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Charles Sumner (January 6, 1811 – March 11, 1874) was an American politician and senator from Massachusetts. As an academic lawyer and a powerful orator, Sumner was the leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the United States Senate during the American Civil War working to destroy the Confederacy, free all the slaves, and keep on good terms with Europe.

Charles Sumner

Charles Sumner (January 6, 1811 – March 11, 1874) was an American politician and senator from Massachusetts.…

The Night-jar is a bird of evil omen in the estimation of our rural population. The reverse should be the case, for the benefit it produces by clearing the air of noxious insects, (Figuier, 1869).

Nightjar

The Night-jar is a bird of evil omen in the estimation of our rural population. The reverse should be…

While a woodpecker is drilling, the two parts of the bill are closed together, making a wedge-pointed drill, and at the same time a snug case for the insect-catcher.

Woodpecker

While a woodpecker is drilling, the two parts of the bill are closed together, making a wedge-pointed…

Hand holding pencil

Hand holding pencil

Hand holding pencil

Hand writing with pencil.

Hand

Hand writing with pencil.

A piano having the strings mounted vertically in a rectangular case with the keyboard at a right angle to the case.

Upright Piano

A piano having the strings mounted vertically in a rectangular case with the keyboard at a right angle…

Lawyer arguing case before a judge.

Courtroom

Lawyer arguing case before a judge.

The paper nautilus is closely related to the octopus. It creates its own thin shell, or egg case, in which it hides when disturbed.

Paper Nautilus

The paper nautilus is closely related to the octopus. It creates its own thin shell, or egg case, in…

The paper nautilus is closely related to the octopus. It creates its own thin shell, or egg case, in which it hides when disturbed.

Paper Nautilus

The paper nautilus is closely related to the octopus. It creates its own thin shell, or egg case, in…

"Interior of the outbuilding attached to Marshal Kane's Police Headquarters, Holliday Street, Baltimore- discovery of cannon, muskets and ammunition intended for the service of the Secessionists. General Banks promptly arrested Marshal Kane as the most active Secessionist in Maryland, and incarcerated him in Fort McHenry. He supplied his place by Colonel Kenley, a tried and trustworthy officer. Provost Marshal Kenley actively pursued his search after concealed arms. He took possession of the late marshal's office, the entrance of which was guarded by a cannon planted in the hall and officers with drawn swords, a precautionary measure rendered necessary by the disturbed state of the city. The search after arms was eminently successful. In an old back building of the City Hall, used by Marshal Kane, were found two 6-pounder and two 4-pounder guns, half ton of assorted shot, four hundredweight of ball, eight hundred rifle-ball cartridges, gun carriages, etc. In the office and under the marshal's office, in the floors and in the ceiling, arms and ammunition were found, among them a case of splendid pistols, two hundred and fifty muskets and rifles, twenty-five of which were Minie, besides several muskets which were supposed to belong to the Massachusetts soldiers disarmed by the mob on April 19th." —Leslie, 1896

Police Headquarters

"Interior of the outbuilding attached to Marshal Kane's Police Headquarters, Holliday Street, Baltimore-…

"Engagement between the United States gunboats, commanded by Commodore Davis, and the Confederate Mosquito Fleet, under Commodore Tatnall, near Fort Pulaski, Savannah River, January 28th, 1862. Our artist described this spirited sketch as follows: 'On Monday night Lieutenant Barnes was dispatched in the <em>Ottawa's</em> gig to scout up the creek and report. Passing the piles with ease, he pulled silently up the stream with muffled oars, and with no opposition succeeded in reaching the mouth of the creek where it enters the Savannah River. He came upon the fleet of Tatnall lying there, and approached near enough to see the watch on deck. As he was too near them in case they discovered him, and as he had accomplished the object of reconnoisance, he returned and reported the facts to Captain Davis. On Tuesday forenoon Tatnall's fleet was again discovered standing down the Savannah. We beat to quarters, and when the flagship had got within range we opened on her with an eleven-inch gun from the <em>Ottawa</em>. The signal for action having been given, the gunboats opened fire. The Confederates returned a few shots, which fell short. The engagement lasted nearly two hours, during which time the Confederate Flagship was struck three times, seriously damaging her. One eleven-inch shell struck her on her wheelhouse, and so much disabled her as to compel the commander to signal for assistance, and one steamer turned round and went to her aid. The other three steamed down toward Fort Pulaski faster than they ever went before.'" &mdash;Leslie, 1896

