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"Superficial arteries and nerves of the face and neck. 1, Temporal artery; 2, artery behind the ear; 3, occipital artery; 4, greater occipital nerve; 5, smaller occipital nerve; 6, nerve of the neck; 7, trapezius muscle; 8, clavicular nerves; 9, clavicle; 10, sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle; 11, outer artery of the head; 12, inner artery of the head; 13, salivary gland; 14, nerves of the lower jaw; 15, outer maxillary artery; 16, nerve of the chin; 17, circular muscle of the mouth; 18, greater yoke muscle; 19, nerves below the eye; 20, masseter, or chewing muscle; 21, ear passage; 22, arteries of the forehead; 23; nerves of the forehead; 24, eye-closing muscle; 25, facial artery; 26, facial nerve." -Foster, 1921

Arteries and Nerves

"Superficial arteries and nerves of the face and neck. 1, Temporal artery; 2, artery behind the ear;…

"Nerves of the had. 1, Nerves of the skin; 2, tendons; 3, arteries of the palm of the hand; 4, elbow nerve; 5, elbow artery; 6, nerve of the forearm; 7, nerve of the under-arm; 8, artery of the under-arm." -Foster, 1921

Hand Nerves

"Nerves of the had. 1, Nerves of the skin; 2, tendons; 3, arteries of the palm of the hand; 4, elbow…

"Thorax and abdomen. 1, 1, 1, 1. Muscles of the chest. 2, 2, 2, 2. Ribs. 3, 3, 3. Upper, middle and lower lobes of the right lung. 4, 4. Lobes of the left lung. 5, Right ventricle of the heart. 6. Left ventricle. 7. Right auricle. 8. Left auricle. 9. Pulmonary artery. 10. Aorta. 11. Descending vena cava. 12. Trachea. 13. Oesophagus. 14, 14, 14, 14. Pleura. 15, 15. Diaphragm. 16, 16. Right and left lobes of the liver. 17. Gall cyst. 18. Stomach. 19. Duodenum. 20. Ascending colon. 21. Transverse colon. 22. Descending colon. 23, 23. Small intestine. 24. Thoracic duct opening into the left subclavian vein. 25. Spleen." -Foster, 1921

Thorax and Abdomen

"Thorax and abdomen. 1, 1, 1, 1. Muscles of the chest. 2, 2, 2, 2. Ribs. 3, 3, 3. Upper, middle and…

The chief organs of the body from the side. Labels: a, arch of the aorta or main artery of the trunk; c, large intestine; d, diaphragm; e, throat; g, lung; k, kidney; l, spinal cord within the back bone; m, main artery divided to go to h legs; n, pancreas; o, gullet; s, spleen; tr, wind pipe; t, main vein of body; ap, appendix.

View of Organs from the Side

The chief organs of the body from the side. Labels: a, arch of the aorta or main artery of the trunk;…

"Cross-sections of leaves of an oak (Quercus novimexicana), showing the effect of different light conditions on the internal anatomy. 1, from leaf growing in sunlight; 2, from leaf growing in the shade." -Gager, 1916

Oak Leaf Cross-Section

"Cross-sections of leaves of an oak (Quercus novimexicana), showing the effect of different light conditions…

"Diagram showing tissue-systems in young stem of castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis), as seen in cross-section. ep, epidermis; cor, cortex; p, pith or medulla; b, fibro-vascular bundle; ph, phloem; ca, cambium; x, xylem; ic, interfascicular cambium." -Gager, 1916

Castor-Oil Plant Stem

"Diagram showing tissue-systems in young stem of castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis), as seen in cross-section.…

"The castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis). Portion of cross-section of young stem. co, Cortex; p, pith or medulla; e, epidermis; ph, phloem; ca, cambium; x, xylem. The last three elements compose the fibro-vascular bundle, the cambium being continuous from bundle to bundle; the portion between the bundles is called interfascicular cambium." -Gager, 1916

Castor-Oil Plant Stem

"The castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis). Portion of cross-section of young stem. co, Cortex; p, pith…

The head of the bald eagle.

Bald Eagle Head

The head of the bald eagle.

