Gold mining consists of the processes and techniques employed in the removal of gold from the ground. There are several techniques by which gold may be extracted from the earth.

Original Gold Mining Device

Gold mining consists of the processes and techniques employed in the removal of gold from the ground.…

A trommel is a screened cylinder used to separate materials by size, separating the biodegradable fraction of mixed municipal waste or separating different sizes of crushed stone.

Mining Machine

A trommel is a screened cylinder used to separate materials by size, separating the biodegradable fraction…

A plan of direct acting hoisting machine for mining industry. The machine is operated by compound Corliss steam engines. The shaft turns the two conical drums to lower or raise the cable.

Plan of Direct Acting Hoisting Machine with Corliss Steam Engines for Mining

A plan of direct acting hoisting machine for mining industry. The machine is operated by compound Corliss…

A headgear is a wood or steel frame carrying hoisting ropes commonly used in mining. The towers are located at the mouth shaft.

Mining Headgear Hoist Tower

A headgear is a wood or steel frame carrying hoisting ropes commonly used in mining. The towers are…

A German headgear located in Dortmund and designed by Aug. Klönne. This headgear is made out of steel frame carrying hoisting ropes used in mining. The towers are located at the mouth shaft.

German Steel Mining Headgear Hoist Tower

A German headgear located in Dortmund and designed by Aug. Klönne. This headgear is made out of…

A light steel mining cage and car used to raise and lower cars in gold and silver mines. The car is loaded with the minerals from the mined and raised to the surface by a hoist.

Light Steel Safety Mining Cage and Car for Gold and Silver Mines

A light steel mining cage and car used to raise and lower cars in gold and silver mines. The car is…

"A small skip; the upper illustration showing position for dumping. The lower cut is of a skip for either ore or water; note valve in bottom. Hoisting buckets or kibbles are employed for small scale work or temporary service, such as raising the material blasted in sinking shafts."—Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910

Ore and Water Skips for Inclined Shaft

"A small skip; the upper illustration showing position for dumping. The lower cut is of a skip for either…

An inside view of the Capell Fan for ventilation in mining. The fan removes the hazardous air from the mine to the atmosphere.

Capell Ventilation Fan for Mining

An inside view of the Capell Fan for ventilation in mining. The fan removes the hazardous air from the…

A decorated Greek mitre from the Orthodox Eastern Church. The hat is worn by the bishops. Greek mitre is a closed crown with a circlet and arches, decorated with gold, jewels, and pictures and embroideries.

Decorated Greek Mitre

A decorated Greek mitre from the Orthodox Eastern Church. The hat is worn by the bishops. Greek mitre…

A mitre of Cardinal Vaughahan from the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster. The hat was worn by the cardinal during special ceremonies. The mitre is decorated with gold thread and jewels within flowers.

Mitre of Roman Catholic ArchBishop of Westminster Cardinal Vaughan

A mitre of Cardinal Vaughahan from the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster. The hat was worn by…

"The temple of Diana was the chief glory of the city. The style was Grecian. The length of the ground-plan was four-hundred and twenty-five feet and the breadth two-hundred and twenty feet. The structure was thus four times as large as the Pantheon at Athens. The statue of the goddess was one of the finest works of art ever produced. It was wrought of ivory and gold, and was a marvel of costliness and beauty. The temple was decorated with sculptures by Praxiteles and one of the masterpieces of Apelles. A representation of the temple was stamped on the coins and medals of the city."—Ridpath, 1885

Temple of Diana at Ephesus

"The temple of Diana was the chief glory of the city. The style was Grecian. The length of the ground-plan…

The coach car of a rich Tory judge, Judge Chew. He had a driver and footman in gold-laced cocked hats.

The Chew Coach

The coach car of a rich Tory judge, Judge Chew. He had a driver and footman in gold-laced cocked hats.

A true lily that is native to Japan. The flower color is white with gold radial markings and orange spots. They are the largest and strongest-scented of any of the lily species.

Lilium Auratum

A true lily that is native to Japan. The flower color is white with gold radial markings and orange…

"While others are on beds of sweet repose, / This care-worn, wealthy man, no quiet knows; / A wandering cat may sorely him affright, / While counting o'er his gold at dead of night / Strange sights, and noises, oftentimes appear; / He dreads the midnight robber - thinks him near, / Riches he has, but quiet rest is rare, / He's harassed much, his soul is pressed with care."—Barber, 1857

Much Coin, Much Care

"While others are on beds of sweet repose, / This care-worn, wealthy man, no quiet knows; / A wandering…

A gold coin of King James I. It was the first coin to bear the name 'Great Britain.'