Gunboat engagement

"Engagement between the United States gunboats, commanded by Commodore Davis, and the Confederate Mosquito…

"The Caracal, or Siyah Ghush, <em> F. Caracal</em>, is supposed by some to be the lynx of the ancients. It is somewhat larger than the fox, the upper surface of the body being a uniform deep brown; the ears long, upright, and tapering to a fine point, surmounted by a pencil of long black hairs." &mdash; S. G. Goodrich, 1885

Caracal

"The Caracal, or Siyah Ghush, F. Caracal, is supposed by some to be the lynx of the ancients.…

"Siege of Vicksburg, attack on the Confederate Works, May 22nd, 1863. Our sketch represents the terrible but fruitless assault made on Pemberton's last line of defense around the city of Vicksburg. On May 22nd, 1863, a tremendous assault was made on the grass-covered fortifications held by the Confederate army. These works consisted of a chain of forts about eight hundred yards apart, connected by deep intrenchments and extending for seven miles. Lawler's brigade rushed up amid a cross fire, and with heavy loss planted the Stars and Stripes on the edge of a parapet; but the enemy gathered there, and the Federals were overpowered. Landrum's brigade came to the relief, but faltered. McClernand ordered up Benton and Burbridge on the right. Sherman and McPherson also advanced, and at point after point the old flag fluttered for awhile on the works. On the extreme right Steele's division, with Blair on his left, advanced as Pemberton fell back, and, like the others, could only display the bravery of the men. Covered by the ravines which intersected the ground the Federal troops would get near the works and make a gallant rush onward, reach the parapet, yet when the edge of the fort was gained the interior was swept by a line of the rifle pits in the rear and a partition breastwork, so that the Federals, even when in the fort, were almost as far from victory as before. In one case a party of twelve Iowans led by a youth named Griffiths, took and held a fort, but all finally fell under the fire of their assailants except Griffiths, who, with musket and revolver, captured fourteen Confederates when had discharged their pieces, and brought them off. The Confederates used for almost the first time hand grenades, which they rolled down the sides of the works on the assaulting party in the ditch or clinging to the side. This dreadful day swept away thousands of gallant Federals. The siege now began in earnest. No army could stand such losses. Closer were the lines drawn around the enemy. Siege guns were mounted. The mines began their work, and the fortifications were assailed from beneath."&mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Attack on Confederate Works

"Siege of Vicksburg, attack on the Confederate Works, May 22nd, 1863. Our sketch represents the terrible…

"Recruiting in Philadelphia, Pa., for the Bucktail Pennsylvania Regiment, August, 1862. This famous regiment suffered so much that recruiting became necessary. As it was a Pennsylvania pet regiment, Philadelphia was all alive with the resounding music of the horns, calling upon all who had killed a buck in fair combat to accept an invitation to their supper of glory. Our artist has, however, told more with a few dashes of his pencil than we can in a column. The Bucktails were a splendid set of fellows, and deserved the reputation they achieved. The fight at Dranesville, the Valley of the Shenandoah and the battle of Cross Keys have been consecrated by their valor. It will be remembered that when Colonel Sir Percy Wyndham of the First New Jersey Cavalry fell into an ambuscade the gallant Bucktails volunteered to his rescue, and were terribly cut up."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Bucktail Recruit

"Recruiting in Philadelphia, Pa., for the Bucktail Pennsylvania Regiment, August, 1862. This famous…

