"The haddock. n.a., Nasal apertures (double on each side); d.f.1, d.f.2, d.f.3, dorsal unpaired fins; c.f., the caudal fin of the homocercal tail. b., Barbule; op., operculum covering the four gills; br.m., continuation of the gill-cover forming the branchiostegal membrane; pv.f., pelvic fin (=hind-limb)--note its jugular position in front of p.f., the pectoral fin (=fore-limb)." -Thomson, 1916

Haddock

"The haddock. n.a., Nasal apertures (double on each side); d.f.1, d.f.2, d.f.3, dorsal unpaired fins;…

"External characters of a Teleostean--a carp (Cyprinus carpio). R., Dorsal unpaired fin; S., homocercal caudal fin; A., anal fin; B., B., pectoral and pelvic paired fins. Note also the lateral line and barbule." -Thomson, 1916

Carp

"External characters of a Teleostean--a carp (Cyprinus carpio). R., Dorsal unpaired fin; S., homocercal…

"Pectoral girdle and fin of cod. fr., Fin-rays; b.o., brachial ossicles; cor., coracoid; sc., scapula; cl., clavicle; p.cl., post-clavicle; s.cl., supra-clavicle; p.t., post-temporal." -Thomson, 1916

Cod Fin

"Pectoral girdle and fin of cod. fr., Fin-rays; b.o., brachial ossicles; cor., coracoid; sc., scapula;…

"Section of a Teleostean gill. G.F., Gill-filament; A., artery (venous blood); V., vein (pure blood); G.A., gill-arch." -Thomson, 1916

Teleostean Gill

"Section of a Teleostean gill. G.F., Gill-filament; A., artery (venous blood); V., vein (pure blood);…

"Diagram of Teleostean circulation. A., auricle; V., ventricle; v.a., ventral aorta; a.br., afferent branchials; e.br., efferent branchials; c.c., cephalic circle; e., carotids; A.c.v., anterior cardinal veins; P.C.V., posterior cardinal veins; d.c., ductuss Cuvieri; d.a., dorsal aortaa; c.v., caudal vein; c.a., caudal artery; K., kidney." -Thomson, 1916

Teleostean Circulation

"Diagram of Teleostean circulation. A., auricle; V., ventricle; v.a., ventral aorta; a.br., afferent…

"The early development of the salmon. 1, The fertilised egg; 2, the egg just before hatching; 3, the newly hatched salmon; 4 and 5, the larval salmon nourished from yolk-sac (y.s.) which is diminishing while the fish is increasing in size; 6, the salmon with yolk absorbed (about six weeks old)." -Thomson, 1916

Salmon Development

"The early development of the salmon. 1, The fertilised egg; 2, the egg just before hatching; 3, the…

"Young skate. The yolk-sac has been cut off, the yolk-stalk is left. m., Mouth; ol.o., nostril, e.g. "external gills", a., cloaca; c., claspers." -Thomson, 1916

Young Skate

"Young skate. The yolk-sac has been cut off, the yolk-stalk is left. m., Mouth; ol.o., nostril, e.g.…

"Outline of Acanthodes sulcatus. p., Pectoral fins; v., pelvis; a., anal; d., dorsal." -Thomson, 1916

Acanthodes Sulcatus

"Outline of Acanthodes sulcatus. p., Pectoral fins; v., pelvis; a., anal; d., dorsal." -Thomson, 1916

"Larva of Polypterus. e.g., Large external gill of the hyoid arch; Pc., pectoral fins; Pv., pelvic fins. The larva is drawn in a very characteristic attitude." -Thomson, 1916

Polypterus

"Larva of Polypterus. e.g., Large external gill of the hyoid arch; Pc., pectoral fins; Pv., pelvic fins.…

"Sturgeon (Acipenser sturio). Note the elongated snout, the barbules bounding the ventral mouth, the operculum covering the gills, the rows of bony scutes, the markedly heterocercal tail." -Thomson, 1916

Sturgeon

"Sturgeon (Acipenser sturio). Note the elongated snout, the barbules bounding the ventral mouth, the…

