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"A tool adapted for molding and rabbeting, used in panel-work by coach- and pattern-makers."-Whitney, 1902

Adz-plane

"A tool adapted for molding and rabbeting, used in panel-work by coach- and pattern-makers."-Whitney,…

An illustration of the plane's centers of gravity, lift drift and thrust to effectively glide the plane when the engine stalls.

Centre of Gravity Lift Drift Thrust of Aeroplane

An illustration of the plane's centers of gravity, lift drift and thrust to effectively glide the plane…

A dihedral board on an aeroplane, or airplane, for stability. The boards are raised on short legs over the ribs with a spirit level on top of the board. Dihedral boards are used as a last result due to inaccuracy in stability.

Dihedral Board Aeroplane

A dihedral board on an aeroplane, or airplane, for stability. The boards are raised on short legs over…

A Dunne aeroplane, or airplane, design. the V shape plane stabilizes by having a V shaped depression in the middle and wing tips. This design is impractical due to the materials must be strengthen, creating more weight.

Dunne Aeroplane

A Dunne aeroplane, or airplane, design. the V shape plane stabilizes by having a V shaped depression…

An aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets; "the flight was delayed due to trouble with the airplane"

Fixed Wing Aeroplane

An aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets; "the flight was delayed due…

A fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing (alighting) on water. Seaplanes which can also take-off and land on airfields are a small subclass called Amphibian aircraft.

Hydro Aeroplane

A fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing (alighting) on water. Seaplanes which can also…

An airship or dirigible is an aircraft that can be steered and propelled through the air using rudders and propellers or other thrust. Unlike other aerodynamic aircraft such as fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters, which produce lift by moving a wing through the air, aerostatics aircraft, such as airships and hot air balloons, stay aloft by filling a large cavity, such as a balloon, with a lifting gas.

Cable Air Ship

An airship or dirigible is an aircraft that can be steered and propelled through the air using rudders…

"As the bottom of the surface meets the air, it compresses it and accelerates it downwards. As a result of this definite action there is an equal and opposite reaction upwards." —Barber, 1917

Aerodynamic of Airplane Wing

"As the bottom of the surface meets the air, it compresses it and accelerates it downwards. As a result…

Any of various winged vehicles capable of flight, generally heavier than air and driven by jet engines or propellers.

Early Airplane

Any of various winged vehicles capable of flight, generally heavier than air and driven by jet engines…

An aircraft capable of flight using forward motion that generates lift as the wing moves through the air.

Larger Scale Airplane

An aircraft capable of flight using forward motion that generates lift as the wing moves through the…

Two biplanes flying through the clouds.

Airplanes

Two biplanes flying through the clouds.

A diagram illustrating the airplane's angle of incidence at axis A, direction of motion and thrust.

Plane Angle of Incidence

A diagram illustrating the airplane's angle of incidence at axis A, direction of motion and thrust.

The diagram illustrating the plane's angle of incidence pointing down at the motion axis. The plan will exert momentum and thrust force from angle of incidence.

Plane Pointing Down Angle of Incidence

The diagram illustrating the plane's angle of incidence pointing down at the motion axis. The plan will…

Illustration of a dihedral angle bisected by a plane. "Every point in a plane which bisects a dihedral angle is equidistant from the faces of the angle."

Dihedral Angle With Bisector

Illustration of a dihedral angle bisected by a plane. "Every point in a plane which bisects a dihedral…

Illustration of a convex polyhedral angle. "The sum of the face angles of any convex polyhedral angle is less than four right angles."

Convex Polyhedral Angle

Illustration of a convex polyhedral angle. "The sum of the face angles of any convex polyhedral angle…

Illustration of dihedral angle AB (or M-AB-N) formed by planes.

Dihedral Angle

Illustration of dihedral angle AB (or M-AB-N) formed by planes.

Illustration of dihedral angle AB formed by planes.

Dihedral Angle

Illustration of dihedral angle AB formed by planes.

A dihedral angle is the opening between two intersecting planes.

Dihedral Angle

A dihedral angle is the opening between two intersecting planes.

Illustration of polyhedral angle. "The opening of three or more planes which meet at a common point is called a polyhedral angle."

Polyhedral Angle

Illustration of polyhedral angle. "The opening of three or more planes which meet at a common point…

Trihedral angle. "The sum of any two face angles of a trihedral angle is greater than the third face angle."