"Federal cavalry covering the escape of Federal prisoners from Libby Prison, Richmond, Va. The feeling of sympathy for the unfortunate Federal officers and men who so long suffered outrage at the hands of the Confederates gave way to a momentary feeling of joy as news came of the escape, at one time, of one hundred and nine officers and men. From time to time a few had escaped, and the narrative of their escapes had been among the most intensely exciting incidents of the war. But when more than a hundred contrived to get out of the Southern dungeon the interest knew no bounds. The method employed was as follows: Having managed to find access to the cellar, they commenced work, relieving one another as opportunity offered. Their instruments were case knives, pocket knives, chisels and files. After getting through the wall they disposed of the excavated soil by drawing it out in a spittoon, which they attached to a cord. This would be filled by the party at work in the tunnel, and pulled out into the cellar by their companions, who disposed of it by spreading it in shallow layers over the floor, concealing it beneath the straw. The tunnel, completed by fifty-one days of patient toil, was about sixty feet long, and opened into an old tobacco shed beyond the line of guards. In order to elude their pursuers, who they knew would soon be on their track, they scattered as much as possible. Many were their hardships and sufferings, and frequent were their narrow escapes from the Confederate cavalry, who the next morning were bushwhacking in every direction for them. The joy which Colonel Streight and four comrades, the pioneers of the band, experienced when they first caught sight of the Federals, sent out to help them and protect them from their pursuers, cannot be expressed."&mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Federal Prisoners

"Federal cavalry covering the escape of Federal prisoners from Libby Prison, Richmond, Va. The feeling…

"Landing of United States troops at Fort Walker, after the bombardment, November 7th, 1861. In order to establish a naval rendezvous where vessels on the way to or from blockading squadrons could coal and take refuge in case of need, it was decided by the Federal authorities to capture the entrance to Port Royal, South Carolina. A large expedition was fitted out, and after a heavy bombardment of about four hours, signal was given that the two forts, Walker and Beauregard, had been abandoned. When the Federal troops landed at Fort Walker they found numbers of dead and dying amidst dismounted guns in all directions, and the hospital building shot through and through in many places. The loss on the fleet was 8 killed and 23 wounded."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Fort Walker

"Landing of United States troops at Fort Walker, after the bombardment, November 7th, 1861. In order…

"General Banks's Division recrossing the Potomac from Williamsport, Md., to attack the Confederate army under General Jackson--the band of the Forty-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers playing the National Airs on the Virginia shore. The retreat of General Banks was, under the circumstances of the case, a great military necessity, and admirably conducted; but, directly the pressure was removed, he returned to the Valley to drive out the invader. Our illustration is of the impressive scene of recrossing the Potomac on the mission of vengeance and patriotism."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Recrossing the Potomac

"General Banks's Division recrossing the Potomac from Williamsport, Md., to attack the Confederate army…

"It is of the size of a common hog; has long, narrow, straight ears, with a pencil of hair at the tips. It is of a lively cinnamon-red, with white patches above the and below the eyes, and with longitudinal bands of white on the back. The face is partly black, and the tail is long, reaching below the knee." &mdash; S. G. Goodrich, 1885

Guinea Hog

"It is of the size of a common hog; has long, narrow, straight ears, with a pencil of hair at the tips.…

"The Riedesel House, Cambridge. This is from a pencil sketch by Mr. Longfellow. I am also indebted to him for the fac-simile of the autograph of the Baroness of Riedesel. It will be perceived that the <em>i</em> is placed before the <em>e</em> in spelling the name. I have heretofore given it with the <em>e</em> first, which is according to the orthography in Burgoyne's <em>State of the Expedition</em>, wherein I supposed it was spelled correctly. This autograph shows it to be erroneous. Mr. Longfellow's beautiful poem, 'The Open Window,' refers to this mansion."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Riedesel House

"The Riedesel House, Cambridge. This is from a pencil sketch by Mr. Longfellow. I am also indebted to…

"The prevailing color of the upper part, which is rough and with small points, is dark brown, the under part white, as is the case with most species of ray. It is two to three feet long." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Thornback

"The prevailing color of the upper part, which is rough and with small points, is dark brown, the under…

"Walnut Street front of the State House in 1776. This gives the appearance of the shorter steeple, which took the place of the stately one taken down in 1774. This was its appearance during the Revolution. A huge clock case was upon each gable of the main building of the State House."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

