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"Suppose a cannon ball, tied with a string to the centre of a slab of smooth marble, and suppose an attempt be made to push this ball with the hand in the direction of b; it is obvious that the string would prevent its going to that point; but would keep it in thei circle. n this case, the string is the centripedal force." -Comstock 1850

Centrifugal Force

"Suppose a cannon ball, tied with a string to the centre of a slab of smooth marble, and suppose an…

"In the third and last kind of lever, the weight is placed at one end, the fulcrum at the other end and the power between them, or the hand s between the fulcrum and the weight." -Comstock 1850

Third-class Lever

"In the third and last kind of lever, the weight is placed at one end, the fulcrum at the other end…

"Tie one end of a soft cotton rope about 20 feet long to a fixed support, and hold the other end in the hand. Move the hand up and down with a quick, sudden motion, so as to set up a series of waves in the rope, as shown, in which each curved line may be considered an instantaneous photograph of a rope thus shaken." -Avery 1895

Form of Waves

"Tie one end of a soft cotton rope about 20 feet long to a fixed support, and hold the other end in…

"Suport a soft cotton rope several yards long between two fixed supports, as the opposite sides of the room, or the floor and the ceiling. With a ruler, strike the rope a blow near one end so as to form a crest, as shown. Vary the tension of the rope if necessary, until the crest is easily seem. Notice the crest, c, travels from A to B, where it is reflected back to A as a trough, t." -Avery 1895

Fixed Wave Reflection

"Suport a soft cotton rope several yards long between two fixed supports, as the opposite sides of the…

"If the conducting wire is bent into the form shown, the lines of force will pas around the wire from one face of the loop to the other, and in the direction indicated by the 'rule of thumb' just given." -Avery 1895

Magnetic Field Around a Current Carrying Wire

"If the conducting wire is bent into the form shown, the lines of force will pas around the wire from…

Demonstration of the movement of a pivot joint. Labels: A, arm in supination (palm uppermost); B, arm in pronation (back of hand upward). H, humerus; R, radius; U, ulna.

Arm Bones

Demonstration of the movement of a pivot joint. Labels: A, arm in supination (palm uppermost); B, arm…

The muscles on the back of the hand, forearm, and lower half of the arm, as exposed on dissecting away the skin.

Arm Muscles

The muscles on the back of the hand, forearm, and lower half of the arm, as exposed on dissecting away…

"As the piston ascends, as shown in the left-hand figure, the pressure of the atmosphere forces the water up the suction pipe P; the water opens the suction valve V and flows into the pump cylinder. When the piston moves down, as shown in the right-hand figure, the suction valve is closed and the delivery valve V' opened. The water in the pump cylinder is now forced up the delivery pipe P'." —Hallock 1905

Forcing Pump

"As the piston ascends, as shown in the left-hand figure, the pressure of the atmosphere forces the…

"A double-acting pump of the piston pattern is shown [here]. Such a pump has two sets of suction valves and delivery valves, one set for each side of the piston. With the piston moving in the direction of the arrow, the pressure of the atmosphere forces the water up the suction pipe P into the left-hand end of the pump cylinder, the left-hand suction valve opens and the left-hand delivery valve is closed...The water now flows up the delivery pipe P'." —Hallock 1905

Double-acting Force Pump

"A double-acting pump of the piston pattern is shown [here]. Such a pump has two sets of suction valves…

Villi of the small intestine, magnified about 80 diameters. In the left-hand figure the lacteals, a,b,c, are filled with white injection; d, blood-vessels. In the right-hand figure the lacteals alone are represented, filled with a dark injection. The epithelium covering the villi, and their muscular fibers are omitted.

Small Intestine Villi

Villi of the small intestine, magnified about 80 diameters. In the left-hand figure the lacteals, a,b,c,…

Blood corpuscles. Labels: A, magnified about 400 diameters. The red corpuscles have arranged themselves in rouleaux; a, a, colorless corpuscles; B, red corpuscles more magnified and seen in focus; E, a red corpuscle slightly out of focus. Near the right-hand top corner is a red corpuscle seen in three-quarter face, and at C one seen edgewise. F,G,kH,I, white corpuscles highly magnified.

Blood Cells

Blood corpuscles. Labels: A, magnified about 400 diameters. The red corpuscles have arranged themselves…

Circulation in frog's foot under a microscope. Labels: A, walls of capillaries; B, tissue of web lying between the capillaries; C, cells of epidermis covering web (these are only shown in the right-hand and lower part of the field; in the other parts of the field the focus of the microscope lies below the epidermis); D, nuclei of these epidermic cells; E, pigment cells contracted, not partially expanded; F, red blood corpuscle (oval in the frog) passing along capillary -- nucleus not visible; G, another corpuscle squeezing its way through a capillary, the canal of which is smaller than its own transverse diameter; H, another bending as it slides round a corner; K, corpuscle in capillary seen through the epidermis; I, white blood corpuscle.

