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An illustration of a price computing spring weighing machine.

Spring Weighing Machine

An illustration of a price computing spring weighing machine.

An illustration of a price computing weighing machine.

Price Computing Weighing Machine

An illustration of a price computing weighing machine.

An illustration of a price computing weighing machine using an even even balance and pendulum.

Price Computing Weighing Machine

An illustration of a price computing weighing machine using an even even balance and pendulum.

"Bamboo-reed (Arundo donax). a, panicle; b, flowering scale, clothed with silky hairs; c, spikelet." -Whitney, 1911

Giant Reed

"Bamboo-reed (Arundo donax). a, panicle; b, flowering scale, clothed with silky hairs; c, spikelet."…

"Barnacle-scale, a coccine scale-insect, Ceroplastes cirripediformis, which occurs upon citrus-trees in Florida and somewhat resembles a very small barnacle, whence the popular and the specific names." -Whitney, 1911

Barnacle Scale

"Barnacle-scale, a coccine scale-insect, Ceroplastes cirripediformis, which occurs upon citrus-trees…

Passive nymph or "pupa" of male scale insect.

Passive Nymph

Passive nymph or "pupa" of male scale insect.

The theatres were originally built on a very large scale to accommodate the large number of people on stage, as well as the large number of people in the audience, up to fourteen thousand. Mathematics played a large role in the construction of these theatres, as their designers had to able to create acoustics in them such that the actors' voices could be heard throughout the theatre, including the very top row of seats.

Ground Plan of the Theatre at Iassus

The theatres were originally built on a very large scale to accommodate the large number of people on…

Simple styles, such as the Doric, which accorded so intimately with the whole disposition of the Grecian temple, and the Ionic, were but rarely used; whilst, on the other hand, the Corinthian order was extremely prevalent, for it corresponded to the desire for splendor and magnificence. This order was employed, not, as among the Greeks, in small dimensions, but on the largest scale.

Corinthian Entablature from the Nerva at Rome

Simple styles, such as the Doric, which accorded so intimately with the whole disposition of the Grecian…

A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (or relative density) of liquids; that is, the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water. A hydrometer is usually made of glass and consists of a cylindrical stem and a bulb weighted with mercury or lead shot to make it float upright. The liquid to be tested is poured into a tall jar, and the hydrometer is gently lowered into the liquid until it floats freely. The point at which the surface of the liquid touches the stem of the hydrometer is noted. Hydrometers usually contain a paper scale inside the stem, so that the specific gravity can be read directly.

Common Hydrometer

A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (or relative density) of liquids;…

Now known as Ulmus procera, the image shows a "Flowering Branch and Foliage of English Elm (Ulmus campestris), with flower and fruit on larger scale." -Whitney, 1911

English Elm

Now known as Ulmus procera, the image shows a "Flowering Branch and Foliage of English Elm (Ulmus campestris),…

"Elytrum of Polymoë, a polychaetous annelid, bearing fimbriae, viewed from above." -Whitney, 1911

Polymoë

"Elytrum of Polymoë, a polychaetous annelid, bearing fimbriae, viewed from above." -Whitney, 1911

An illustration of the exterior of the Bessemer converter. The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. The process is named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the process in 1855. The process was independently discovered in 1851 by William Kelly. The process had also been used outside of Europe for hundreds of years, but not on an industrial scale. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten.

Bessemer Converter (Exterior)

An illustration of the exterior of the Bessemer converter. The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive…

An illustration of the interior of the Bessemer converter. The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. The process is named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the process in 1855. The process was independently discovered in 1851 by William Kelly. The process had also been used outside of Europe for hundreds of years, but not on an industrial scale. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten.