Gold Coin of James I

A gold coin of King James I. It was the first coin to bear the name 'Great Britain.'

"The cleric wars a robe and ornamented mantle; the noble, a suit of black silk and a cap adorned with plumes; the representative of the Third Estate, a simple black suit without gold buttons or plumed cap."—Webster, 1920

Costumes of the Orders

"The cleric wars a robe and ornamented mantle; the noble, a suit of black silk and a cap adorned with…

The first non-Native American community in the California Central Valley.

Sutter's Fort

The first non-Native American community in the California Central Valley.

An unsuccessful presidential candidate for the Democratic party in the late-19th and early-20th centuries.

William Jennings Bryan

An unsuccessful presidential candidate for the Democratic party in the late-19th and early-20th centuries.

A heraldic shield made of or (gold), which is represented by engraving dots of pricks into the shield.

Or Shield

A heraldic shield made of or (gold), which is represented by engraving dots of pricks into the shield.

"The Crown Vallary is a circlet of gold, with palisades fixed to the rim and rising above it."—Aveling, 1891

Crown Vallary

"The Crown Vallary is a circlet of gold, with palisades fixed to the rim and rising above it."—Aveling,…

"The Jewel or Badge, attached to the collar, or worn depending from a broad dark green ribbon which crosses the left shoulder, is formed of a figure of St. Andrew, of gold enamelled, his surcoat purpure, and his mantle vert, bearing before him his own cross saltire, the whole being irradiated with golden rays, and surrounded by an oval bearing the motto, 'nemo me impune lacessit.''"—Aveling, 1891

Insignia of the Order of the Thistle

"The Jewel or Badge, attached to the collar, or worn depending from a broad dark green ribbon which…

"The collar, of gold, in weight thirty ounces, is composed of nine imperial crowns, and eight groups of rose, thistle, and shamrock, issuing from a sceptre, and enamelled proper, all linked together with seventeen knots enamelled ar., and having The Badge as a pendant."—Aveling, 1891

Insignia of the Order of the Bath

"The collar, of gold, in weight thirty ounces, is composed of nine imperial crowns, and eight groups…

The gold medal boiler is made of wrought iron. This boiler is virtually a flued saddle with a terminal end, the flue being in the form of three chambers instead of one.

Gold Medal Boiler

The gold medal boiler is made of wrought iron. This boiler is virtually a flued saddle with a terminal…

This variety has deep vinous red stems, leafstalks, and principal veins. The leaves are green blotched with gold.

Habit and Detached Portion of Inflorescence with Leaf of Iresine Herbstii Auero-Reticulata

This variety has deep vinous red stems, leafstalks, and principal veins. The leaves are green blotched…

Gold-tail moth is the common name of liparis auriflua. The caterpillar has three rows of tubercles along the body. It feeds chiefly on hawthorn.

Caterpillar of the Gold-Tail Moth

Gold-tail moth is the common name of liparis auriflua. The caterpillar has three rows of tubercles along…

The lackey moth belongs to the same tribe as the gipsy moth, brown tail moth, gold tail moth, tiger moth, and vapourer moth. This tribe is known as bombycina.

Lackey Moth

The lackey moth belongs to the same tribe as the gipsy moth, brown tail moth, gold tail moth, tiger…

The hybridum form of abutilon has many garden forms and hybrids. Varieties that can be referenced here include fireball, golden bell, gold ball, savitzii, souvenir de bonn, caprice, and snowball.

Hybridum Form of Abutilon

The hybridum form of abutilon has many garden forms and hybrids. Varieties that can be referenced here…

<I>Anoetochilus regalis</I> flowers are some of the most attractive of the anoetochilus. The leaves are oval, large, and bronze green veined with gold. The surface of the leaves have a velvety texture.

Anoectochilus Regalis

Anoetochilus regalis flowers are some of the most attractive of the anoetochilus. The leaves are oval,…

The common name of crocus susianus is cloth of gold crocus. The flowers are orange-yellow and brownish or striped on the outside. It blooms early, in February or March.

Crocus Susianus

The common name of crocus susianus is cloth of gold crocus. The flowers are orange-yellow and brownish…

A strainer used to separate larger particles of a substance from smaller particles of a substance, like gravel from sand. Typically used by miners or archeologists to find precious stones, metals, or artifacts.