Circulation in a Frog's Foot

Circulation in frog's foot under a microscope. Labels: A, walls of capillaries; B, tissue of web lying…

"... balance a card with a penny placed upon it on the tip of one of the fingers of the left hand, and strike it suddenly with the middle finger of the right hand, as represented [here]." —Quackenbos 1859

Inertia Demonstration

"... balance a card with a penny placed upon it on the tip of one of the fingers of the left hand, and…

"[This illustration] shows the path of a stone thrown obliquely from the hand. The propelling force sends it in a straight line to A, and would take it on in the same direction to B, were it not that, as soon as its velocity becomes sufficiently diminished, gravity and the air's resistance give it a circular motion to C, and finally bring it to the earth at D." —Quackenbos 1859

Projectile Motion of a Stone

"[This illustration] shows the path of a stone thrown obliquely from the hand. The propelling force…

"The steelyard is a kind of balance, which, though not so sensitive as the one being described above, answers very well for heavy bodies, and is conveniently carried, as it requires but a single weight, and may be held in the hand or suspended anywhere." —Quackenbos 1859

Steelyard

"The steelyard is a kind of balance, which, though not so sensitive as the one being described above,…

"Instead of having a rope attached to it, the wheel is often provided with projecting pins, as shown, to which the hand is directly applied." —Quackenbos 1859

Wheel and Axle with Spokes

"Instead of having a rope attached to it, the wheel is often provided with projecting pins, as shown,…

"[This illustration] shows a third form of the wheel and axle. Here the axle A is vertical, instead of horizontal. A bar inserted in its head, at the extremity of which the hand is applied, takes the place of the wheel." —Quackenbos 1859

Vertical Wheel and Axle

"[This illustration] shows a third form of the wheel and axle. Here the axle A is vertical, instead…

Ruler in inches and cm

Inches CM Ruler

Ruler in inches and cm

The muscles on the back of the arm, forearm and hand.

Muscles on the Back of the Arm, Forearm and Hand

The muscles on the back of the arm, forearm and hand.

A view of the nerves of the back of the forearm and hand.

Nerves of the Forearm and Hand

A view of the nerves of the back of the forearm and hand.

The bones of the hand (carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges).

Bones of the Hand

The bones of the hand (carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges).

An illustration of hands depicting 0 European Style

European Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 0 European Style

An illustration of hands depicting 1 European Style

European Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 1 European Style

An illustration of hands depicting 2 European Style

European Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 2 European Style

An illustration of hands depicting 3 European Style

European Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 3 European Style

An illustration of hands depicting 4 European Style

European Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 4 European Style

An illustration of hands depicting 5 European Style

European Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 5 European Style

An illustration of hands depicting 6 European Style

European Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 6 European Style

An illustration of hands depicting 7 European Style

European Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 7 European Style

An illustration of hands depicting 8 European Style

European Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 8 European Style

An illustration of hands depicting 9 European Style

European Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 9 European Style

An illustration of hands depicting 10 European Style

European Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 10 European Style

An illustration of hands depicting 0 US Style

United States Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 0 US Style

An illustration of hands depicting 1 US Style

United States Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 1 US Style

An illustration of hands depicting 2 US Style

United States Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 2 US Style

An illustration of hands depicting 3 US Style

United States Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 3 US Style

An illustration of hands depicting 4 US Style

United States Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 4 US Style

An illustration of hands depicting 5 US Style

United States Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 5 US Style

An illustration of hands depicting 6 US Style

United States Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 6 US Style

An illustration of hands depicting 7 US Style

United States Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 7 US Style

An illustration of hands depicting 8 US Style

United States Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 8 US Style

An illustration of hands depicting 9 US Style

United States Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 9 US Style

An illustration of hands depicting 10 US Style

United States Style Counting Hands

An illustration of hands depicting 10 US Style

A Pacinian Corpuscle, one of the organs of touch in the skin, which is composed of lamellae (3), consisting of connective tissue fibers, arranged concentrically around a central clear space (m), in which the nerve fiber (n) terminates at the distal extremity in a rounded end (a), which is often bifid or even trifid. They are found chiefly on the nerves of the palm of the hand and sole of the foot, the ends of the fingers, and the genital organs, lying in the subcutaneous tissue.

Pacinian Corpuscle

A Pacinian Corpuscle, one of the organs of touch in the skin, which is composed of lamellae (3), consisting…

Deep dissection of the front of the forearm and hand, showing the muscles, nerves, blood vessels, etc. Labels: 1, supinator longus (cut); 2, ulnar nerve; 3, brachialis anticus; 4, biceps; 5, musculo-spiral nerve; 6, median nerve; 7, posterior interosseous nerve; 8, pronator teres and flexor carpi radialis (cut); 9, extensor carpi radialis longior (cut); 10, brachial artery; 11, supinator brevis; 12, flexor sublimis digitorum (cut); 13, 13, radial nerve; 14, 14, flexor carpi ulnaris; 15, extensor carpi radialis brevior; 16, ulnar artery; 17, radial origin of flexor sublimis digitorum (cut); 18, flexor profundus digitorum; 19, tendon of pronator teres (cut); 20, 20, dorsal branch of ulnar nerve; 21, 21, radial artery; 22, 22, deep branch of ulnar nerve; 23, flexor longus pollicis; 24, abductor minimii digiti; 25, anterior interosseous nerve; 26, digital branches of ulnar nerve; 27, tendon of supinator longus (cut); 28, one of the lumbricales muscles (cut); 29, pronator quadratus (cut open); 31, tendon of flexor carpi radialis (cut); 33, digital branches of median nerve; 35, abductor pollicis.