State House

"Walnut Street front of the State House in 1776. This gives the appearance of the shorter steeple, which…

"Washington's writing case, Revolutionary relics."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Washington's Writing-Case

"Washington's writing case, Revolutionary relics."—Lossing, 1851

"a, leaflets attacked by a larva of A. juglandis; b, case of larva; c, wings of A. nebulo; d, wings of A. juglandis; e, wings of A. nebulo var."-Whitney, 1902

Acrobasis

"a, leaflets attacked by a larva of A. juglandis; b, case of larva; c, wings of A. nebulo; d, wings…

"The guillotine was used during the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution. Now that the power of the Girondists was broken, and military successes had strengthened the revolutionary party in control, France entered upon that part of the Revolution known as the Reign of Terror. The characteristic feature of the next few months was the wholesale murder of all persons suspected of hostility toward the Jacobin government or lukewarmness on its behalf. To be sure, the victims enjoyed the show of a judicial trial, but sentence was rendered without regard to justice or the facts of the case and execution followed quickly. The guillotine, named after its inventor, Dr. Guillotin, was a serviceable instrument for disposing quickly of the condemned, and hardly a day passed without seeing a score or more of suspected persons beheaded in the city of Paris alone."&mdash;Colby, 1899

Guillotine

"The guillotine was used during the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution. Now that the power of…

"a, case containing caterpillar; b, cases in winter; c, head and thoracic joints of larva, enlarged; d, moth (the cross shows natural walnut case-bearer, feeds upon walnut and hickory, fastening the leaves together and skeletonizing them from base to tip."-Whitney, 1902

Acrobasis

"a, case containing caterpillar; b, cases in winter; c, head and thoracic joints of larva, enlarged;…

"The animal in this case is inclosed in a cacareous tube, the anterior extremity of whichi is closed by a curious perforated disk; the other end is ornamented with several ruffle-like bands." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Tube of the watering-pot shell

"The animal in this case is inclosed in a cacareous tube, the anterior extremity of whichi is closed…

"The animal in this case is inclosed in a cacareous tube, the anterior extremity of which is closed by a curious perforated disk; the other end is ornamented with several ruffle-like bands." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Tube of the water-pot shell magnified

"The animal in this case is inclosed in a cacareous tube, the anterior extremity of which is closed…

"The elastic ring which surrounds the spore case."-Whitney, 1902

Annuli

"The elastic ring which surrounds the spore case."-Whitney, 1902

"The elastic ring which surrounds the spore case."-Whitney, 1902

Annuli

"The elastic ring which surrounds the spore case."-Whitney, 1902

"The elastic ring which surrounds the spore case."-Whitney, 1902

Annuli

"The elastic ring which surrounds the spore case."-Whitney, 1902

"A Binnacle, corrupted from bittacle, a wooden case or box in which the compass on board a ship is kept to protect it from injury."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Binnacle

"A Binnacle, corrupted from bittacle, a wooden case or box in which the compass on board a ship is kept…

"Distinguished by their habit of forming a tube or case, within which the soft parts of the animal can be retracted. This tube is usually attached to stones or other submarine bodies. It is often composed of carious foreign materials, such as sand, small stones, and the debris of shells, lined internally with a smooth covering of hardened mucus." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Terebella medusa

"Distinguished by their habit of forming a tube or case, within which the soft parts of the animal can…

The terebella medusa, out of its case.

Terebella medusa out of its case

The terebella medusa, out of its case.