Large Strainer

A strainer used to separate larger particles of a substance from smaller particles of a substance, like…

Gold crystals of the form 3O3, {311}, sometimes resemble combinations of the rhombohedron and scalenohedron.

Gold

Gold crystals of the form 3O3, {311}, sometimes resemble combinations of the rhombohedron and scalenohedron.

A stamp mill facilitates the crushing of ore (in this case, gold ore) into very small grains, with many mechanical parts, including: the ore car, to carry ore from the mine to the Mill (a); the trestle, the tunnel from the mine to the mill that the ore car travels through (b); the grizzly (c); the crushing floor (d); the bin for crushed ore (e); the stamp, a vertical iron rod having a cast-iron or steel shoe, which, falling on the mortar block, crushes the ore (f); the mortar (g); and the apron plate (h).

Stamp Mill for Gold Ores (Sectional View)

A stamp mill facilitates the crushing of ore (in this case, gold ore) into very small grains, with many…

This illustration shows a Blake Ore Breaker (stone crusher), used in a gold stamp mill. This crusher breaks the large, mined rocks containing the gold (ore) into small pieces, to then be reduced to the finest powder by stamps.

Blake Ore Breaker

This illustration shows a Blake Ore Breaker (stone crusher), used in a gold stamp mill. This crusher…

A Frue Vanner is a shaking, rubber belt used to concentrate gold ore 'pulp'.

Frue Vanner (Side View)

A Frue Vanner is a shaking, rubber belt used to concentrate gold ore 'pulp'.

A Frue Vanner is a shaking, rubber belt used to concentrate gold ore 'pulp'.

Frue Vanner (End View)

A Frue Vanner is a shaking, rubber belt used to concentrate gold ore 'pulp'.

This furnace is used to purify a gold concentrate. The gold concentrates, if non-pyritic, are treated in grinding pans in the bottom of which mercury is placed. The amalgam (mercury alloy), after squeezing out the excess mercury, is heated in the retort, to distil (separate) off the rest and leave the gold, which is then melted and cast into bars of gold bullion of varying fineness.

Retort Furnace for Gold Bullion

This furnace is used to purify a gold concentrate. The gold concentrates, if non-pyritic, are treated…

In the gold extraction process, finely crushed ores are leached in vats with a very diluted solution of Potassuim Cyanide (KCN), containing 0.05 to 0.3 percent KCN (or its equivalent, Sodium Cyanide, NaCN) which is allowed to remain for twelve to twenty-four hours to dissolve the gold.

Cyanide Leaching Tank (Gold Extraction)

In the gold extraction process, finely crushed ores are leached in vats with a very diluted solution…

The chlorination process in gold extraction employs large vats or revolving barrels, the material inside of which is moistened with water and treated with chlorine gas to form a solution of Gold Chloride. This is then run off, and the gold precipitated , usually by means of Ferrous Sulphate or charcoal.

Chlorination Barrel

The chlorination process in gold extraction employs large vats or revolving barrels, the material inside…

The chlorination process in gold extraction employs large vats or revolving barrels, the material inside of which is moistened with water and treated with chlorine gas to form a solution of Gold Chloride. This is then run off, and the gold precipitated, usually by means of Ferrous Sulphate or charcoal.

Chlorination Barrel (End Section)

The chlorination process in gold extraction employs large vats or revolving barrels, the material inside…

British Golden-rod is a member of the large composite genus Solidago, which is chiefly North American. The golden-rods are erect plants, little branched, and often somewhat woody at the base. The foliage is various, usually somewhat lanceolate in shape, and sometimes conspicuously veined. The tiny heads have one series of white or yellow ray-flowers, and are gathered into various forms of inflorescence, often of a massive character; they appear in late summer and early autumn. Although of no commercial value (except as forage for sheep) the golden-rods are conspicuous for their bright color, especially as they are apt to grow in huge colonies in fields and along roadsides.

British Golden-rod

British Golden-rod is a member of the large composite genus Solidago, which is chiefly North American.…

An English gold piece, struck during the reign of Charles II. They are called guineas because they were struck, for the most part, from gold obtained from Guinea. This coin preceded the sovereign.

