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Wollaton Hall is a country house standing on a small but prominent hill in Wollaton, Nottingham, England. Wollaton Park is the area of parkland that the stately house stands in. The house itself is a natural history museum, with other museums in the out-buildings. The surrounding land is regularly used for large scale outdoor events such as rock concerts and festivals."It is especially this vitiated taste in form and details which characterized the Elizabethan Renaissance [shown here]. The usual Roccoco Renaissance forms also occur in it, as, for instance, the quadrant-shaped gables curving alternately inwards and outwards, as also pilasters and columns intersected by quoins and bands; and various grotesque and debased forms. Enriched quoins are also freely used at angles and jambs."

Wollaton Hall

Wollaton Hall is a country house standing on a small but prominent hill in Wollaton, Nottingham, England.…

This is the Plan of Principal Floor of the Houses of Parliament in Westminster, England. Other wise known as Westminster Palace, It is an example of Modern English Architecture. The architect was Sir Charles Barry. Construction lasted from 1836 to 1868. The Houses of Parliament is located on the River Thames. The scale is given in feet. "Barry's great building, the Houses of Parliament, with which his name will always be more especially associated, comes accidentally, though not by natural development nor by his own choice, under the head of the Gothic revival. The style of Tudor Gothic was dictated to the competitors, apparently from a mistaken idea that the building ought to "harmonize" with the architecture of Henry VII.'s chapel adjacent to the site. Had Barry been left to himself, there is no doubt that the Houses of Parliament, with the same main characteristics of plan and grouping, would have been a classic type of detail, and would possibly have been still a finer building than it is; and since the choice of the Gothic style in this case was not a direct consequence of the Gothic revival movement, it may be considered separately from that. The architectural greatness of the building consists, in the first place, in the grand yet simple scheme of Barry's plan, with the octagon hall in the centre, as the meeting-point for the public, the two chambers to north and south, and the access to the committee-rooms and other departments subordinate to the chambers. The plan in itself is a stroke of genius, and had been more or less imitated in buildings for similar purposes all over the world; the most important example, the Parliament House of Budapest, being almost a literal copy of Barry's plan. Thus, as in all great architecture, the plan is the basis of the whole scheme, and upon it is built up a most picturesque and expressive grouping, arising directly out of the plan. The two towers are most happily contrasted as expressive of their differing purposes; the Victoria Tower is the symbol of the State entrance, a piece of architectural display solely for the sake of a grand effect; the Clock Tower is a utilitarian structure, a lofty stalk to carry a great clock high in the air; the two are differentiated accordingly, and the placing of them at opposite ends of the structure has the fortunate effect of indicating, from a distance, the extent of the plan. The graceful spire in the centre offers an effective contrast to the masses of the two towers, while forming the outward architectural expression of the octagonal hall, which is, as it were, the keystone of the plan."

Houses of Parliament, Westminster; Plan of Principal Floor

This is the Plan of Principal Floor of the Houses of Parliament in Westminster, England. Other wise…

"But perhaps the most effective and suitable employment of iron is shown in connection with glass, as has been exemplified in the temporary buildings for exhibitions, for which the Great Exhibition in London, in the year 1851, furnished the model which has so often been followed subsequently. This building was afterwards removed to Sydenham, and is now known as the Crystal Palace. In this structure the walls as well as the vaulted roof consist of glass inserted between iron girders, after the pattern of large conservatories and winter-gardens, especially of that in the Champs Élydées at Paris, which is no longer in existence. Although this building scarcely seems like an architectural construction, but appears to form a peculiar specialty, still an impression is produced, which is hitherto unparalleled by its transparent termination in all directions, and by its dimensions, which have never been before attained in enclosed spaces. The distinguishing height of the main body of the building, which is divided into several naves and galleries , and if the loftier transept, which is 174 English feet high, is too considerable to recall the conservatory, which first suggested the idea to Paxton of constructing such a building on a large scale for the Great Exhibition. The visible stability of the system of construction gives a certain feeling of security as a counterpoise to the astonishment which the enormous size creates. On the other hand it is not to be denied that artistic execution in the forms of the constructive parts is wanting, though many difficulties would perhaps have had to be overcome to attain this without the structure suffering as regards solidity. These constructive elements, moreover, are not used as leading to further æsthetic development, so that a real artistic value can only be attributed to the novel impression of the whole, which is produced by the large dimensions and transparent walls."