"Showing how the upper eyelid may be everted with a pencil or penholder." — Blaisedell, 1904

Everted eyelid

"Showing how the upper eyelid may be everted with a pencil or penholder." — Blaisedell, 1904

"The act of reclining at meals. The Greeks and Romans were accustomed, in later times, to recline at their meals; but this practice could not have been od great antiquity in Greece, since Homer always describes persons as sitting at their meals; and Isidore of Seville, an ancient grammarian, also attributes the same custom to the ancient Romans. Even in the time of the early Roman emperors, children in families of the highest rank used to sit together, while their fathers and elders reclined on couches at the upper part of the room. Roman ladies continued the practice of sitting at table, even after the recumbent position had become common with the other sex. It appears to have been considered more decent, and more agreeable to the severity and purity of ancient manners for women to sit, more especially if many persons were present. But, on the other hand, we find cases of women reclining, where there was conceived to be nothing bold or indelicate in their posture. Such is the case in the following woodcut, which seems intended to represent a scene of matrimonial felicity. The husband and wife recline on a sofa; their two sons are in front of them; and several females and a boy are performing a piece of music for the entertainment of the married pair." — Smith, 1873

Accubatio

"The act of reclining at meals. The Greeks and Romans were accustomed, in later times, to recline at…

"A cap worn by the flamines and salii at Rome. The essential part of the apex, to which alone the name properly belonged, was a pointed piece of olive-wood, the base of which was surrounded with a lock of wool. This was worn on the top of the head, and was held there either by fillets only, or, as was more commonly the case, by the aid of a cap which fitted the head, and was also fastened by means of two strings or bands." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Apex

"A cap worn by the flamines and salii at Rome. The essential part of the apex, to which alone the name…

"The bow used for shooting arrows, is one of the most ancient of all weapons, but is characteristic of Asia rather than of Europe. In the Roman armies it was scarcely ever employed except by auxiliaries; and these auxiliaries, called sagittarii, were chiefly Cretans and Arabians. This image shows the usual form of the Grecian bow, which had a double curvature, consisting of two circular portions united by the handle. When not used the bow was put into a case which was made of leather, and sometimes ornamented." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Arcus

"The bow used for shooting arrows, is one of the most ancient of all weapons, but is characteristic…

"The bow used for shooting arrows, is one of the most ancient of all weapons, but is characteristic of Asia rather than of Europe. In the Roman armies it was scarcely ever employed except by auxiliaries; and these auxiliaries, called sagittarii, were chiefly Cretans and Arabians. When not used the bow was put into a case which was made of leather, and sometimes ornamented. This image shows a drawing the bow." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Arcus

"The bow used for shooting arrows, is one of the most ancient of all weapons, but is characteristic…

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather, or wood, bound on the foot by thongs. It was undoubtedly the custom to take off the sandals on holy ground, in the act of worship, and in the presence of a superior. This is still the well-known custom of the East&ndash; an Oriental taking off his shoe in case in which a European would remove his hat."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Sandal

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather,…

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather, or wood, bound on the foot by thongs. It was undoubtedly the custom to take off the sandals on holy ground, in the act of worship, and in the presence of a superior. This is still the well-known custom of the East&ndash; an Oriental taking off his shoe in case in which a European would remove his hat."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Sandal

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather,…

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather, or wood, bound on the foot by thongs. It was undoubtedly the custom to take off the sandals on holy ground, in the act of worship, and in the presence of a superior. This is still the well-known custom of the East&ndash; an Oriental taking off his shoe in case in which a European would remove his hat."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Sandal

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather,…

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather, or wood, bound on the foot by thongs. It was undoubtedly the custom to take off the sandals on holy ground, in the act of worship, and in the presence of a superior. This is still the well-known custom of the East&ndash; an Oriental taking off his shoe in case in which a European would remove his hat."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Sandal

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather,…

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather, or wood, bound on the foot by thongs. It was undoubtedly the custom to take off the sandals on holy ground, in the act of worship, and in the presence of a superior. This is still the well-known custom of the East&ndash; an Oriental taking off his shoe in case in which a European would remove his hat."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Sandal

"The Sandal is a protection for the foot, worn in ancient times. It was usually a sole of hide, leather,…