Bessemer Converter (Interior)

An illustration of the interior of the Bessemer converter. The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive…

"The Metre Bridge is employed - a piece of apparatus which is illustrated [here]. It consists of a wooden base, upon the upper face of which is mounted a metallic rectangle; three sides of this rectangle are formed by a broad substantial copper band - having a negligible resistance - and the fourth consists of a platinum silver wire w w joining the copper blocks P and p. This wire is exactly one meter long, and over it slides a key K, which when depressed makes contact by means of a platinum knife-edge with the wire; the exact point on the wire at which this contact is made is indicated by an arrow-head on the key, which slides against a scale, as shown." (Britannica, 1891)

Metre Bridge

"The Metre Bridge is employed - a piece of apparatus which is illustrated [here]. It consists of a wooden…

Lycopodiopsida is a class of plants often loosely grouped as the fern allies, and includes the clubmosses. Lycopodiopsida traditionally included all the clubmosses, including Selaginella and Isoetes. However, subdivisions within the Division Lycopodiophyta are now considered ancient enough to warrant higher-level separation in accordance with cladistics. Clubmosses are thought to be structurally similar to the earliest vascular plants, with small, scale-like leaves, homosporous spores borne in sporangia at the bases of the leaves, branching stems (usually dichotomous), and generally simple form.

Club Moss

Lycopodiopsida is a class of plants often loosely grouped as the fern allies, and includes the clubmosses.…

"Esophageal Ring. Anterior end of nervous system of Polynoë, a polychaetous annelid, showing, a, cerebral ganglia, connected by the esophageal ring, b, with the ventral series of ganglia, c." -Whitney, 1911

Scale Worm Nervous System

"Esophageal Ring. Anterior end of nervous system of Polynoë, a polychaetous annelid, showing, a,…

Three of the largest ice tongues of the Swiss Alps superposed on the same scale over Hubbard Glacier, Alaska.

Ice Tongues

Three of the largest ice tongues of the Swiss Alps superposed on the same scale over Hubbard Glacier,…

Map of a desert area with yardangs, and cross sections of the same on a much larger scale. Yardangs are formed by wind erosion, typically of an originally flat surface formed from areas of harder and softer material. The soft material is eroded and removed by the wind, and the harder material remains.

Yardangs

Map of a desert area with yardangs, and cross sections of the same on a much larger scale. Yardangs…

Cross-section of the Michigan Basin based on well sections. Owing to the exaggeration of the vertical scale, the folds appear more prominent than they are in reality.

Michigan Basin

Cross-section of the Michigan Basin based on well sections. Owing to the exaggeration of the vertical…

Diagram showing the relationships of a transgressive-regressive-transgressive series. A hiatus is found at the base of the transgressive series and between the regressive and upper transgressive series. Owing to the vertical exaggeration of the scale the essential parallelism of the strata is not expressed.

Transgressive-Regressive-Transgressive Series

Diagram showing the relationships of a transgressive-regressive-transgressive series. A hiatus is found…

An illustration of judge putting a law book on a scale.

Judge

An illustration of judge putting a law book on a scale.

An illustration of a woman holding a scale with a man.

Woman Holding Scale with Man

An illustration of a woman holding a scale with a man.

"Philepitta, peculiar to Madagascar, which have bare orbits surmounted by a green caruncle in the male, and metatarsi with a regular series of scale behind (taxaspidean). P. Jala, is black, with yellow at the bend of the wing; the female is olive green with yellow markings below." A. H. Evans, 1900

Wattled Pittas

"Philepitta, peculiar to Madagascar, which have bare orbits surmounted by a green caruncle in the male,…

"Parotia sexpennis, the Six-wired Bird of Paradise, is bronzy- and purplish-black, having scale-like golden throat- and breast-feathers with green and blue reflections. A satiny white patch crosses the forehead; the occiput is green, blue, and purple, having two lateral tufts, from each of which spring three wires terminating in small black discs; while large, soft, erectile masses of black adorn each side of the body." A. H. Evans, 1900

Six-wired Bird of Paradise

"Parotia sexpennis, the Six-wired Bird of Paradise, is bronzy- and purplish-black, having scale-like…

Spear grass is a herbaceous grass often troublesome in gravel walks and on hard, dry soils. The general appearance of plants is often modified by climate, soil, and modes of cultivation. Certain characteristics which are permanent and remain unaltered by circumstances. The details of the calyx, cup, or outer scale of the spikelet, is very much magnified, composed of two glumes, the upper and lower, the upper glume being the larger. The glumes and pales are know also by the name of husks or chaff, and are usually removed in cleanng the seed.

