeenth year of its life it burrows out of the ground, cracks its shell and spreads its previously unused wings. It flies to the nearest tree to mate. The female cuts holes in the branches of the tree to deposit her eggs. The males make a very loud drumming noise while they are above ground.

Seventeen Year Locust

The Seventeen Year Locust (Cicada septendecim) spends seventeen years underground feeding on the roots…

Birds in a Tree

Birds in a Tree

Birds in a Tree

A robin on a tree branch

Robin

A robin on a tree branch

Brown Thrush in a tree.

Brown Thrush

Brown Thrush in a tree.

Children swinging on a birch-tree.

Children Swinging

Children swinging on a birch-tree.

Boys sitting on a wall

Boys Sitting

Boys sitting on a wall

A winter scene with a bird in the tree.

Winter Scene

A winter scene with a bird in the tree.

The Capitol, Washington

Capitol Building and Tree

The Capitol, Washington

Scene from the story, "The Poplar Tree."

Poplar Tree

Scene from the story, "The Poplar Tree."

Birds in a tree

Birds

Birds in a tree

Scene from the story, "Squeaky and the Scare Box."

Mice

Scene from the story, "Squeaky and the Scare Box."

Scene from the story, "Squeaky and the Scare Box."

Scare Box

Scene from the story, "Squeaky and the Scare Box."

Girl and an Apple Tree.

Girl and Apple Tree

Girl and an Apple Tree.

"A pillar or column. The use of the trunks of trees placed upright for supporting buildings, unquestionably led to the adoption of similar supports wrought in stone. As the tree required to be based upon a flat square stone, and to have a stone or tile of similar form fixed on its summit to preserve it from decay, so the column was made with a square base, and was covered with an abacus. Hence the principal parts of which every column consists are three, the base, the shaft, and the capital. In the Doric, which is the oldest style of Greek architecture, we must consider all the columns in the same row as having one common base, whereas in the Ionian and Corinthian each column has a seperate base, called spira. The capitals of these two latter orders show, on comparison with the Doric, a much richer style of ornament; and the character of lightness and elegence is further obtained in them by their more slender shaft, its height being much greater in proportion to its thickness. Of all these circumstances some idea may be formed by the inspection of the three accompanying specimens of pillars. The first on the left hand is Doric, the second Ionic, and the third Corinthian." — Smith, 1873

Columna

"A pillar or column. The use of the trunks of trees placed upright for supporting buildings, unquestionably…

Cat chasing a bird in a tree.

Cat and Bird

Cat chasing a bird in a tree.

Cat chasing a bird in a tree.

Cat and Bird

Cat chasing a bird in a tree.

Oak Tree

Oak Tree

Oak Tree

An ox under a tree

Ox

An ox under a tree

Two men standing outside

Men

Two men standing outside

"Sling the Monkey is a capital game, and can be played anywhere where there are trees. One player who is chosen by lot, takes the part of Monkey, and is fastened to a tolerably high branch of a tree by a strong cord knotted in a 'bowline' loop and passed round his waist. the other players now baste the monkey with knotted handkerchiefs, and he armed in like manner, endeavors to realiate. If he succeeds in striking one of them, he is at once released, and the other takes his place as monkey. He must make haste in doing it, or he may be basted until he is fairly in the loop. With players who don't mind a little buffeting this game becomes exceedingly lively: and active monkey is very different to approach with safety, and, of course, gives much more life to the game. The cord should be just long enough to enable the monkey to reach the ground comfortably under the branch. Half the fun of the game lies in actual slinging of the monkey, one of whose most effective ruses is to throw himself forward on the rope, preend to start off in one direction, and then come back with a swing in the other. The branch to which the cord is attached should be of some considerable height from the ground, or there will not be play enough in the rope; and it need scarcely be impressed upon the reader tha both rope and branch must be strong enough to bear the strain put upon them by the weight and movements of the monkey." — Thomas Sheppard Meek

Sling the Monkey

"Sling the Monkey is a capital game, and can be played anywhere where there are trees. One player who…

Scene from the story, "The Nose-Tree."

Nose-Tree

Scene from the story, "The Nose-Tree."

Frame of a man in a bag, from the story, "Man in the Bag."

Man in Bag

Frame of a man in a bag, from the story, "Man in the Bag."

Scene from the story, "The Juniper-Tree."

Juniper-Tree

Scene from the story, "The Juniper-Tree."

Scene from the story, "The Juniper-Tree."

Juniper-Tree

Scene from the story, "The Juniper-Tree."