Guinea of Charles II

An English gold piece, struck during the reign of Charles II. They are called guineas because they were…

"And they came into the house and saw the young child with Mary his mother; and they fell down and worshipped him; and opening their treasures they offered unto him gifts, gold and frankincense and myrrh." Matthew 2:11 ASV

<p>The illustration depicts three magi or wise men offering gifts to the Christ child held on Mary's lap. The setting is a stable with two oxen in the background.

Adoration of the Wise Men

"And they came into the house and saw the young child with Mary his mother; and they fell down and worshipped…

"And after Antiochus had ravaged Egypt in the hundred and forty-third year, he returned and went up against Israel. And he went up to Jerusalem with a great multitude. And he proudly entered into the sanctuary, and took away the golden altar, and the candlestick of light, and all the vessels thereof, and the table of proposition, and the pouring vessels, and the vials, and the little mortars of gold, and the veil, and the crowns, and the golden ornament that was before the temple: and he broke them all in pieces." 1 Maccabees 1:21-23 DRA
<p>Illustration of Antiochus IV in the temple in Jerusalem. Engraving by William Colley Wrankmore.

Antiochus in the Temple

"And after Antiochus had ravaged Egypt in the hundred and forty-third year, he returned and went up…

"And they came into the house and saw the young child with Mary his mother; and they fell down and worshipped him; and opening their treasures they offered unto him gifts, gold and frankincense and myrrh." Matthew 2:11 ASV
<p>Illustration of three kings offering Jesus gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. One kneels, his crown on the ground next to him. Another kneels with a gift in his hand. A third stands with a jar in his hands. Jesus sits on Mary's lap and Joseph stands behind them. The Star of Bethlehem is depicted with its rays beaming down on Jesus. A man and camel stand in the left background.

Adoration of the Magi - The Wise Men Present Gifts to Jesus

"And they came into the house and saw the young child with Mary his mother; and they fell down and worshipped…

A close-up, side view of the gold Alfred Jewel, which was made in the late 9th century. The inscription reads "aelfred mec heht gewyrcan", which means "Alfred had me wrought". You can clearly see the animal head at the base and the snout, which would have been hollow so that a rod could be fitted onto the jewel.

The Gold Alfred Jewel, Side View

A close-up, side view of the gold Alfred Jewel, which was made in the late 9th century. The inscription…

"And it came to pass, as soon as he came nigh unto the camp, that he saw the calf and the dancing: and Moses' anger waxed hot, and he cast the tables out of his hands, and brake them beneath the mount." Exodus 32:19 ASV
<p>Illustration of Moses throwing down the stone tablets and breaking them after finding the Israelites worshiping an idol in the shape of a golden calf. One tablet lies broken on the ground and he is raising the second one, ready to smash it. Aaron stands next to him, distressed and trying to stop him. The people can be seen in the background, crowded around the golden calf. The tents are behind them.

Moses Breaks the Stone Tablets on Which the Ten Commandments are Written

"And it came to pass, as soon as he came nigh unto the camp, that he saw the calf and the dancing: and…

Illustration of the High Priest, most likely Aaron, in the Holy of Holies, holding the Ten Commandments. The Ark of the Covenant sits in the back.The Table of Showbread sits on the right with twelve loaves of bread on top. The Golden Candlestick is on the left with its seven lit flames. The Altar of Perfumes is in the center and incense is burning on it.

Inside the Holy of Holies in the Tabernacle

Illustration of the High Priest, most likely Aaron, in the Holy of Holies, holding the Ten Commandments.…

"Now it came to pass on the third day, that Esther put on her royal apparel, and stood in the inner court of the king's house, over against the king's house: and the king sat upon his royal throne in the royal house, over against the entrance of the house. And it was so, when the king saw Esther the queen standing in the court, that she obtained favor in his sight; and the king held out to Esther the golden sceptre that was in his hand. So Esther drew near, and touched the top of the sceptre." Esther 5:1-2 ASV
<p>Illustration of Esther, dressed in the finest robes, approaching the throne of the king. The king reaches out for her. A handmaid holds the train of Esther's robes. A small boy stands next to the king, with a crown on a pillow. The room is richly decorated with curtains and columns.