Annual Spear Grass

Spear grass is a herbaceous grass often troublesome in gravel walks and on hard, dry soils. The general…

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a long panicled grass, having, when ripe, some resemblance to oats, the seed growing in a separate pedicel starting from the main stalk. Each kernel terminates in an awn, and is enclosed in a rough husk, or scale, of a yellowish color. The stem or stalk of rice is similiar to that of wheat, except that the joints are more numerous. It is annual, and rises to the height of from two to six feet, according to the variety, soil, and culture. The rice seed is surrounded with a husk, which is so closely attached to it as being difficult of seperation. It is cleaned by passing through mill-stones, set far enough apart to prevent crushing the grain, but sufficiently near to remove the husks or chaff by friction.

Rice

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a long panicled grass, having, when ripe, some resemblance to oats, the seed…

Illustration of an ordinary steel-yard being used as a lever. F represents the fulcrum. Weight P is used to balance weight W.

Steel-yard Used as a Lever

Illustration of an ordinary steel-yard being used as a lever. F represents the fulcrum. Weight P is…

Illustration of a hydraulic machine. "A principle known as Pascal's Law states that pressure exerted on a liquid in a closed vessel is transmitted equally and undiminished in all directions." If a, A, p, and P respectively represent the areas and pressures, then the following proportion holds: a:A = p:P.

Hydraulic Machine Exerting Pressure

Illustration of a hydraulic machine. "A principle known as Pascal's Law states that pressure exerted…

President Grant crushing honesty and tipping the scale of his past actions.

Grant Tipping Scales

President Grant crushing honesty and tipping the scale of his past actions.

The rocky ceiling of a coal mine is ornamented everywhere by exquisite tracery, inimitale representation of the delicate frond of ferns. Remove a scale of rock and we discover an exquisite fossilized fern. Fossil ferns such as this acient tree fern are often found in association with coal seams.

Fossilized Coal Ferns

The rocky ceiling of a coal mine is ornamented everywhere by exquisite tracery, inimitale representation…

The rocky ceiling of a coal mine is ornamented everywhere by exquisite tracery, inimitale representation of the delicate frond of ferns. Remove a scale of rock and we discover an exquisite fossilized fern. Fossil ferns such as these are often found in association with coal seams.

Fossilized Coal Ferns

The rocky ceiling of a coal mine is ornamented everywhere by exquisite tracery, inimitale representation…

The rocky ceiling of a coal mine is ornamented everywhere by exquisite tracery, inimitale representation of the delicate frond of ferns. Remove a scale of rock and we discover an exquisite fossilized fern. Fossil ferns such as these are often found in association with coal seams. Fossil of scale tree, Lipidodendra.

Fossilized Coal Ferns

The rocky ceiling of a coal mine is ornamented everywhere by exquisite tracery, inimitale representation…

The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, generally classified as the superfamily Coccoidea. There are about 8,000 species of scale insects. Most scale insects are parasites of plants, feeding on sap drawn directly from the plant's vascular system. The female is wingless and has a large waxen egg-sac (e.s.) attached to her body.

Scale Insects

The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, generally classified as the superfamily…

The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, generally classified as the superfamily Coccoidea. There are about 8,000 species of scale insects. Most scale insects are parasites of plants, feeding on sap drawn directly from the plant's vascular system. Male scale insects are unusual in possessing only one pair of wings, thus making them resemble true flies (Diptera), though they lack the halteres (rudimentary hind wings) seen in flies, and have tail filaments, which do not occur in flies.

Scale Insects

The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, generally classified as the superfamily…

The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, generally classified as the superfamily Coccoidea. There are about 8,000 species of scale insects. Most scale insects are parasites of plants, feeding on sap drawn directly from the plant's vascular system. This is a bit of leaf with scales.

Scale Insects

The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, generally classified as the superfamily…

The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, generally classified as the superfamily Coccoidea. There are about 8,000 species of scale insects. Most scale insects are parasites of plants, feeding on sap drawn directly from the plant's vascular system. This is an adult female scale.