Crystal Palace at Sydenham

"But perhaps the most effective and suitable employment of iron is shown in connection with glass, as…

An Engineer's Scale ruler for plotting and map drawing.

Engineer's Scale Ruler

An Engineer's Scale ruler for plotting and map drawing.

An Architect's Scale ruler for drawing machinery and structures.

Architect's Scale Ruler

An Architect's Scale ruler for drawing machinery and structures.

Different ruler shapes for different scales. The triangle shape, lettered A, is commonly used in Engineer's Scale and Architect's Scale.

Scale Ruler Shapes

Different ruler shapes for different scales. The triangle shape, lettered A, is commonly used in Engineer's…

The flat scales are more convenient than the scales on the stick due to the delay in finding the correct scale.

Single Scale Ruler

The flat scales are more convenient than the scales on the stick due to the delay in finding the correct…

The Universal Drafting Machine is used in a large drafting room. It combines the functions of T-square, triangle, scale, and protractor to save time in machine drawing and civil engineering work.

Universal Drafting Machine

The Universal Drafting Machine is used in a large drafting room. It combines the functions of T-square,…

"This distance should be thought of not as three inches but as a foot divided into inches and eighths of inches. It is noticed that this foot is divided with the zero on the inside, the inches running to the left and the feet to the right, so that dimensions given in feet and inches may be read directly, as 1 ft. 0 1/2"." —French, 1911

Scaling Drawing with Ruler

"This distance should be thought of not as three inches but as a foot divided into inches and eighths…

"Through the center of the space draw a horizontal and a vertical line, measuring on these lines as diameters lay off a three-inch square. Along the lower side and the upper half of the left side measure 3/8' spaces with the scale. Draw all horizontal lines with the T-square and all vertical lines with the T-square and triangle." —French, 1911

Drawing Exercise for T-square, Triangle, and Scale

"Through the center of the space draw a horizontal and a vertical line, measuring on these lines as…

"Draw three-inch square. Draw lines AB, BC, DE and EF at 30 degrees. Divide lower side into seven equal parts with the dividers. Draw the vertical lines, and mark divisions on AC with pencil as each line is drawn. Through the division points on top and bottom draw the converging lines using the triangle alone as a straight-edge." —French, 1911

Drawing Converging Lines

"Draw three-inch square. Draw lines AB, BC, DE and EF at 30 degrees. Divide lower side into seven equal…

"An exercise in starting and stopping short lines. Draw three-inch square. Draw diagonals with 45-degree triangle. With scale lay off 3/8" spaces along the diagonals, from their intersection. With 45-degree triangle complete figure, finishing one-quarter at a time." —French, 1911

Drawing Street Paving Intersection

"An exercise in starting and stopping short lines. Draw three-inch square. Draw diagonals with 45-degree…

"Draw one and one-half inch square about center of space. Divide AE into four 3/16" spaces, with scale. With bow pencil and centers A, B, C, D draw four semicircles with 3/8" radius and so on. Complete the figure by drawing the horizontal and vertical tangents as shown." —French, 1911

Drawing Tangent to Circle Arcs with Bow Compass

"Draw one and one-half inch square about center of space. Divide AE into four 3/16" spaces, with scale.…

Scissors are hand operated cutting instruments. They consist of a pair of metal blades, or tangs, connected in such a way that the sharpened edges slide against each other.

Large Scale Scissors

Scissors are hand operated cutting instruments. They consist of a pair of metal blades, or tangs, connected…

A weighing scale is a measuring instrument for determining the weight or mass of an object. A spring scale measures weight by the distance a spring deflects under its load. A balance compares the unknown weight to a standard weight using a horizontal lever.

Weighing Scale

A weighing scale is a measuring instrument for determining the weight or mass of an object. A spring…

A large scale riveting illustration showing the length of the rivets for Osborn symbol for riveting.

Large View of Riveting for Drawing

A large scale riveting illustration showing the length of the rivets for Osborn symbol for riveting.

Conventional material symbol used in architectural and mechanical drawing for Brick in Elevation Large Scale.

Brick in Elevation Large Scale Material Symbol

Conventional material symbol used in architectural and mechanical drawing for Brick in Elevation Large…

Architectural and mechanical conventional building material symbol for Brick in Elevation Small Scale.

Conventional Symbol of Brick in Elevation Small Scale

Architectural and mechanical conventional building material symbol for Brick in Elevation Small Scale.