"Shark is an English popular name for any individual of the group Selachoidei. Sharks are scaleless, and the skin usually rough. They are numerous in tropical seas, becoming scarcer as they recede from the warmer regions, a few only reaching the Arctic circle. They are rapid swimmers, with great power of endurance; the larger sharks are exclusively carnivorous, and some of them extremely dangerous to man. They scent their food from a distance, and are readily attracted by the smell of blood or decomposing bodies. The flesh of sharks is coarse, but it is sometimes eaten. Their rough skin is employed by joiners to polish fine-grained wood, and by cutlers to cover the hilts of swords to make them firmer in the grasp. [Pictured] Egg of Scyllium Chilense"&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Shark Egg

"Shark is an English popular name for any individual of the group Selachoidei. Sharks are scaleless,…

"Sphinx is a Greek word signifying 'strangler,' applied to certain symbolical forms of Egyptian origin, having the body of a lion, a human or an animal head, and two wings. Various other combinations of animal forms have been called by this name, though they are rather griffins or chim&aelig;ras. Human-headed sphinxes have been called andro-sphinxes; that with the head of a ram, a criosphinx; and that with a hawk's head, a hieracosphinx. The form when complete had the wings added at the sides; but these are of a later period and seem to have originated with the Babylonians or Assyrians. In Egypt the sphinx also occurs as the symbolical form of the monarch considered as a conqueror, the head of the reigning king being placed on a loin's body, the face bearded, and the usual head dress. Thus used, the sphinx was generally male; but in the case of female rulers that figure has a female head and the body of a lioness. The most remarkable sphinx is the Great Sphinx at Gizeh (Giza), a colossal form hewn out of the natural rock, and lying about a quarter of a mile S.E. of the Great Pyramid. It is sculptured out of a spur of the rock itself, to which masonry has been added in certain places to complete the shape, and it measures 172 feet 6 inches long by 56 feet high."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Sphinx

"Sphinx is a Greek word signifying 'strangler,' applied to certain symbolical forms of Egyptian origin,…

"A scarf, denoted an article of the amictus, or outer raiment of the Greeks. It was for the most part woollen; and it differed from the himation or cloak, the usual amictus of the male sex, in being smaller, finer, and oblong instead of square, its length being generally about twice its breadth. The scarf does not appear to have been much worn by children. It was generally assumed on reaching adolescence, and was worn by the ephebi from about seventeen to twenty years of age. It was also worn by the military, especially of high rank, over their body armour, and by hunters and travellers, more particularly on horseback. The usual mode of wearing the scarf was to pass one of its shorter sides round the neck, and to fasten it by means of a brooch, either over the breast, in which case it hung down the back, or over the right shoulder, so as to cover the left arm. In the following cut it is worn again in another way." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Chlamys

"A scarf, denoted an article of the amictus, or outer raiment of the Greeks. It was for the most part…

"A light open carriage with two wheels, adapted to carry two persons rapidly from place to place. The cisia were quickly drawn by mules. Cicero mentions the case of a messenger who travelled 56 miles in 10 hours in such vehicles, which were kept for hire at the stations along the great roads; a proof that the ancients considered six Roman miles per hour as an extraordinary speed." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Cisium

"A light open carriage with two wheels, adapted to carry two persons rapidly from place to place. The…

"A boot. Its essential distinction was its height; it rose above the middle of the leg, so as to surround the calf, and sometimes it reached as high as the knees. It was worn principally by horsemen, by hunters, and by men of rank and authority. The sole of the cothurnus was commonly of the ordinary thickness; but it was sometimes made much thicker than usual, probably by the insertion of slices of cork. The object was, to add to the apparent stature of the wearer; and this was done in the case of the actors in Athenian tragedy, who had the soles made unusually thick as one of the methods adopted in order to magnify their whole appearance. Hence tragedy in general was called cothurnus. As the cothurnus was commonly worn in hunting, it is represented as part of the costume of Diana. The preceding cut shows two cothurni, both taken from statues of Diana." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Cothurnus

"A boot. Its essential distinction was its height; it rose above the middle of the leg, so as to surround…