Scale Insects

The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, generally classified as the superfamily…

The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, generally classified as the superfamily Coccoidea. There are about 8,000 species of scale insects. Most scale insects are parasites of plants, feeding on sap drawn directly from the plant's vascular system. This is the wax scale under which the female lives.

Scale Insects

The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, generally classified as the superfamily…

The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, generally classified as the superfamily Coccoidea. There are about 8,000 species of scale insects. Most scale insects are parasites of plants, feeding on sap drawn directly from the plant's vascular system. This is a scale larva.

Scale Insects

The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, generally classified as the superfamily…

The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, generally classified as the superfamily Coccoidea. There are about 8,000 species of scale insects. Most scale insects are parasites of plants, feeding on sap drawn directly from the plant's vascular system. This is an adult male scale.

Scale Insects

The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, generally classified as the superfamily…

"Bill shorter that head, slender and compressed throughout, higher that broad at the nostrils, about straight, but seeming to be slightly recurved, owing to a sort of upward tilting of the superior mandible; culmen, notched near the end; gonys convex. Nostrils linear, opening beneath a large scale partly covered with feathers. No rictal vibrissae, nor any trace of bristles or bristle-tipped feathers about the nostrils. Plumage soft, lustreless, remarkably full and compact, water-proof. Body stout, thick set. Habits aquatic." Elliot Coues, 1884

European Dipper

"Bill shorter that head, slender and compressed throughout, higher that broad at the nostrils, about…

Aerial (top) view of Barn Swallow's bill "Hirundo horreorum. Barn Swallow. Bill of moderate size for this family, of the usual shape, with straight commissure; nostrils lateral overarched by a membranous scale." Elliot Coues, 1884

Barn Swallow Bill

Aerial (top) view of Barn Swallow's bill "Hirundo horreorum. Barn Swallow. Bill of moderate size for…

The graduated plumb and level is a type of plumb bob with a scale. It is used to level horizontal or vertical measurements.

Graduating Plumb and Level

The graduated plumb and level is a type of plumb bob with a scale. It is used to level horizontal or…

An illustration of a balance scale.

Balance Scale

An illustration of a balance scale.

This is a plan of the Temple of Chons (Khonsu) in Luxor, Egypt. Egyptian-style architecture. Scale in feet.

Plan of the Temple of Chons, 2134–1999 BC

This is a plan of the Temple of Chons (Khonsu) in Luxor, Egypt. Egyptian-style architecture. Scale in…

This is a plan of the Hall of Xerxes in Persepolis, near Shiraz, Iran. This is the plan of he palace according to Mr. Weld Blundell. This is an example of Persian architecture. The scale is in feet.

Plan of the Hall of Xerxes, 485–465 BC

This is a plan of the Hall of Xerxes in Persepolis, near Shiraz, Iran. This is the plan of he palace…

This is a plan of the San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy. It was built from AD 539 to 547. This is an example of Early Christian architecture. The scale is in feet.

Plan of San Vitale, Ravenna, AD 539–547

This is a plan of the San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy. It was built from AD 539 to 547. This is an example…

This is a plan of the church of San Ambrogio, Italy. This is an example of Italian Lombard Romanesque architecture. This church represents the "earliest [example] of the solution of the great problem which was exercising the minds of the church builders towards the end of the 11th century, the vaulting of the nave." The scale is in feet.

Plan of San Ambrogio, 1000–1200

This is a plan of the church of San Ambrogio, Italy. This is an example of Italian Lombard Romanesque…

This is a plan of the San Michele, Pavia, Italy. This is an example of Italian Lombard Romanesque architecture. This church represents the "earliest [example] of the solution of the great problem which was exercising the minds of the church builders towards the end of the 11th century, the vaulting of the nave." The scale is in feet.

Plan of San Michele, Pavia, 1000–1200

This is a plan of the San Michele, Pavia, Italy. This is an example of Italian Lombard Romanesque architecture.…

This is a plan of the St Mark's, in Venice, Italy. Erected AD 929 to 1063. This is an example of Italian Byzantine Romanesque architecture. This church was created in order to "reproduce in some way the leading features of the church of the Holy Apostles at Constantinople." The scale is in feet.

