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An apparatus used to photograph images in a light microscope. The long camera is connected to the eye piece while the microscope uses a mirror to light the specimen. The image is captured on the photographic plate.

Micrographic Apparatus with Camera and Microscope

An apparatus used to photograph images in a light microscope. The long camera is connected to the eye…

<em>A</em>, anterior lobe of the cerebellum; <em>B</em>, olfactory nerve; <em>C</em>, portion of the posterior lobe; <em>D</em>, optic chiasm; <em>E</em>, optic tract; <em>H, M,</em> hemispheres of the cerebellum; <em>K</em>, portion of the occipital lobe; <em>N</em>, medulla oblongata; <em>R</em>, pons Varolii."

Base of the brain

A, anterior lobe of the cerebellum; B, olfactory nerve; C, portion of the…

"The cranial nerves are thus arranged in pairs: 1, olfactory nerves, special nerves of smell; 2, optic nerves, passing to each eyeball, devoted to sight; 3, 4, and 6 control the muscles fo the eyes; 5, trifacial in three branches, which proceed mainly to the face, partly sensory and partly motor; 7, facial nerves, controlling the facial muscles; 8, auditory, or nerves of hearing; 9, glossopharyngeal nerves, partly sensory and partly motor: each nerve contains two roots, one a nerve of taste, the other a motor nerve, which controls the muscles engaged in swallowing; 10, pneumogastric nerves; 11, spinal accessory nerves, supplying some of the muscles of the neck and back; 12, hypoglossal nerves, controlling the movements of the tongue in speech and swallowing." — Blaisedell, 1904

Distribution of the Cranial Nerves

"The cranial nerves are thus arranged in pairs: 1, olfactory nerves, special nerves of smell; 2, optic…

"a, sclerotic membrane; b, cornea; d, retina; o, optic nerve; v, vitreous humor." -Comstock 1850

Eye

"a, sclerotic membrane; b, cornea; d, retina; o, optic nerve; v, vitreous humor." -Comstock 1850

"The external bones of the temple are supposed to be removed in order to render visible the muscular arrangements. The muscle, 1, raises the eye-lid, and is constantly in action while we are awake. During sleep, the muscle being in repose and relaxed, the eye-lid falls and protects the eye from the action of light. The muscle, 4, turns the eye upwards; 5, downwards; 6, outwards; and a corresponding one on the inside, not seen in the figure, turns it inwards. No. 2 and 10 turn the eye round its axis. No. 11 is the great optic nerve, which conveys the sensation to the brain. If this nerve were cut, notwithstanding the eye might be in other respects perfect, the sense of sight would be destroyed." &mdash;Wells, 1857

Eye Muscles

"The external bones of the temple are supposed to be removed in order to render visible the muscular…

"Diagram illustrating the Manner in which the Image of an Object is inverted on the Retina." — Blaisedell, 1904

Diagram of the Eye

"Diagram illustrating the Manner in which the Image of an Object is inverted on the Retina." — Blaisedell,…

"Section of the human eye." — Blaisedell, 1904

Human eye

"Section of the human eye." — Blaisedell, 1904

"The most essential parts of human vision are contained in the eyeball, a nearly spherical body, about an inch in diameter, and capable of being turned considerably in its socket by the action of various muscles." — Avery, 1895

Eyeball

"The most essential parts of human vision are contained in the eyeball, a nearly spherical body, about…

"<em>A</em>, attachment of tendon connected with the four recti muscles; <em>B</em>, external rectus, divided and turned downward, to expose the internal rectus; <em>C</em>, inferior rectus; <em>D</em>, internal rectus; <em>E</em>, superior rectus; <em>F</em>, superior oblique; <em>H</em>, pulley and reflected portion of the superior oblique; <em>K</em>, inferior oblique; <em>L</em> and <em>M</em>, portions of the muscle which raises the upper eyelid; to the right of <em>D</em> and to the left on the same line are seen cut ends of the optic nerve." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Muscles of the eyeball

"A, attachment of tendon connected with the four recti muscles; B, external rectus,…

"The eye is moved about by six muscles. The back ends of these muscles are attached to the eye sockets. The front ends are attached to the ball of the eye." — Ritchie, 1918

Muscles of the Eyes

"The eye is moved about by six muscles. The back ends of these muscles are attached to the eye sockets.…

A magnifying glass.