"The goldfish (Cyprinus auratus)." -Thomson, 1916

Goldfish

"The goldfish (Cyprinus auratus)." -Thomson, 1916

"Lepidosiren showing (Pc.f.) pectoral fin and the tufted pelvic fin (Pv.f.) of the mature male." -Thomson, 1916

South American Lungfish

"Lepidosiren showing (Pc.f.) pectoral fin and the tufted pelvic fin (Pv.f.) of the mature male." -Thomson,…

"Skeleton of Ceratodus fin. a., Central axis; r., radials; h., basal piece." -Thomson, 1916

Queensland Lungfish Fin

"Skeleton of Ceratodus fin. a., Central axis; r., radials; h., basal piece." -Thomson, 1916

"Head region of Protopterus. sn.t., Sensory tubes; l.l., lateral line; e.br., external gills; pc.l., pectoral fin; op., operculum." -Thomson, 1916

African Lungfish Head

"Head region of Protopterus. sn.t., Sensory tubes; l.l., lateral line; e.br., external gills; pc.l.,…

"Larva of Protopterus. e.g., external gills; Pc., pectoral fin; Pv., pelvic fin." -Thomson, 1916

African Lungfish Larva

"Larva of Protopterus. e.g., external gills; Pc., pectoral fin; Pv., pelvic fin." -Thomson, 1916

"Larva of Lepidosiren." -Thomson, 1916

South American Lungfish Larva

"Larva of Lepidosiren." -Thomson, 1916

"Caecilian (Ichthyophis) with eggs." -Thomson, 1916

Caecilian

"Caecilian (Ichthyophis) with eggs." -Thomson, 1916

"The Devil-fish (Octopus). A, at rest; B, swimming. a, arms, with suckers on the inner aspect; e, eye; s, siphon or funnel." -Galloway, 1915

Octopus

"The Devil-fish (Octopus). A, at rest; B, swimming. a, arms, with suckers on the inner aspect; e, eye;…

"Diagram of vertebrae of a bony fish. A, caudal; B, trunk. c, centrum or body of the vertebra; ch., the notochord; h.a., haemal arch; h.c., haemal canal; h.s., haemal spine; h.z., haemal zygapophysis, or articulating facet; m.b., inter-muscular bone; n.a., neural arch; n.c., neural canal; n.s., neural spine; n.z., neural zygapophysis; r, rib." -Galloway, 1915

Fish Vertebrae

"Diagram of vertebrae of a bony fish. A, caudal; B, trunk. c, centrum or body of the vertebra; ch.,…

"Diagrams of the structure of the heart in the lower Vertebrates. A, primitive condition; B, the position of the parts in the fishes. a, artery; au., auricle; c, conus arteriosus with valves; s.v., sinus venosus; v, valves; ve., vein; vent., ventricle. The dorsal portion of the heart is toward the bottom of the figure." -Galloway, 1915

Vertebrate Heart

"Diagrams of the structure of the heart in the lower Vertebrates. A, primitive condition; B, the position…

"Diagram of the heart, the branchial arches, and the principal veins in the Teleosts. Ventral view. The heart is represented without the sigmoid flexure; that is, with the auricle posterior. a, aorta; au., auricle; br.a., branchial arches of the aorta (1-4, numbering from the front); c, carotid; c.v., cardinal veins (right and left); d.a., dorsal arteries; j, jugular veins; d.c., ductus Cuvieri; s.v., sinus venosus; v, ventricle. Only four arterial arches are shown." -Galloway, 1915

Teleost Heart

"Diagram of the heart, the branchial arches, and the principal veins in the Teleosts. Ventral view.…

"Diagram of heart and branchial arches in Ceratodus (one of the Dipnoi). a.b., air bladder (lung); p.a., pulmonary artery; p.c., post caval vein (right); p.v., pulmonary vein...a, aorta; au., auricle; c, carotid; c.v., cardinal veins (right and left); d.a., dorsal arteries; j, jugular veins; d.c., ductus Cuvieri; s.v., sinus venosus; v, ventricle." -Galloway, 1915

Queensland Lungfish Heart

"Diagram of heart and branchial arches in Ceratodus (one of the Dipnoi). a.b., air bladder (lung); p.a.,…