Forearm and Hand

Deep dissection of the front of the forearm and hand, showing the muscles, nerves, blood vessels, etc.…

Metric ruler.

Metric Ruler

Metric ruler.

English ruler with quarter inch markings.

Quarter Inch Ruler

English ruler with quarter inch markings.

English ruler with half inch markings.

Half Inch Ruler

English ruler with half inch markings.

English ruler with inch markings.

Inches Ruler

English ruler with inch markings.

Six inch ruler with half inch markings.

Six Inch Ruler

Six inch ruler with half inch markings.

Six inch ruler with quarter inch markings.

Six Inch Ruler

Six inch ruler with quarter inch markings.

Six inch ruler with inch markings.

Six Inch Ruler

Six inch ruler with inch markings.

Bones of the arm and hand. Labels: a, large end of ulna; b, radius; c, small end of the ulna; d, carpal bones; e, metacarpal bones; f, first row of the bones of the fingers.

Bones of the Arm and Hand

Bones of the arm and hand. Labels: a, large end of ulna; b, radius; c, small end of the ulna; d, carpal…

Bones and ligaments of the hand. There are 27 bones in all, including 8 small bones called the carpal bones (d). These are tightly packed together, and lie next to the bones of the forearm. The metacarpal bones (e) make the framework of the flat part of the hand and are very much like the first row of the bones of the fingers (f) but they are firmly bound together by ligaments. Ligaments (d d) bind the metacarpal bones together at their beginning and other ligaments bind them at their ends (e e) where the bones of the fingers are jointed with them. Other ligaments bind the carpal bones together (a,b,c,g).

Bones and Ligaments of the Hand

Bones and ligaments of the hand. There are 27 bones in all, including 8 small bones called the carpal…

Half Dime (5 cents) United States coin from 1837. Obverse has right-facing Liberty seated beside a shield holding a staff with a cap in her left hand. Reverse shows the inscription HALF DIME surrounded by a wreath. Both images are surrounded by the inscription - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

Silver Half Dime Coin, 1837

Half Dime (5 cents) United States coin from 1837. Obverse has right-facing Liberty seated beside a shield…

Fifth Dollar (20 cents) United States Coin from 1857. Obverse has the image of Liberty beside a shield holding a staff with a cap in her left hand and surrounded by 13 equally-spaced stars. Reverse is an eagle with NO shield with head right-facing surrounded by the inscription - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TWENTY CENTS.

Silver Fifth Dollar Coin, 1875

Fifth Dollar (20 cents) United States Coin from 1857. Obverse has the image of Liberty beside a shield…

Quarter (25 cents) United States coin from 1853. Obverse has the image of a Liberty seated beside a shield, holding a staff with a cap in her left hand surrounded by 13 stars and the date at the bottom. Reverse shows an eagle with a left-turned head, holding arrows and an olive branch with rays over its head surrounded by the inscription - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA QUAR. DOL.

Silver Quarter Coin, 1853

Quarter (25 cents) United States coin from 1853. Obverse has the image of a Liberty seated beside a…

Half Dollar (50 cents) United States coin from 1853. Obverse has the image of a Liberty seated beside a shield, holding a staff with a cap in her left hand surrounded by 13 stars and with arrowheads at the date below the image. Reverse shows an eagle with a left-turned head, holding arrows and an olive branch with rays over its head surrounded by the inscription - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA HALF DOL.

Silver Half Dollar Coin, 1853

Half Dollar (50 cents) United States coin from 1853. Obverse has the image of a Liberty seated beside…

Trade Dollar ($1.00) United States coin from 1873. Obverse has a seated, left-facing Liberty holding a label in her left hand which reads LIBERTY. At the base of her seat is inscribed IN GOD WE TRUST just above the date. She is surrounded by 13 stars - 6 facing. Reverse shows an eagle with a right-facing head with a label on which the motto is inscribed. Inscription - TRADE DOLLAR.

Silver Trade Dollar Coin, 1873

Trade Dollar ($1.00) United States coin from 1873. Obverse has a seated, left-facing Liberty holding…

Cardiac muscular tissue, magnified about 400 diameters. The cell-boundaries and cell-nuclei are indicated only in the right-hand portion of the figure.

Cardiac Muscular Tissue

Cardiac muscular tissue, magnified about 400 diameters. The cell-boundaries and cell-nuclei are indicated…