Magnifying Glass

A magnifying glass.

This illustration shows the arrangement of mirrors in a kaleidoscope (AC and BC), and the patterns formed.

Mirrors in a Kaleidoscope

This illustration shows the arrangement of mirrors in a kaleidoscope (AC and BC), and the patterns formed.

"The optical lantern is an instrument for projecting on a screen magnified images of transparent photographs, paintings, drawings, etc." — Avery, 1895

Optical Lantern

"The optical lantern is an instrument for projecting on a screen magnified images of transparent photographs,…

"They have also a shorter focus for red, and a longer one for blue, and thus magnify the red image more than the blue; and as the objective gives a large blue and small red image, the two cancel one another and a colourless image is produced." &mdash;Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910

Huyegenian Eyepiece Diagram Showing Lens Refraction

"They have also a shorter focus for red, and a longer one for blue, and thus magnify the red image more…

"If the real image produced by the objective coincides with the collective lens, only the inclination of the principal rays is altered. The lens nearer to the eye is distant from it about its focal length. The eye&mdash;lens converts diverging pencils into parallels. Both lenses together form the exit pupil of the objective behind the eye&mdash;lens." &mdash;Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910

Ramsden Eyepiece Lens Refraction Diagram

"If the real image produced by the objective coincides with the collective lens, only the inclination…

"Showing a system with chromatic difference of spherical aberration. O" ₌ image of O for red light; O'" for blue. The system is under—corrected for red, and over—corrected for blue rays." —Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910

Light Correction of Blue and Red Lights using Spherical Lens

"Showing a system with chromatic difference of spherical aberration. O" ₌ image of O for red light;…

"A microscope consists of a lens or a combination of lenses used to observe small objects, often so minute as to be invisible to the unaided eye." &mdash; Avery, 1895

Microscope

"A microscope consists of a lens or a combination of lenses used to observe small objects, often so…

A Baker demonstration light microscope illustrating the different parts of the microscope. The eyepiece is adjusted at knob F. The mirror J reflects light from a light source to shine light through the sample.

Baker Demonstration Light Microscope with Mirror Reflecting Light Source

A Baker demonstration light microscope illustrating the different parts of the microscope. The eyepiece…

A swift Stephenson's Binocular Microscope with a mirror reflecting light source. The microscope has an adjustable slits to monitor how much light is coming through the sample. Two eyepieces focuses and magnify the sample by adjusting both lenses.

Swift Stephen's Binocular Microscope with Mirror Reflecting Light Source

A swift Stephenson's Binocular Microscope with a mirror reflecting light source. The microscope has…

A Greenough's binocular light microscope. The microscope has two eyepieces to view the sample with both eyes. The mirror is used to provide a light source for the microscope by reflecting light.

Greenough's Binocular Light Compound Microscope with Mirror Reflecting Light Source

A Greenough's binocular light microscope. The microscope has two eyepieces to view the sample with both…

An adjustment screw diagram used to raise or lower microscope slightly. The series of screw and springs are used to move the microscope, B.

Leitz Micrometer Adjustment Screw for Microscope

An adjustment screw diagram used to raise or lower microscope slightly. The series of screw and springs…

A petrographic light microscope used to identify thin layered rocks and minerals. The microscope have two polarizer filter beneath the sample, with circular rotating stage.

Petrographical Light Microscope with Mirror and Eyepieces

A petrographic light microscope used to identify thin layered rocks and minerals. The microscope have…

"The long lever D is pressed to one side by the screw F, and is thus turned round the in E. On the tube very near to pin E is cylinder C, which by the action of the screw F is very slightly raised or lowered." &mdash;Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910

Swift and Son Micrometer Adjustment Lever for Microscope

"The long lever D is pressed to one side by the screw F, and is thus turned round the in E. On the tube…

A light reflection diagram of a light microscope using a mirror. The mirror is used in a microscope to provide light for the sample. The light source hits the mirror, then gets reflected onto the small condenser lens on the stage.