"Section through right ear. 1, helix; 2, concha; 3, outer passage; 4, 5, 6, semi-circular canals; 7, oval window; 8, cochlea; 9, Eustachian tube; 10, eardrum." -Foster, 1921

Ear

"Section through right ear. 1, helix; 2, concha; 3, outer passage; 4, 5, 6, semi-circular canals; 7,…

"Section through the left eye, closed. 1, lifting muscle; 2, upper straight muscle; 3, optic nerve; 4, fatty cushion; 5, lower straight muscle; 6, vitreous humor; 7, lower cross muscle; 8, lower eyelid; 9, upper eyelid; 10, crystalline lens." -Foster, 1921

Eye Section

"Section through the left eye, closed. 1, lifting muscle; 2, upper straight muscle; 3, optic nerve;…

"Cross-section of the eye. Parts: co, cornea; I, iris; aq, anterior chamber of aqueous humor; L, lens; cp, ciliary process; sc, sclerotic coat; R, retina; ch, choroid; V, vitreous body; m, yellow spot; bs, blind spot; O, optic nerve." -Foster, 1921

Eye Cross-Section

"Cross-section of the eye. Parts: co, cornea; I, iris; aq, anterior chamber of aqueous humor; L, lens;…

br: the branchiae, or gill-openings c: the heart f: the liver vn: swimming bladders ci: intestinal canal o: the ovaries u: urethra a: anus o': oviduct

Anatomy of the Carp

br: the branchiae, or gill-openings c: the heart f: the liver vn: swimming bladders ci: intestinal canal…

"The senses of touch, smell, taste and hearing are very slightly developed in birds. The organ of sight is indeed more highly developed in birds than in any other class of animals."

Internal Anatomy of Birds

"The senses of touch, smell, taste and hearing are very slightly developed in birds. The organ of sight…

The side view of a human neck.

Neck

The side view of a human neck.

In human anatomy, the ureters are muscular tubes that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Transverse Section of Ureter

In human anatomy, the ureters are muscular tubes that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

A soldier lying in the prone position. In anatomy,the prone position is a position of the body lying face down.

Soldier, Prone

A soldier lying in the prone position. In anatomy,the prone position is a position of the body lying…

A soldier lying in the prone position, throwing a grenade. In anatomy,the prone position is a position of the body lying face down.

Soldier, Prone, Throwing Grenade

A soldier lying in the prone position, throwing a grenade. In anatomy,the prone position is a position…

An illustration of the "ailmentary canal of Bluebird, reduced; after Audobon. a,b, gullet or oesophagus; c, proventriculus; d, gizzard; e, f, h, intestine; i, cloaca" (Forbush, 1907).

Ailmentary Canal of Bluebird

An illustration of the "ailmentary canal of Bluebird, reduced; after Audobon. a,b, gullet or oesophagus;…

"Saurognathous skull of woodpecker (Colaptes auratus). v, v, the posterior parts of the abortive vomer; s, point of sphenoid; mxp, maxillopalatine; pt, pterygoid; me, ossified mesethmoid; pl, palatine; q, quadrate; bt, basitemporal; fm, foramen magnum. The posterior part of one palatine is cut away to show the long anterior projection of the pterygoid." -Whitney, 1911

Woodpecker Skull

"Saurognathous skull of woodpecker (Colaptes auratus). v, v, the posterior parts of the abortive vomer;…

The bat genus Nyctalus (Noctule bats) are Evening bats. They are distributed in the temperate and subtropical areas of Europe, Asia and North Africa.

Skeleton and Wing Membranes of the Noctule Bat

The bat genus Nyctalus (Noctule bats) are Evening bats. They are distributed in the temperate and subtropical…

"Palmar aspect of left fore foot of a black bear (Ursus americanus). scl, scapholunar; c, cuneiform; p, pisiform; tr, trapezium; t, trapezoid; m, magnum; u, unciform. The phalanges show a full series of sesamoid bones (unmarked)." -Whitney, 1911

Bear Foot

"Palmar aspect of left fore foot of a black bear (Ursus americanus). scl, scapholunar; c, cuneiform;…

"Right shoulder-girdle or scapular arch of fowl, showing hp, the hypoclidium; f, furculum; Co, coracoid; Sc, scapula; gl, glenoid." -Whitney, 1911

Bird Scapula

"Right shoulder-girdle or scapular arch of fowl, showing hp, the hypoclidium; f, furculum; Co, coracoid;…

"Pectoral arch and fore limb of the pike (Esox lucius), an osseous fish, showing scapulocoracoid, composed of Scp, scapula or hypercoracoid; c, posterior end of the outer margin of the scapulocoracoid; b, b, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, five fin-rays or radialia; a, actinosts or basalia." -Whitney, 1911

Pike Scapulocoracoid

"Pectoral arch and fore limb of the pike (Esox lucius), an osseous fish, showing scapulocoracoid, composed…

"Schizognathous skull of common fowl. pmx, premaxilla; mxp, maxillopalatine; mx, maxilla; pl, palatine; pt, pterygoid; vo, vomer." -Whitney, 1911

Bird Skull

"Schizognathous skull of common fowl. pmx, premaxilla; mxp, maxillopalatine; mx, maxilla; pl, palatine;…