Trihedral Angle

Trihedral angle. "The sum of any two face angles of a trihedral angle is greater than the third face…

Illustration of adjacent dihedral angles M-AB-N and P-AM-N made by planes.

Adjacent Dihedral Angle

Illustration of adjacent dihedral angles M-AB-N and P-AM-N made by planes.

Illustration of 2 equal dihedral angles.

Two Equal Dihedral Angles

Illustration of 2 equal dihedral angles.

Illustration of 3 equal dihedral angles. "Two dihedral angles have the same ratio as their plane angles."

Equal Dihedral Angles

Illustration of 3 equal dihedral angles. "Two dihedral angles have the same ratio as their plane angles."

Illustration of two polyhedral angles that are equal.

Equal Polyhedral Angles

Illustration of two polyhedral angles that are equal.

Illustration used to show that two trihedral angles are equal or symmetrical when the three face angles of the one are respectively equal to the three face angles of the other.

Equal trihedral angles

Illustration used to show that two trihedral angles are equal or symmetrical when the three face angles…

Illustration of two symmetrical polyhedral angles.

Symmetrical Polyhedral Angles

Illustration of two symmetrical polyhedral angles.

Illustration of two vertical dihedral angles.

Vertical Dihedral Angles

Illustration of two vertical dihedral angles.

An illustration of Chanute's biplane gliding machine.

Biplane Gliding Machine

An illustration of Chanute's biplane gliding machine.

A biplane labeled with its principal parts.

Biplane Parts

A biplane labeled with its principal parts.

"The bradawl is a boring tool adapted only for soft wood." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Bradawl

"The bradawl is a boring tool adapted only for soft wood." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

This illustration shows three different views of the 1915 Caproni Type C A-4 Triplane.

Caproni Type C A-4 Triplane, 1915

This illustration shows three different views of the 1915 Caproni Type C A-4 Triplane.

Carpenter using a plane.

Carpenter

Carpenter using a plane.

"To find the center of gravity of any irregular plane figure, but of uniform thickness throughout, divide one of the parallel surfaces into triangles, parallelograms, circles, ellipses, etc., according to the shape of the figure; find the area and center of gravity of each part separately, and combine the center of gravity thus found in the same manner." —Hallock 1905

Center of Gravity of an Irregular Plane

"To find the center of gravity of any irregular plane figure, but of uniform thickness throughout, divide…

"When a ball is rolling on a horizontal plane, the centre of gravity is not raised, but moves in a straight line, parallel to the surface of the plane on which it rolls, and is consequently always directly over its centre of gravity." -Comstock 1850

Center of Gravity of a Rolling Ball

"When a ball is rolling on a horizontal plane, the centre of gravity is not raised, but moves in a straight…

Illustration showing the periodic center of motion as it often happens when two positions of a line are known and they are moving in the same plane and we wish to find an axis about which this line could revolve to occupy the two given positions.

Periodic Center of Motion

Illustration showing the periodic center of motion as it often happens when two positions of a line…

Illustration showing a centroid, "the curve passing through the successive positions of the instantaneous centre of a body having a combined motion of rotation and translation is called a centroid." A smooth curve passes through the successive positions of the instantaneous centers (all the centers marked o)will be the centroid ab.

Centroid

Illustration showing a centroid, "the curve passing through the successive positions of the instantaneous…

Every elliptical involution has the property that there are two definite points in the plane from which any two conjugate points are seen under a right angle.

Circular Involution

Every elliptical involution has the property that there are two definite points in the plane from which…

A pilot's cockpit from a propeller aeroplane, or airplane. The diagram illustrates the different parts of the cockpit used to control the plane. The cockpit contains gauges; watch; joystick controlling ailerons and elevators; and wires to adjust wings.

Aeroplane Cockpit

A pilot's cockpit from a propeller aeroplane, or airplane. The diagram illustrates the different parts…

"If a cone be cut by a plane, parallel to the base, so as to form two parts, the lower part is called the frustum of the cone." — Hallock, 1905

Cone

"If a cone be cut by a plane, parallel to the base, so as to form two parts, the lower part is called…

Illustration of a right circular cone that has been cut by a plane parallel to the base. The lower part is known as the frustum.

Cone Cut By Plane

Illustration of a right circular cone that has been cut by a plane parallel to the base. The lower part…

Illustration of a right circular cone that has been cut by a plane parallel to the base. The top section has been removed and placed in front of the lower section. The lower part is known as the frustum.