"The Tamarind is an evergreen tree, 80 feet high by 25 in circumference, cultivated in India as far N. as the Jhelum, and very largely planted in avenues and 'topes.' The wood, which is yellowish-white, sometimes with red streaks, is hard and close-grained. It weighs about 83 pounds per cubic foot, is highly prized, but is very difficult to work, and is used in India for turning wheels, mallets, planes, furniture, rice-pounders, oil and sugar mills, etc. The West Indian and South American variety has legumes only three times as long as the broad, whereas the Indian tree has them six times as long. The tamarinds sold in the United States are chiefly West Indian tamarinds. They differ from the Black or East Indian tamarinds, of which the preserved pulp is black."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tamarind

"The Tamarind is an evergreen tree, 80 feet high by 25 in circumference, cultivated in India as far…

"On the walls near the lantern." — Young, 1901

Woman Leaning on Wall

"On the walls near the lantern." — Young, 1901

"S. Sominic's Orange Tree, with Campanile of S. Alessio." — Young, 1901

Campanile

"S. Sominic's Orange Tree, with Campanile of S. Alessio." — Young, 1901

"Arms of Sixtus IV. and Julius II. (Della Rovere)" — Young, 1901

Sixtus IV

"Arms of Sixtus IV. and Julius II. (Della Rovere)" — Young, 1901

"From the Villa Medici." — Young, 1901

Fountain and People

"From the Villa Medici." — Young, 1901

"The most common material on which books were written by the Greeks and Romans, was the thin coats or rind of the Egyptian papyrus. This plant was called by the Egyptians Byblos. The papyrus tree grows in swamps to the height of ten feet and more, and paper was prepared from the thin coats or pellicles which surround the plant. The form and general appearance of the papyri rolls will be understood from the following woodcut taken from the paintings found at Pompeii." — Smith, 1873

Liber

"The most common material on which books were written by the Greeks and Romans, was the thin coats or…

"A diminutive through osculum from os, meaning "a little face," was the term applied to faces or heads of Bacchus, which were suspended in the vineyards to be turned in every direction by the wind. Whichsoever way they looked they were supposed to make, the vines in that quarter fruitful. The figure represents the countenance of Bacchus with a beautiful, mild, and propitious expression. the other figure represents a tree with four oscilla hung upon its branches. A syrinx and a pedum are placed at the root of the tree." — Smith, 1873

Oscillum

"A diminutive through osculum from os, meaning "a little face," was the term applied to faces or heads…

A monkey in a tree.

Monkey

A monkey in a tree.

An ape in a tree

Ape

An ape in a tree

Native to countries around the Mediterranean. The pods are often called locust-eans, are supposed by some to have been food of John the Baptist in the wilderness.

Carob Tree

Native to countries around the Mediterranean. The pods are often called locust-eans, are supposed by…

"A cart or wagon. It had commonly two wheels, but sometimes four, and it was then called the plaustrum majus. Besides the wheels and axle the plaustrum consisted of a strong pole (temo), to the hinder part of which was fastened a table of wooden planks. The blocks of stone, or other things to be carried, were either laid upon this table without any other support, or an additional security was obtained by the use either of boards at the sides, or of a large wicker basket tied upon the cart. The annexed cut exhibits a cart, the body of which is supplied by a basket. The commonest kind of cart-wheel was that called tympanum, the "drum," from its resemblance to the musical instrument of the same name. It was nearly a foot in thickness, and was made either by sawing the trunk of a tree across in a horizontal direction, or by nailing together boards of the requisite shape and size. These wheels advanced slowly, and made a loud creaking, which was heard to a great distance." — Smith, 1873

Plaustrum

"A cart or wagon. It had commonly two wheels, but sometimes four, and it was then called the plaustrum…

Rock-a-bye, baby, in the tree top; When the wind blows, the cradle will rock; When the bough breaks, the cradle will fall; Down will come baby, cradle and all.

Rock-A-Bye Baby

Rock-a-bye, baby, in the tree top; When the wind blows, the cradle will rock; When the bough breaks,…

Up into the cherry tree, who should climb but little me? I held the trunk with both my hands and looked abroad on foreign lands. I saw the next-door garden lie, adorned with flowers before my eye, and many pleasant places more that I had never seen before.

Foreign Lands

Up into the cherry tree, who should climb but little me? I held the trunk with both my hands and looked…

Scene from the story, "The Fir Tree."

Fir Tree

Scene from the story, "The Fir Tree."

Scene from the story, "The Fir Tree."

Fir Tree

Scene from the story, "The Fir Tree."

Scene from the story, "The Pine-Tree Shillings."