"The showing of relief by means of hill shading gives a pleasing effect but is very difficult of execution, does not give exact elevations and would not be applied on maps to be used for engineering purposes. They may sometimes be used to advantage in reconnoissance maps, or in small scale maps for illustration." —French, 1911

Shoreline Hill Shading by Hachures Contour Map

"The showing of relief by means of hill shading gives a pleasing effect but is very difficult of execution,…

A shaper micrometer scale measuring cross—feed spindle to measure the diameter by reading the raised ruler.

Shaper Spindle Micrometer Scale

A shaper micrometer scale measuring cross—feed spindle to measure the diameter by reading the raised…

A shaper micrometer scale by clamping onto the material to measure the thickness reading the rotation dial at (C).

Shaper Clamp Micrometer Scale

A shaper micrometer scale by clamping onto the material to measure the thickness reading the rotation…

"The axes or edges, CG and CD, are foreshortened a like amount, while CB is foreshortened twice that of the other two. The angles of these axes being known and the reduced scale due to the foreshortening being given, the making of the projection is very simple." —Anthony, 1904

Axonometric Projection of a Rectangular Cube

"The axes or edges, CG and CD, are foreshortened a like amount, while CB is foreshortened twice that…

A problem exercise to creating a star using series of triangles and squares. The image is divided by the dotted line to scale images to appropriate size.

Star Construction Using Triangles and Squares

A problem exercise to creating a star using series of triangles and squares. The image is divided by…

This is a carpenters tools which is used to help in the carrying of sharp objects, in particular large scale saws.

Saw Carrying Case

This is a carpenters tools which is used to help in the carrying of sharp objects, in particular large…

Marvin's Nephoscope to measure direction and velocity of the cloud. This nephoscope is used on land, and made out of a mirror with a string attached to the scale.

Marvin's Nephoscope

Marvin's Nephoscope to measure direction and velocity of the cloud. This nephoscope is used on land,…

"Sir David Gill devised a measuring machine which combines the rapidity of the glass—scale micrometer with the accuracy of the spider—line micrometer and simplifies the reductions of the observations at the same time." —Encyclopaedia Brittannica, 1910

Gill's Measuring Machine for Micrometer

"Sir David Gill devised a measuring machine which combines the rapidity of the glass—scale micrometer…

This truck weighing scale is a scale that is able to weigh the entire contents placed on the truck.

Weighing Truck

This truck weighing scale is a scale that is able to weigh the entire contents placed on the truck.

"A small skip; the upper illustration showing position for dumping. The lower cut is of a skip for either ore or water; note valve in bottom. Hoisting buckets or kibbles are employed for small scale work or temporary service, such as raising the material blasted in sinking shafts."—Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910

Ore and Water Skips for Inclined Shaft

"A small skip; the upper illustration showing position for dumping. The lower cut is of a skip for either…

"B is the pan on which the coin rests, at a point above the beam. The coins are placed in a rouleau in the hopper C and the lowest one is pushed on to the pan B by a slide. While the coin is being moved the hanger D is held firmly by the forceps E to prevent the pan from being pushed sideways." —Encyclopaedia Britannica

Center and End Knife Edges with Scale Pan Coin Weighing

"B is the pan on which the coin rests, at a point above the beam. The coins are placed in a rouleau…

A system of ordered marks at fixed intervals used as a reference standard in measurement

Scientific Scale

A system of ordered marks at fixed intervals used as a reference standard in measurement

A measure of the heaviness of an object.

Scientific Type Scale

A measure of the heaviness of an object.

An illustration of a lever scale.

Lever Scales

An illustration of a lever scale.

Flat pieces of iron that are attached to each one of the horses hoofs.

Modern Horseshoe

Flat pieces of iron that are attached to each one of the horses hoofs.

A percussion instrument with wooden bars tuned to produce a chromatic scale and with resonators; played with small mallets

Musical Xylophone

A percussion instrument with wooden bars tuned to produce a chromatic scale and with resonators; played…

An aircraft capable of flight using forward motion that generates lift as the wing moves through the air.

Larger Scale Airplane

An aircraft capable of flight using forward motion that generates lift as the wing moves through the…

"From the reservoir, whether constructed on a large scale to hold storm water or of small size to receive the discharge from a pump, there must be provided suitable means of conducting the water to the land. The simplest, cheapest, and most widely used is the open earth ditch built in such a way as to have a gentle, uniform, grade sufficiently great for the water to flow with rapidity and yet not to wash the banks."—Government Printing Office, 1897

Section of Field and Lateral Ditch

"From the reservoir, whether constructed on a large scale to hold storm water or of small size to receive…

A scale used for weighing milk.