"Diagram of the heart and branchial arches in Protopterus (one of the Dipno). pre.c., precaval vein, made up of right and left jugulairs, subclavians, etc.; post.c., postcaval, made up the cardinals, right and left...a, aorta; au., auricle; c, carotid; c.v., cardinal veins (right and left); d.a., dorsal arteries; j, jugular veins; d.c., ductus Cuvieri; s.v., sinus venosus; v, ventricle." -Galloway, 1915

African Lungfish Heart

"Diagram of the heart and branchial arches in Protopterus (one of the Dipno). pre.c., precaval vein,…

"Diagram of the heart and the branchial arches in Mammals. A dotted outline of the arches of the Fish is drawn for ready comparison. The auricles are represented in a posterior position...a, aorta; au., auricle; c, carotid; d.a., dorsal arteries; j, jugular veins; s.v., sinus venosus; v, ventricle." -Galloway, 1915

Mammal Heart

"Diagram of the heart and the branchial arches in Mammals. A dotted outline of the arches of the Fish…

"Diagrams of some principal forms of tails in fishes. A, protocercal fin (as in Polypterus); B, heterocercal (as in Sharks); C, homocercal (as in most Teleosts); D, homocercal (as in Amia)." -Galloway, 1915

Fishtails

"Diagrams of some principal forms of tails in fishes. A, protocercal fin (as in Polypterus); B, heterocercal…

"Diagram of the principal vessels in the circulation of a Fish, lateral view. a, aorta; au., auricle; br.a., afferent branchial arteries; br.e., efferent branchial arteries; bu., bulbus (or conus) arteriosus; c, carotid; c.a., caudal artery; c.v.r., right cardinal vein; c.v.l., left cardinal vein; d.a., dorsal artery; d.c., ductus Cuvieri; g, gills; h.v., hepatic vein; h.p., hepatic portal vein; i, intestine; j, jugular vein; k, kidney; l, liver; r.p., renal portal vein; s.v., sinus venosus; v, ventricle." -Galloway, 1915

Fish Circulation Vessels

"Diagram of the principal vessels in the circulation of a Fish, lateral view. a, aorta; au., auricle;…

"Sepia officinalis, jaws. A, in situ; B, removed and slightly enlarged." -Parker, 1900

Cuttlefish Jaws

"Sepia officinalis, jaws. A, in situ; B, removed and slightly enlarged." -Parker, 1900

"Sepia officinalis, enteric canal. a, anus; b. d, one of the bile ducts; b. m, buccal mass; c, caecum; i, ink-sac; i. d, ink-duct; j, jaws; l, l, liver lobes; oe, oesophagus; p, pancreatic appendages1; r, rectum; s. g, salivary glands; st, stomach." -Parker, 1900

Cuttlefish Enteric Canal

"Sepia officinalis, enteric canal. a, anus; b. d, one of the bile ducts; b. m, buccal mass; c, caecum;…

The egg case of a dogfish.

Dogfish Egg-Case

The egg case of a dogfish.

"Salmo fario, the entire skull, from the left side. art, articular; branchiost, branchiostegal rays; dent, dentary; epiot, epiotic; eth, supra-ethnoid; fr, frontal; hyom, hyomandibular; intop, inter-opercular; pal, palantine; par, parietal; pmx, pre-maxilla; praop, pre-opercular; pt, pterygoid; pter, pterotic; Quad, quadrate; socc, supra-occipital; sphot, sphenotic; subop, sub-opercular; sympl, symplectic; Zunge, basi-hyal." -Parker, 1900

Fish Skull

"Salmo fario, the entire skull, from the left side. art, articular; branchiost, branchiostegal rays;…

"Fish, trilobites, brachiopods, corals, and graptolites of the Palaeozoic epoch." -Taylor, 1904

Paleozoic Animals

"Fish, trilobites, brachiopods, corals, and graptolites of the Palaeozoic epoch." -Taylor, 1904

"The gar-pike (Lepidosteus osseus), a Ganoid fish, now living in North American rivers." -Taylor, 1904

Gar-Pike

"The gar-pike (Lepidosteus osseus), a Ganoid fish, now living in North American rivers." -Taylor, 1904

Pterichthys Milleri (sea scorpion), an armored fish of the Devonian period.