Microscope Mirror Illumination by Light Reflection

A light reflection diagram of a light microscope using a mirror. The mirror is used in a microscope…

Illustration showing Abbe illuminating apparatus with condenser. The mirror, m, reflects light from the light source to provide light for viewing the specimen. The reflected light is passed through the condenser then onto the specimen.

Abbe Microscope Mirror Illumination by Light Reflection with Condenser

Illustration showing Abbe illuminating apparatus with condenser. The mirror, m, reflects light from…

"Brain of Perch. Upper aspect. a, cereoellum; b, optic lobes; c, hemispheres; e, lobi inferiores; f, hypophysis; g, lobi posteriores; i, olfactory lobes; n, nervus opticus; o, nervus olfactorius; p, nervus olulo-motorius; g, nervus trochlearis; r, nervus trigeminus; s, nervus acousticus; t, nrvus vagus; u, nervus abducens; v, fourth ventricle." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Perch Brain

"Brain of Perch. Upper aspect. a, cereoellum; b, optic lobes; c, hemispheres; e, lobi inferiores; f,…

"Brain of Perch. Lower aspect. a, cereoellum; b, optic lobes; c, hemispheres; e, lobi inferiores; f, hypophysis; g, lobi posteriores; i, olfactory lobes; n, nervus opticus; o, nervus olfactorius; p, nervus olulo-motorius; g, nervus trochlearis; r, nervus trigeminus; s, nervus acousticus; t, nrvus vagus; u, nervus abducens; v, fourth ventricle." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Perch Brain

"Brain of Perch. Lower aspect. a, cereoellum; b, optic lobes; c, hemispheres; e, lobi inferiores; f,…

"Diagrammatic section through the eyeball. xx, optic axis; k, nodal point." &mdash;Martin, 1917

Retina

"Diagrammatic section through the eyeball. xx, optic axis; k, nodal point." —Martin, 1917

"Diagram illustrating the points at which incident rays meet the retina. xx, optic axis; k, first nodal point; k', second nodal point; b, point where the image of B would be formed, were the eye properly accommodated for it; a, the retinal point where the image of A would be formed." —Martin, 1917

Retina

"Diagram illustrating the points at which incident rays meet the retina. xx, optic axis; k, first nodal…

Ruler and with a lens and screen, used for demonstrating refraction.

Ruler and Lens

Ruler and with a lens and screen, used for demonstrating refraction.

"To show how a shadow if a perpendicular object is to be projected on an inclined plane." -Benson, 1891

Shadow of a Perpendicular Object

"To show how a shadow if a perpendicular object is to be projected on an inclined plane." -Benson, 1891

"O' is the virtual image of O formed at a spherical surface of centre C and radius CS." &mdash;Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910

Virtual Image Formed on Spherical Surface

"O' is the virtual image of O formed at a spherical surface of centre C and radius CS." —Encyclopaedia…

A large dissecting stand with magnification eyepiece and mirror reflecting the light source. The stand is useful for dissecting small organisms.

Large Dissecting Stand with Magnification Eyepiece Mirror Reflecting Light Source

A large dissecting stand with magnification eyepiece and mirror reflecting the light source. The stand…

"The stereoscope is an instrument for illustrating the phenomena of binocular vision, and for producing from two nearly similar pictures of an object the effect of a single picture with the appearance of relief and solidity that pertains to ordinary vision." — Avery, 1895

Stereoscope

"The stereoscope is an instrument for illustrating the phenomena of binocular vision, and for producing…

"The Galilean telescope has a double-concave eye-lens that intercepts the rays before they reach the focus of the objective." — Avery, 1895

Galilean Telescope

"The Galilean telescope has a double-concave eye-lens that intercepts the rays before they reach the…

"The spy-glass or terrestrial telescope avoids the inversion of the image by the interposition of two double-convex lenses, m and n, between the objective and eyepiece. The rays diverging from the inverted image at I cross between m and n, and form an erect magnified, virtual image at ab." — Avery, 1895

Terrestrial Telescope

"The spy-glass or terrestrial telescope avoids the inversion of the image by the interposition of two…