Esther Approaches the King and is Welcomed

"Now it came to pass on the third day, that Esther put on her royal apparel, and stood in the inner…

"...and, lo, the star, which they saw in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was. When they saw the star, they rejoiced with exceeding great joy. And when they were come into the house, they saw the young child with Mary his mother, and fell down, and worshipped him: and when they had opened their treasures, they presented unto him gifts; gold, and frankincense and myrrh. And being warned of God in a dream that they should not return to Herod, they departed into their own country another way." Luke 2:9-12 KJV

<p>Illustration of three kings, or maji, worshiping Jesus and bringing him gifts. Jesus is sitting on Mary's lap. Two kings wearing crowns stand in front of Mary while a third, without a crown, kneels. Two sheep are asleep in the corner. Joseph and a donkey stand behind a low fence. Servants and a camel stand off to the side.The star in the east shines on to the scene.

Kings from the East Worship the Baby Jesus

"...and, lo, the star, which they saw in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over where…

"But Peter said, Silver and gold have I none; but what I have, that give I thee. In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, walk. And he took him by the right hand, and raised him up: and immediately his feet and his ankle-bones received strength." Acts 3:6-7 ASV
<p>Illustration of Peter and John walking up the temple steps and approaching a lame beggar. Peter has a halo over his head and reaches his right arm out over the beggar's head. The beggar looks up and reaches for Peter. He is holding his hat in his hand and his crutch has fallen on the steps. A woman holding a baby and walking with a small child ascends the stairs (left).

Peter Heals a Lame Beggar at the Temple

"But Peter said, Silver and gold have I none; but what I have, that give I thee. In the name of Jesus…

"Specimens occur in gold, but most frequently in silver. Their average weight is 15 grains, and they were probably current from about 600 to 750." &mdash;Whitney, 1889
<p>This image is of a silver sceat currently in the British Museum. The image shows the obverse and reverse of the coin.

Sceat, an Early Anglo Saxon Coin

"Specimens occur in gold, but most frequently in silver. Their average weight is 15 grains, and they…

"...an English gold coin of the value of seven shillings, being the third part of the guinea, coined by George III from 1797." &mdash;Whitney, 1889
<p>Obverse and reverse of the coin which shows a profile of George III and the royal crown.

Seven Shilling Piece from Great Britain

"...an English gold coin of the value of seven shillings, being the third part of the guinea, coined…

"In mining, a trough made of boards, used for separating gold from the gravel and sand in which it occurs. Its bottom is lined with riffles, and these, with the help of quicksilver, arrest and detain the particles of gold as they are borne along by the current of water." &mdash;Whitney, 1889
<p>Illustration of miners working in a forest, shoveling material into the sluice.

A Sluice Box - Miners Work in the Forest

"In mining, a trough made of boards, used for separating gold from the gravel and sand in which it occurs.…

"A box for holding snuff, especially one small enough to be carried in the pocket. When it was customary to take snuff, as in the eighteenth century, a snuff-box was a common present, whether of good will or ceremony. On this account, and for personal display, these boxes were often made of the most costly materials, highly finished portraits were set in their lids, and settings of diamonds or pearls were not unknown." &mdash;Whitney, 1889
<p>A snuff box with encrusted enamel and an enamel portrait.

Golden Snuff Box from the 18th Century

"A box for holding snuff, especially one small enough to be carried in the pocket. When it was customary…

A British gold coin from the time of George III. The obverse of the coin bears his profile.

British Sovereign of George III, 1817, Obverse

A British gold coin from the time of George III. The obverse of the coin bears his profile.

A British gold coin from the time of George III. The reverse of the coin shows Saint George and the Dragon.

British Sovereign of George III, 1817, Reverse

A British gold coin from the time of George III. The reverse of the coin shows Saint George and the…

"But Peter said, Silver and gold have I none; but what I have, that give I thee. In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, walk. And he took him by the right hand, and raised him up: and immediately his feet and his ankle-bones received strength." Acts 3:6-7 ASV
<p>Illustration of Peter holding the hand of a lame beggar. The man has just been healed and is standing. His left ankle is bound and he carries a crutch over his shoulder. A woman standing next to Peter is holding an infant. Several onlookers are visible in the image.

Peter Heals a Lame Beggar

"But Peter said, Silver and gold have I none; but what I have, that give I thee. In the name of Jesus…

A close-up, front view of the gold Alfred Jewel, which was made in the late 9th century. The inscription reads "aelfred mec heht gewyrcan", which means "Alfred had me wrought". You can clearly see the animal head at the base and the snout, which would have been hollow so that a rod could be fitted onto the jewel.

The Gold Alfred Jewel, Front View

A close-up, front view of the gold Alfred Jewel, which was made in the late 9th century. The inscription…