"This amusing game requires more care and delicacy of touch than at first seems to be the case. The apparatus of the game is very simple, consisting of a bull's head painted on a board, with a hook in its nose and another on each horn. In the top of the board is fixed a horizontal rod, to the end of which is suspended a ring by a piece of string. The players stand in succession in front of the bull, take the ring and try to fling it so that it shall be caught on the nook in the bull's nose. Each player has nine throws, and he who succeeds the greatest number of times wins the game. It is tolerably easy to throw the ring on the hook, but not easy to throw it so that it shall stay there, and the 'knack' of the game consists in throwing it with just sufficient force to reach the hook. In another modification of the game the string is lengthened to twelve or fifteen feet, and has a slip-noose at the end. The other end of the string is not fastened to the end of the horizontal rod, but held in the left hand, while with the right the player tries to throw the loop over the two hooks in the bull's horns. If he can catch them both he scores two, and if he catches only one of them, he scores one. Each player has six throws." &mdash; Thomas Sheppard Meek

Ring the Bull

"This amusing game requires more care and delicacy of touch than at first seems to be the case. The…

"This game is played by means of seven pins, made so that they may either be driven into the ground or fixed on a board. Each pin is numbered, from one to seven. There is a slight cup at the top of the pins. In each cup is placed a small ball or marble. To play the game, six of the pins are fixed in a circle, with the seventh in the middle; and the players, standing at a given distance, take the wooden quoits with which they try to knock the balls out of the cups. Before playing, they must name the pin at which they aim, and if they strike off the ball belonging to any other pin, the score goes to the adversary. If, however, he knocks off the ball at which he aims, and by the same throw strikes off one or more besides, he may score them all. in another version of the game, if the player can strike off the seven balls and have one or more quoits to spare, he may try to throw the quoits so as to fall upon the pins, and for every case in which he succeeds he adds the number of the pin to his score."&mdash; Thomas Sheppard Meek

Lawn Cupolette

"This game is played by means of seven pins, made so that they may either be driven into the ground…

"Here is a new game, which is causing a great deal of amusement at social gatherings in Europe. Two boys, or young men, are blindfolded, and in the right hand of each is placed a stout roll of paper in the form of a club or cudgel. The players then have to lie down on the carpet and to grasp each other by the left hand. Thereupon the fun begins. One of the players asks the other, 'Are you there?' When the answer, 'Yes' comes he raises his right hand and strives to hit with his cudgel the spot where, from the sound of the voice, he supposes the other player's head to be. The other player, however, is at perfect liberty to move his head after he has answered 'Yes,' and the result is that in nine cases out of ten the blow misses his head and falls on his shoulders or some other part of his body. In that case it is his turn to retaliate, and so the game goes on indefinitely, the sole object of the player who asks the question being to strike the other player's head, and that of the player who answers to save his head from being struck."&mdash; Thomas Sheppard Meek

Cudgel Game

"Here is a new game, which is causing a great deal of amusement at social gatherings in Europe. Two…

"A mask. Masks were worn by Greek and Roman actors in nearly all dramatic representations. This custom arose undoubtedly from the practice of smearing the face with certain juices and colours, and of appearing in disguise, at the festivals of Bacchus. Now as the Greek drama arose out of these festivals, it is highly probable that some mode of disguising the face was as old as the drama itself. Choerilus of Samos, however, is said to have been the first who introduced regular masks. Other writers attribute the invention of masks to Thesuis or Aeschylus, though the latter had probably only the merit of perfecting and completing the whole theatrical apparatus and costume. Some masks covered, like the masks of modern times, only the face, but they appear more generally to have covered the whole head down to the shoulders, for we always find the hair belonging to a mask described as being a part of it; and this must have been the case in tragedy more especially, as it was necessary to make the head correspond to the stature of an actor, which was heightened by the cothurnus. The annexed cut represents the grotesque mask of a Satyr, together with a tragic mask, which are contined in the British Museum. some of the oldest manuscripts of Terence contain representations of Roman masks, and from these manuscripts they have been copied in several modern editions of that poet. The cut annexed contains representations of four of these masks prefixed to the Andria." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Persona

"A mask. Masks were worn by Greek and Roman actors in nearly all dramatic representations. This custom…