Plan of St Mark's, Venice, AD 929–1063

This is a plan of the St Mark's, in Venice, Italy. Erected AD 929 to 1063. This is an example of Italian…

This is a plan of the San Nicola at Bari, Italy. This is an example of Italian Southern Romanesque architecture. Scale is in feet.

Plan of San Nicola at Bari, 12th Century

This is a plan of the San Nicola at Bari, Italy. This is an example of Italian Southern Romanesque architecture.…

This is a plan of the Durham Cathedral, England. It is an example of English Gothic architecture. Building began in 1093 and was finished in approximately 40 years. "The square eastern termination, the less ambitious height, and the comparatively simple buttress–system, combine to give the English Gothic cathedral an air of greater repose than is found in the magnificent triumphs of French Gothic art." The scale is in feet.

Plan of Durham Cathedral, 1093–1133

This is a plan of the Durham Cathedral, England. It is an example of English Gothic architecture. Building…

This is a plan of the Salisbury Cathedral, England. It is an example of English Gothic architecture. The scale is in feet. "The square eastern termination, the less ambitious height, and the comparatively simple buttress–system, combine to give the English Gothic cathedral an air of great repose than is found in the magnificent triumphs of French Gothic art." The grouping "of 'lancet' windows, the piercing of the wall above them with the foiled circles, and the combination of the whole under an enclosed arch, soon led to the introduction of tracery, for which the design of earlier triforium arcades had also afforded a suggestion."

Plan of Salisbury Cathedral, 1075–1092

This is a plan of the Salisbury Cathedral, England. It is an example of English Gothic architecture.…

This is the Plan of Cathedral at Aix–la–Chapelle in Aachen, Germany. It is an example of Romanesque and Gothic architecture in Germany. It was built in AD 796. The scale is in feet. "With the exception of the church built at Trèves (There) by the empress Helena, of which small portions can still be traced in the cathedral, there are no remains of earlier date than the tomb–house built by Charlemagne at Aachen (Aix–la–Chapelle), which, though much restored in the 19th century, is still in good preservation. It consists [...] of an octagonal domed hall surrounded by aisles in two [stories], both vaulted; externally the structure is a polygon of sixteen sides, about 105 ft. in diameter, and it was preceded by a porch flanked by turrets."

Plan of Cathedral at Aix-la-Chapelle, AD 796

This is the Plan of Cathedral at Aix–la–Chapelle in Aachen, Germany. It is an example of…

This is the plan of the Cathedral at Mainz, Germany. It is an example of Romanesque and Gothic architecture. The scale is in feet. Construction was started in AD 975. In Germany and Italy up until this point in architecture open timber roofing or flat ceilings were being used, however this problem was "solved in Germany, as well as in Italy, [with the] vaulting over the nave, and the cathedrals of Spires, Worms and Mainz are the three most important churches in which this was accomplished."

Plan of Cathedral at Mainz, AD 976

This is the plan of the Cathedral at Mainz, Germany. It is an example of Romanesque and Gothic architecture.…

This is a plan of the Cathedral at Würms, Germany. It is an example of Romanesque and Gothic architecture in Germany. The scale is in feet. Construction was started in AD 1000 and continued until 1025. In Germany and Italy up until this point in architecture open timber roofing or flat ceilings were being used, however this problem was "solved in Germany, as well as in Italy, [with the] vaulting over the nave, and the cathedrals of Spires, Worms and Mainz are the three most important churches in which this was accomplished,"

Plan of Cathedral at Worms, AD 1000–1025

This is a plan of the Cathedral at Würms, Germany. It is an example of Romanesque and Gothic architecture…

This is a plan of the Cathedral of Spires (Speyer), Germany. It is an example of Romanesque and Gothic architecture in Germany. The scale is in feet. Construction lasted from 1030 to 1061, and it was planned by Conrad II. In Germany and Italy up until this point in architecture open timber roofing or flat ceilings were being used, however this problem was "solved in Germany, as well as in Italy, [with the] vaulting over the nave, and the cathedrals of Spires, Worms and Mainz are the three most important churches in which this was accomplished,"