Pterichthys Milleri

Pterichthys Milleri (sea scorpion), an armored fish of the Devonian period.

Pterichthys cornutus, an armored fish of the Devonian period.

Pterichthys cornutus

Pterichthys cornutus, an armored fish of the Devonian period.

"Teeth and Scales of Carboniferous Fish." -Taylor, 1904

Carboniferous Fish Fossils

"Teeth and Scales of Carboniferous Fish." -Taylor, 1904

The skeleton of Ichthyosaurus.

Ichthyosaurus

The skeleton of Ichthyosaurus.

"Fossil Oolitic fish tooth…section of tooth magnified." -Taylor, 1904

Fish Tooth Fossil

"Fossil Oolitic fish tooth…section of tooth magnified." -Taylor, 1904

The Sea horse is a remarkable fish found near our South American coasts. It belongs to the singular order known as Lophobranch.

The Sea horse

The Sea horse is a remarkable fish found near our South American coasts. It belongs to the singular…

" The most singular of all the star fishes is the splendid Astrophyton. Its center is not unlike the gorgeous appearance of a Chinese wheel, but what a curious tie of twisting and twining tentacles." -Lupton

Singular Star Fish

" The most singular of all the star fishes is the splendid Astrophyton. Its center is not unlike the…

A genus of fished included in the Goby family, and of which the common remora or sucking fish, is the typical example. These fishes have on the top of the head a peculiar sucking-disc, composed of a series of cartilaginous plates arranged transversely, by means of which they attach themselves to other fish or to the bottoms of vessels.

Remora Fish

A genus of fished included in the Goby family, and of which the common remora or sucking fish, is the…

A fish of the carp family, having the back of an olive color; the sides and belly yellow, marked with red; the ventral and anal fins and tail of a deep-red color.

Rudd

A fish of the carp family, having the back of an olive color; the sides and belly yellow, marked with…

Freshwater fish of the carp family distinguished by its barbs on the mouth.

Barbel

Freshwater fish of the carp family distinguished by its barbs on the mouth.

A genus of eels, family Murraenidae. It inhabits the depths of the Atlantic, is of a perfectly black color, is sometimes 9 feet in length, but seldom met with.

Saccopharynx

A genus of eels, family Murraenidae. It inhabits the depths of the Atlantic, is of a perfectly black…

Fishes are sometimes classed, in accordance with the structure of their scale, into Ctenoid, Ganoid, Cycloid, and Placoid. This is an illustration of a Ctenoid Scale of the Perch.

Ctenoid, Scale

Fishes are sometimes classed, in accordance with the structure of their scale, into Ctenoid, Ganoid,…

Fishes are sometimes classed, in accordance with the structure of their scale, into Ctenoid, Ganoid, Cycloid, and Placoid. This illustration is a Cycloid scale of the Carp.

Cycloid Scale of the Carp

Fishes are sometimes classed, in accordance with the structure of their scale, into Ctenoid, Ganoid,…

Fishes are sometimes classed, in accordance with the structure of their scale, into Ctenoid, Ganoid, Cycloid, and Placoid. This illustration is Ganoid scales of Dipterus.

Ganoid Scales of Dipterus

Fishes are sometimes classed, in accordance with the structure of their scale, into Ctenoid, Ganoid,…

Fishes are sometimes classed, in accordance with the structure of their scale, into Ctenoid, Ganoid, Cycloid, and Placoid. This illustration is Placoid scale of Ray.

Placoid Scale of Ray

Fishes are sometimes classed, in accordance with the structure of their scale, into Ctenoid, Ganoid,…

The skeleton of a haddock. In some species such as the haddock, there is a modified form of the coracoid bone, free at its lower extremities, which may, perhaps, subserve the purpose of the clavicle of the higher animals.

Skeleton of a Haddock

The skeleton of a haddock. In some species such as the haddock, there is a modified form of the coracoid…

The skeleton of a fish.

The Skeleton of a Fish

The skeleton of a fish.