"A mask. Masks were worn by Greek and Roman actors in nearly all dramatic representations. This custom arose undoubtedly from the practice of smearing the face with certain juices and colours, and of appearing in disguise, at the festivals of Bacchus. Now as the Greek drama arose out of these festivals, it is highly probable that some mode of disguising the face was as old as the drama itself. Choerilus of Samos, however, is said to have been the first who introduced regular masks. Other writers attribute the invention of masks to Thesuis or Aeschylus, though the latter had probably only the merit of perfecting and completing the whole theatrical apparatus and costume. Some masks covered, like the masks of modern times, only the face, but they appear more generally to have covered the whole head down to the shoulders, for we always find the hair belonging to a mask described as being a part of it; and this must have been the case in tragedy more especially, as it was necessary to make the head correspond to the stature of an actor, which was heightened by the cothurnus. The annexed cut represents the grotesque mask of a Satyr, together with a tragic mask, which are contined in the British Museum. some of the oldest manuscripts of Terence contain representations of Roman masks, and from these manuscripts they have been copied in several modern editions of that poet. The cut annexed contains representations of four of these masks prefixed to the Andria." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Persona

"A mask. Masks were worn by Greek and Roman actors in nearly all dramatic representations. This custom…

"A baker, from pinsere, to pound, since corn was pounded in mortars before the invention of mills. At Rome bread was originally made at home by the women of the house; and there were no persons at Rome who made baking a trade, or any slaves specially kept for this purpose in private houses, till B.C. 173. The name was also given to pastry-cooks and confectioners, in which case they were usually called pistores dulciarii or candidarii. Bread was often baked in moulds called artoptae, and the loaves thus baked were termed artopticii. In one of the bake-houses discovered at Pompeii, several loaves have been found apparently baked in moulds, which may therefore be regarded as artoptieii; they are represented in the preceding cut. They are flat, and about eight inches in diameter. Bread was not generally made at home at Athens, but was sold in the market-place chiefly by women. These women seem to have been what the fish-women of London are at present; they excelled in abuse." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Pistor

"A baker, from pinsere, to pound, since corn was pounded in mortars before the invention of mills. At…

"Stilus or Stylus conveys the general idea of an object tapering like an architectural column. It signifies: 1. An iron instrument, resembling a pencil in size and shape, used for writing upon waxed tablets. At one end it was sharpened to a point for scratching the characters upon the wax, while the other end, being flat and circular, served to render the surface of the tablets smooth again, and so to obliterate what had been written. Thus, vertere stilum means to erase, and hence to correct. The stylus was also termed graphium, and the case in which it was kept graphiarium. 2. A sharp stake or spike placed in pitfalls before an entrenchment, to embarrass the progress of an attacking enemy." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Stilus

"Stilus or Stylus conveys the general idea of an object tapering like an architectural column. It signifies:…

A Pappoose case

Case

A Pappoose case

Very variable in size and color, but usually a brownish gray and covered in shory whitish gray hairs. Each wing case has an oblique ocher-colored band.

Banded Hickory Borer

Very variable in size and color, but usually a brownish gray and covered in shory whitish gray hairs.…

"Mercury, with his caduceus, summons the souls of the departed from Orcus, or the low world, as in the case of Protesilaus, for example, who obtained permission from Pluto and Proserpina to visit for a short period the regions of light." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Mercury with caduceus

"Mercury, with his caduceus, summons the souls of the departed from Orcus, or the low world, as in the…

"Tropaeum, a trophy, a sign and memorial of victory, which was erected on the field of battle where the enemy had turned to flight, and in case of a victory gained at sea, on the nearest land." &mdash Smith; 1873

Tropaeum

"Tropaeum, a trophy, a sign and memorial of victory, which was erected on the field of battle where…

"The Furies are generally represented with a scourge, with which to punish the wicked in Tartarus. It probably was supposed to resemble the whip used for punishing slaves, which was a dreaedful instrument, knotted with bones or heavy indented circles of bronze, or terminated by hooks, in which latter case it was aptly denominated a scorpion." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Scourge

"The Furies are generally represented with a scourge, with which to punish the wicked in Tartarus. It…