Plan of Cathedral of Spires, 1030–1061

This is a plan of the Cathedral of Spires (Speyer), Germany. It is an example of Romanesque and Gothic…

This is a plan of the St Paul's Cathedral in London, England. It is an example of English Renaissance architecture. The construction lasted from 1675 to 1710. Sir Christopher Wren designed the cathedral. "In plan, Wren's design was in accordance with the traditional arrangement of an English cathedral, with nave, north and south transepts and choir, in all the cases with side aisles together...Wren introduced a series of cupolas over the main arms of the cathedral, which enabled him to light with clerestory windows; these are not visible on the exterior, as they are masked by the upper storey which Wren carried round the whole structure, in order, probably, to give it greater height and importance." The scale is given in feet.

Plan of St Paul's Cathedral, London, 1675–1710

This is a plan of the St Paul's Cathedral in London, England. It is an example of English Renaissance…

This is a plan of the Parliament House in Budapest, Hungary. It is an example of Modern Architecture. Construction lasted from 1885 to 1902. The Parliament House is located on Pest's Riverbank. The building is a symbol of Hungary's independence. "The plan [for the Houses of Parliament in Westminster, England] in itself is a stroke of genius, and had been more or less imitated in buildings for similar purposes all over the world; the most important example, the Parliament House of Budapest, being almost a literal copy". The scale is given in yards.

Plan of the Parliament House, Budapest, 1885–1902

This is a plan of the Parliament House in Budapest, Hungary. It is an example of Modern Architecture.…

"An expression of great massiveness is the main characteristics of this Florentine style, which was principally applied in the architecture of the palaces. The forms which were borrowed from the Roman columnar construction do not in this style, as they do more or less in the other styles of the Renaissance, constitute a pseudo-architecture. The massiveness, however, of the Florentine palaces conveys rather the notion of a fortress than of a mansion of a wealthy nobleman, and this impression is increased by the smallness of the windows in comparison with the rest of the building. This is especially the case with those façades which are entirely constructed of considerably projecting ashlar of irregular size, and to a less degree in the case of those the lowest storey of which alone displays these large undressed blocks." The palace was designed by Michelozzo di Bartolomeo for Cosimo de' Medici, of the Medici family, and was built between 1445 and 1460. It was well known for its stone masonry that includes rustication and ashlar. The tripartite elevation was used here as a revelation of the Renaissance spirit of rationality, order, and classicism of human scale. This tripartite division is emphasized horizontal stringcourses that divide the building into stories of decreasing height. This makes the building seem lighter as the eye moves up to the extremely heavy cornice that caps and clearly defines the building's outline. Michelozzo di Bartolomeo was influenced in his building of this palace by both Roman principles and Brunelleschian principles. During the Renaissance revival of classical culture, Roman elements were often replicated in architecture, both built and imagined in paintings. In the Palazzo Medici Riccardi, the rusticated masonry and the cornice had precedents in Roman art.

Riccardi Palace at Florence

"An expression of great massiveness is the main characteristics of this Florentine style, which was…

"Coturnix. Bill smaller and much slenderer than that of any of the foregoing genera of Odontophorinae; nasal fossae feathered, except on the tumid nasal scale. Wings of moderate length, little vaulted and not rounded, pointed by the 1st-3d quills, the 1st not shorter than the next. First primary emarginate on inner web; 2d and 3d sinuate on outer web. Tail extremely short and slight, not half as long as the wing, pointed, its feathers very soft, the central pair lanceolate. Feet small; tarsus shorter than middle toe and claw, slightly feathered above in front, with two rows of alternating large scutella in front, two rows of smaller rounded scales meeting in a ridge behind, the sides filled in with small plates. Size smaller than that of any of the foregoing species; pattern of coloration somewhat as in Ortyx; sexes nearly alike." Elliot Coues, 1884

European Partridge

"Coturnix. Bill smaller and much slenderer than that of any of the foregoing genera of Odontophorinae;…