Milk Scale

A scale used for weighing milk.

This is a hydraulic weighing scale were the object is placed on a base and later water is filled into the vessel to accurately measure the objects weight.

Weighing Scale

This is a hydraulic weighing scale were the object is placed on a base and later water is filled into…

The common name of asplenium ceterach is scale or scaly fern. This fern is found throughout Britain, Europe, and nothern Asia.

Asplenium Ceterach

The common name of asplenium ceterach is scale or scaly fern. This fern is found throughout Britain,…

The stem of the begonia manicata shrub is fleshy, twisted, and short. The leaves are smooth with fleshy, scale-like hairs on the underside. The flowers are pink with two petals.

Begonia Manicata

The stem of the begonia manicata shrub is fleshy, twisted, and short. The leaves are smooth with fleshy,…

Villas are built either as detached or semi-detached residences with an adjoining garden. Detached villas are usually situated at or near one of the grounds. This is a plan for a villa garden for a large or expensive scale garden for a good sized villa.

Plan for Villa Garden

Villas are built either as detached or semi-detached residences with an adjoining garden. Detached villas…

The common name of juniperus sabina is common savin. The shrub grows between five and eight feet tall. The leaves are small and scale like.

Habit and Detached Portion of Branch of Juniperus Sabina

The common name of juniperus sabina is common savin. The shrub grows between five and eight feet tall.…

A represents the loam on the surface, B the place for inserting some spawn, and C the prepared manure. Mushroom pots are used for growing mushrooms on a small scale.

Mushroom Pot

A represents the loam on the surface, B the place for inserting some spawn, and C the prepared manure.…

Pictured is a leaf with a male on it, slightly enlarge (a) and a male flying, much enlarged (b). Lecanium persicae is known as the peach scale insect. It lives on the branches of peach and plum trees.

Lecanium Persicae

Pictured is a leaf with a male on it, slightly enlarge (a) and a male flying, much enlarged (b). Lecanium…

The common names of picea excelsa are burgundy pitch tree and Norway spruce fir. Pictured is a fruiting branch and scale with seeds in position, and the seed of the burgundy pitch tree.

Picea Excelsa

The common names of picea excelsa are burgundy pitch tree and Norway spruce fir. Pictured is a fruiting…

Pictured is celeriac trimmed for market. Also pictured is an untrimmed celeriac root on a smaller scale. Celeriac is an offshoot of the celery species with an edible root instead of edible leaves.

Celeriac

Pictured is celeriac trimmed for market. Also pictured is an untrimmed celeriac root on a smaller scale.…

Pictured is a lily scale producing bulblets.

Lily Scale

Pictured is a lily scale producing bulblets.

Pictured is the mature winter scale. Also shown is the insect itself with it threadlike feeding organs.

San Jose Scale

Pictured is the mature winter scale. Also shown is the insect itself with it threadlike feeding organs.

Various forms of cabbage. Top left: Jersey kale, bottom left: wild cabbage, right: Georgia collard. These images are drawn on the same scale.

Cabbage Plant

Various forms of cabbage. Top left: Jersey kale, bottom left: wild cabbage, right: Georgia collard.…

Various cabbage plants drawn on the same scale. Upper left: Brussels sprouts, lower left: cabbage, upper right: Swede turnip, middle right: Kohlrabi, bottom right: cauliflower

Cabbage Plant

Various cabbage plants drawn on the same scale. Upper left: Brussels sprouts, lower left: cabbage, upper…

The part of the pipe that is above the highest piston travel point is the delivery pipe and the part at the lowest point is the suction pipe. This is a larger scale of a lifting pump.

Delivery Pipe

The part of the pipe that is above the highest piston travel point is the delivery pipe and the part…