In fish the chief masses of the muscular system are disposed on each side of the trunk in a series of plates or flakes corresponding in number to the vertebrae. Labels: a,b,c, and 1,2,3, The zigzag arrangement of the flakes.

The Muscles of a Fish

In fish the chief masses of the muscular system are disposed on each side of the trunk in a series of…

In some species of fish the small intestine is in two to eight coils. The large intestines are short and straight, and the termination of the rectum opens into a cavity called the Cloaca. Labels: 1, Liver, 2, 3, Caecas or pouches connecting with small intestines. 4, 5, Small intestine, coiled. 6, Large intestine. 7, Biliary duct.

The Alimentary Canal of the Swordfish

In some species of fish the small intestine is in two to eight coils. The large intestines are short…

There are two predominant forms of stomach in fish- one is like a bent tube (siphonal), and the other a blind tube (caecal). The herring has a caeca. Labels: The esophagus. 2, Stomach. 3, Small intestine. 4, Caeca. 5, Air-bladder. 7, Pneumatic duct.

The Alimentary Canal of the Herring

There are two predominant forms of stomach in fish- one is like a bent tube (siphonal), and the other…

In breathing, the mouth and gills of a fish open alternately; the water entering the mouth escapes by the opening of the gills. Shown is a section of the bronchial arch of a cod, with a pair processes supporting leaflets or plates. Labels: 1. A section of the branchial arch. 2, A pair of processes. 3, Branchial leaflets or plates. The number of leaflets in one process of the cod is about one thousand; in the salmon fourteen hundred; in the sturgeon sixteen hundred.

Section of a Branchial Arch of a Cod

In breathing, the mouth and gills of a fish open alternately; the water entering the mouth escapes by…

A diagram of the circulation of the blood through the branchial leaflets in a fish. Labels: 1. A section of the branchial arch. 2, A section of a branchial artery. 3, An artery sent along the outer margin of the process after the respiratory change has been effected ad returns it to the branchial vein.

A Diagram of the Circulation of the Blood Through the Branchial Leaflets in a Fish

A diagram of the circulation of the blood through the branchial leaflets in a fish. Labels: 1. A section…

A diagram of the heart of a fish. Labels: 1, Pericardium. 2, The ventricle that receives the blood from the body. 3, The ventricle that sends the blood to the gills.

A Diagram of the Heart of a Fish

A diagram of the heart of a fish. Labels: 1, Pericardium. 2, The ventricle that receives the blood from…

In high orders of Mollusca the circulation resembles that of fish. Shown is the heart and arteries of a snail. Labels: 2, The stomach. 3, Intestines. 5, Heart. 6, Aorta. 7, Pulmonary artery.

The Heart and Arteries of a Snail

In high orders of Mollusca the circulation resembles that of fish. Shown is the heart and arteries of…

A diagram of the circulation of a fish. Labels: 1, The pericardium. 2, The single auricle. 3, The single ventricle. 4, The vessel that conveys the blood from the ventricle to the gills. 5, The vessel that conveys the blood from the body to the heart. The arrows show the direction of the blood.

Circulation of a Fish

A diagram of the circulation of a fish. Labels: 1, The pericardium. 2, The single auricle. 3, The single…

The brain of fish are small, it does not fill the whole cranial cavity, there being found within it a spongy fatty mass. Labels: 1, Olfactory ganglions. 2, Cerebrum. 3, Optic ganglions 4, Cerebellum. 5, Medulla Oblongata and Spinal Cord.

Brain of a Fish

The brain of fish are small, it does not fill the whole cranial cavity, there being found within it…

"1. Spiny portion of dorsal fin. 2. Soft portion of dorsal fin. 3. Caudal fin. 4. Anal fin. 5. Pectoral fin. 6. Ventral fin. 7. Mandible or lower jaw. 8. Maxillary. 9. Opercle. 10. Cheek and Preopercle. 11. Lateral fin. 12. Snout. 13. Depth." -Foster, 1921

Small-Mouthed Black Bass

"1. Spiny portion of dorsal fin. 2. Soft portion of dorsal fin. 3. Caudal fin. 4. Anal fin. 5. Pectoral…

The osprey is a diurnal bird of prey.

Osprey

The osprey is a diurnal bird of prey.