Cone Cut By Plane

Illustration of a right circular cone that has been cut by a plane parallel to the base. The top section…

Illustration of the intersection of a cone and a plane.

Intersection of a Cone and a Plane

Illustration of the intersection of a cone and a plane.

Illustration showing a cone rolled out on a plane.

Cone Rolled On Plane

Illustration showing a cone rolled out on a plane.

Conic sections, cones divided by a plane.

Conic Sections

Conic sections, cones divided by a plane.

Diagram of a cone with spheres and cut by a plane to depict the conic sections.

Cone depicting Conic Sections

Diagram of a cone with spheres and cut by a plane to depict the conic sections.

Diagram of a cone with inscribed spheres and cut by various planes to depict the conic sections: circle, ellipse.

Cone depicting Conic Sections

Diagram of a cone with inscribed spheres and cut by various planes to depict the conic sections: circle,…

"Since these curves are not closed, one pair cannot be used for continuous motion; but a pair of such curves may be well adapted to sectional wheels requiring a varying angular velocity." This figure shows an example of the process.

Motion of Open Curves

"Since these curves are not closed, one pair cannot be used for continuous motion; but a pair of such…

Illustration of a cylinder cut by a plane making an angle of 57° with the base.

Plane Intersecting A Cylinder

Illustration of a cylinder cut by a plane making an angle of 57° with the base.

Illustration showing a cylinder rolled out on a plane.

Cylinder Rolled On Plane

Illustration showing a cylinder rolled out on a plane.

This illustration shows three different views of the De Haviland 4 Reconnaissance Plane. This plane has a 400 horsepower Liberty Engine.

De Haviland 4 Reconnaissance Plane

This illustration shows three different views of the De Haviland 4 Reconnaissance Plane. This plane…

Illustration of a decagonal pyramid that has been cut by a plane parallel to the base. The top section has been removed and the remaining section is known as the frustum of the pyramid. The hidden edges are shown in this illustration.

Frustum Of A Decagonal Pyramid

Illustration of a decagonal pyramid that has been cut by a plane parallel to the base. The top section…

Illustration of a hollow decagonal pyramid that has been cut by a plane parallel to the base. The top section has been removed and the remaining section has been turned upside down. It is known as the frustum of the pyramid.

Frustum Of A Decagonal Pyramid

Illustration of a hollow decagonal pyramid that has been cut by a plane parallel to the base. The top…

Illustration of a decagonal pyramid that has been cut by a plane parallel to the base. The top section has been removed and the remaining section is known as the frustum of the pyramid.

Frustum Of A Decagonal Pyramid

Illustration of a decagonal pyramid that has been cut by a plane parallel to the base. The top section…

Illustration of a hollow septagonal/heptagonal pyramid that has been cut by a plane parallel to the base. The top section has been removed and the remaining section has been turned upside down. It is known as the frustum of the pyramid. The hidden edges are shown in this illustration.

Frustum Of A Decagonal Pyramid

Illustration of a hollow septagonal/heptagonal pyramid that has been cut by a plane parallel to the…

A design of the propeller airplane, or aeroplane, in flight with a higher tail to create an angle of incidence when landing.

Aeroplane High Tail Normal Attitude Design

A design of the propeller airplane, or aeroplane, in flight with a higher tail to create an angle of…

A propeller airplane, or aeroplane, design with a high tail. This design creates a larger angle of incidence for a effective air brake to stop the plane in a shorter distance.

Aeroplane High Tail Slow Landing Design

A propeller airplane, or aeroplane, design with a high tail. This design creates a larger angle of incidence…

Illustration of a propeller aeroplane, or airplane, with lower tail in flight.

Aeroplane Low Tail Design

Illustration of a propeller aeroplane, or airplane, with lower tail in flight.

The propeller airplane, or aeroplane, design in fast landing. This design requires a large landing area to stop the plane.

Aeroplane Low Tail Fast Landing Design

The propeller airplane, or aeroplane, design in fast landing. This design requires a large landing area…

A motion diagram of the aeroplane, or airplane, illustrating the plane's direction to create thrust and small angle of incidence relative to the horizontal line.

Aeroplane Motion Diagram

A motion diagram of the aeroplane, or airplane, illustrating the plane's direction to create thrust…

A diagram of wing airplane illustrating the skeleton. The shape of the wing creates a lift—draft ratio to create drift.

Airplane Wing Diagram

A diagram of wing airplane illustrating the skeleton. The shape of the wing creates a lift—draft…