Jute, also known as Calcutta Hemp, is a fiber obtained from several species of the genus Corchorus of the order Tiliaceæ, and employed in the manufacture of the coarser textiles. The great bulk of the world's supply is derived from two species, C. capsularis and C. olitorius (Jew's Mallow), both of which are indigenous to Bengal, India, where from remote times they have been cultivate for economic purposes. The two species are similar in appearance, but may be distinguished by the form of the seed pods, which are nearly spherical in C. capsularis, and long and narrow in C. olitorius. Both plants are herbaceous annuals with straight, slender stalks from 5 to 15 feet in height, branched at the top, and bearing small yellow flowers. The fiber, which is derived from the inner bark, is of a creamy yellow or light buff color and of a silky luster. It spins well, but is not as strong as flax or hemp, and deteriorates rapidly. The young shoots are used as pot herbs. Jute is grown chiefly in Bengal, though it is raised to a limited extent in China, Formosa, and Southern Japan. It can be grown successfully in the South Atlantic and Gulf States of the United States, but lack of mechanical methods for preparing the fiber has prevented its cultivation on an industrial scale. Attempts to naturalize it elsewhere have generally failed. For its most successful cultivation, jute requires a soft, deep soil and a hot, moist atmosphere, alluvial lands being especially adapted to its production. This illustration shows Corchorus capsularis.

Jute

Jute, also known as Calcutta Hemp, is a fiber obtained from several species of the genus Corchorus of…

Larch, or Larix, is a genus of hardy, deciduous, coniferous trees of very graceful habit. They bear monoecious flowers, the male catkins being small and oval, whilst the female ones are much longer. The leaves are bright green, linear, soft, and usually produced in short bundles on each side of the spray. They appear very early in the spring. The timber, which is very hard and tough, is much used in shipbuilding and for railway sleepers, and in cabinet work is capable of taking a very high polish. The species most commonly planted is 'L. europaea', whcich grows to about 100 ft in height. Other species are 'L. occidentalis', a tall and handsome American tree and 'L. laricina', the tamarack, or hackmatack, of North America. This is a straggling tree, most common in swampy soils, with smaller cones than has the the European species. It reaches a height of 70 ft., and the wood is valuable for the same purposes as that of other larches. (1. Scale of cone with two seeds; 2. anther)

Larch, Cone and Flowers (male and female)

Larch, or Larix, is a genus of hardy, deciduous, coniferous trees of very graceful habit. They bear…

This illustration shows a portion of Lepidodendron. Lepidodendron is the generic name of a large and important group of plants which flourished principally in the Carboniferous period. The outer surface of the bark is marked by lozenge-shaped, scale-like markings, the leaf-cushions. These are arranged in dense spirals, which wind around the stems. Often, the narrow and pointed leaves are found, still adherent; they may also carry cones <i>(lepidostrobi)</i>, which in form somewhat resemble those of the fir. The branches usually fork repeatedly, and were implanted on a massive stem which had a similar external sculpture. Some of these stems have been seen in the roofs of coal workings with a length of a hundred feet. Their roots are generally known as stigmaria. The Lepidodendra belonged to the Lycopodiaceæ, and have their nearest representatives in the diminutive club-mosses, which they resemble even in their superficial characters.

Portion of Lepidodendron

This illustration shows a portion of Lepidodendron. Lepidodendron is the generic name of a large and…

A term used in botany referring to a case when a collection of hairs unite to form a cup inclosing the stigma of a flower; the scale or shield covering the fruit-spot of the fern.

Indusium

A term used in botany referring to a case when a collection of hairs unite to form a cup inclosing the…

Spring dividers used to compare lengths or transfer measurements from one location to another, as when used on a map and then compared to the map scale.

Spring Dividers

Spring dividers used to compare lengths or transfer measurements from one location to another, as when…

A Brinell testing machine measures the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece.

Brinell Testing Machine

A Brinell testing machine measures the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration…

<i>Pristis pectinatus</i>. "1. An elasmobranchiate or selachian fish of the family <i>Pristidae</i>, having the snout prolonged into a flat saw or serra beset on each side with horizontal teeth pointing sidewise." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Sawfish, Side View

Pristis pectinatus. "1. An elasmobranchiate or selachian fish of the family Pristidae, having the snout…

<i>Lepidopus caudatus</i>. "1. A fish of the family <i>Lepidopodidae, Lepidopus caudatus,</i>of the Mediterranean and Atlantic shores of Europe, as well as of New Zealand, of a bright silvery color, with a long dorsal and rudimentary anal fin: so called from suggesting by its form the sheath of a sword. Also called a scale fish and a frost fish." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Scabbard Fish

Lepidopus caudatus. "1. A fish of the family Lepidopodidae, Lepidopus caudatus,of the Mediterranean…

These placoid scales are found in cartilaginous fishes. They are also called dermal denticles. These scales do not grow in size, more are simply added as the fish grows larger.

Placoid Scales of a Shark

These placoid scales are found in cartilaginous fishes. They are also called dermal denticles. These…