Pine-Tree Shillings

Scene from the story, "The Pine-Tree Shillings."

A monkey in a tree

Monkey

A monkey in a tree

Seeds falling from a cone

Cone Seeds

Seeds falling from a cone

A papya-tree.

Papaya

A papya-tree.

A stately tree being 80 to 100 feet high, bearing staminate flowers in long slender aments and nuts enclosed two or three together in a globose prickly envelop called a bur.

Chestnut

A stately tree being 80 to 100 feet high, bearing staminate flowers in long slender aments and nuts…

A long, depressed form borer. Usually brownish green, roughened by shallow pits of brighter metallic color.

Flat Headed Apple Tree Borer

A long, depressed form borer. Usually brownish green, roughened by shallow pits of brighter metallic…

"The battering ram was a large beam, made of the trunk of a tree, and having a mass of bronze or iron fastened to one end, and resembling a ram's head. This shape, as well as its name, was given to the engine in question, on account of the resemblence of its mode of action to that of a ram butting with its forehead. In an improved form, the ram was surrounded with iron bands, to which rings were attached for the purpose of suspending it by ropes or chains to a beam fixed transversely over it. See the lower figure." — Anthon, 1891

Battering Ram

"The battering ram was a large beam, made of the trunk of a tree, and having a mass of bronze or iron…

"Thyrsus, a pole carried by Bacchus, and by Satyrs, Maenades, and others who engaged in Bacchic festivities and rites. It was sometimes terminated by the apple of the pine, or fir-cone, that tree being dedicated to Bacchus in consequence of the use of the turpentine which flowed from it, and also of its cones, in making wine. The monuments of ancient art, however, most commonly exhibit, instead of the pine-apple, a bunch of vine or ivy leaves, with grapes or berries, arranged into the form of a cone. The annexed cut shows the head of a thyrsus composed of the leaves and berries of the ivy, and surrounded by acanthus leaves. The fabulous history of Bacchus relates that he converted the thyrsi carried by himself and his followers into dangerous weapons, by concealing an iron point in the head of the leaves." &mdash Smith; 1873

Thyrsus

"Thyrsus, a pole carried by Bacchus, and by Satyrs, Maenades, and others who engaged in Bacchic festivities…

A cinnamon tree cultivated for its delicious bark.

Cinnamon

A cinnamon tree cultivated for its delicious bark.

An iron bent in the form of a stirrup, horseshoe, or the letter U with two ends perforated to recieve a pin, used to connect a draft chain or whipple tree to a cart or plow.

Clevis

An iron bent in the form of a stirrup, horseshoe, or the letter U with two ends perforated to recieve…

"An abatis formed by felling trees toward the enemy, leaving the butt hanging to the stump, the branches sharpened, is called a slashing." — Moss, 1914

Slashing

"An abatis formed by felling trees toward the enemy, leaving the butt hanging to the stump, the branches…

A valuable and well known tree, or its wood.

Oak

A valuable and well known tree, or its wood.

The leaves of a shrub or small tree, a native of China and Japan; usually shipped in boxes.

Tea

The leaves of a shrub or small tree, a native of China and Japan; usually shipped in boxes.

An evergreen tree 15 to 30 feet high with large elliptic smooth leaves. Its flower buds are commonly used as a spice in foods.

Clove Tree

An evergreen tree 15 to 30 feet high with large elliptic smooth leaves. Its flower buds are commonly…

The outside covering of a tree; the rind.

Bark

The outside covering of a tree; the rind.

To cut or sever by one or more blows.

Chop

To cut or sever by one or more blows.

"Ancient Persia was among the great empires that figure in the early history of mankind. Little of their history is known till the conqueror Cyrus ascended the throne, about the year, about 559 B.C." — Goodrich, 1844

Ancient Persia

"Ancient Persia was among the great empires that figure in the early history of mankind. Little of their…

"Amid the barren deserts of Arabia, a few fertile spots of soil arise out of the sandy waste, like islands out of the wide ocean. One of these places, termed <em>oases</em> by the inhabitants of those countries, became the seat of a rich, flourishing, and magnificent city, the immense ruins of which, at the present day, strike every traveller with astonishment. Palmyra, as this city was called in the Latin, and Tadmor, in the Syriac language, are both derrived from the multitude of palm-trees which grew upon this fertile region." &mdash; Goodrich, 1844

Palmyra

"Amid the barren deserts of Arabia, a few fertile spots of soil arise out of the sandy waste, like islands…

A tree of many varieties, some of which produce delicious fruit.

Pear

A tree of many varieties, some of which produce delicious fruit.