"Schizorhinal skull of curlew (top view), showing the long cleft, a, between upper and lower forks of each nasal bone." -Whitney, 1911

Curlew Skull

"Schizorhinal skull of curlew (top view), showing the long cleft, a, between upper and lower forks of…

"Diagram of plantar aspect of schizopelmous foot of a magpie (Pica caudata), showing the deep plantar tendons, separate from one another and from the superficial tendons. flh, flexor longus hallucis; fpd, flexor perforans digitorum." -Whitney, 1911

Magpie Foot

"Diagram of plantar aspect of schizopelmous foot of a magpie (Pica caudata), showing the deep plantar…

"Sclerotals of eye of bald eagle (Haliaetus leucocephalus)." -Whitney, 1911

Eagle Eye Sclerotal

"Sclerotals of eye of bald eagle (Haliaetus leucocephalus)." -Whitney, 1911

The Black Rock Scorpion (Scorpio (Buthus) Afer), "seen from above. At, the chelicerae, or chelate antennae; the large claws are chelate pedipalpi; Cth, cephalothorax; the first two legs are cephalic appendages, the next two thoracic; Tn, the telson or sting." -Whitney, 1911

Black Rock Scorpion

The Black Rock Scorpion (Scorpio (Buthus) Afer), "seen from above. At, the chelicerae, or chelate antennae;…

"Diagram of structure of Scopionidae (most of the appendages removed). IV. to XX., fourth to twentieth somite; IV., basis of the pedipalpi or great claws; V., VI., of two succeeding cephalic segments; T, telson of sting; a, mouth; b, alimentary canal; c, anus; d, heart; e, a pulmonary sac; f, line of ventral ganglionated cord; g, cerebroganglia." -Whitney, 1911

Scorpion Diagram

"Diagram of structure of Scopionidae (most of the appendages removed). IV. to XX., fourth to twentieth…

"Scutellate. Foot of bluebird, with laminiplantar and mostly booted tarsus and of the toes." -Whitney, 1911

Bluebird Foot

"Scutellate. Foot of bluebird, with laminiplantar and mostly booted tarsus and of the toes." -Whitney,…

"Scutelliplantar foot of horned lark: the tarsus scutellate before and behind, and the toes all scutellate on top." -Whitney, 1911

Lark Foot

"Scutelliplantar foot of horned lark: the tarsus scutellate before and behind, and the toes all scutellate…

An illustration of a bird skeleton.

Bird Skeleton

An illustration of a bird skeleton.

The securifera or saws of the sawfly (Lophyrus suffusus), an insect related to the wasps and bees.

Securifera

The securifera or saws of the sawfly (Lophyrus suffusus), an insect related to the wasps and bees.

The semipalmate (half-webbed) foot of the willet (Tringa semipalmata).

Willet Foot

The semipalmate (half-webbed) foot of the willet (Tringa semipalmata).

The skeleton of a bird. Labels: a, radius and ulna; b, dorsal vertebrae; c, sacrum and pelvis; g, ploughshare bone; h, tibia; i, metatarsus; d, furculum; e, carina of the sternum; f, distal phalanx of pectoral limb.

Skeleton of a Bird

The skeleton of a bird. Labels: a, radius and ulna; b, dorsal vertebrae; c, sacrum and pelvis; g, ploughshare…

The sternum of a bird. Label: a, lateral aspect; b, inferior aspect; r, rostrum; c.p, costal process; pl.o, pleurosteon; c, carina; m.x, middle xiphoid process.

Sternum of a Bird

The sternum of a bird. Label: a, lateral aspect; b, inferior aspect; r, rostrum; c.p, costal process;…

The skull of a bird. Labels: a, inferior aspect, the mandible being removed; b, lateral aspect; px, premaxilla; mx, superior maxilla; p, palatine bone; v, vomer; j, jugal bone; qj, quadrato-jugal bone; lachrymal; me, median ethmoid; f, frontal; pf, post-frontal process; p, parietal; pt, pterygoid; q, os quadratum; sq, sqamosal; eu, process before the sustachian aperture; bo, basi-occipital, and so, supra-occipital bone; ar, articular; a, surangular, and d, dentary portion of the mandible.

Skull of a Bird

The skull of a bird. Labels: a, inferior aspect, the mandible being removed; b, lateral aspect; px,…

The pectoral arch of a bird. Labels: sc, scapula; co, coracoid bone; f, clavicle, terminating below in the hypocleideum; gl, glenoid cavity.

Pectoral Arch of a Bird

The pectoral arch of a bird. Labels: sc, scapula; co, coracoid bone; f, clavicle, terminating below…

The pelvis of a bird. Labels: a, superior; b, lateral aspect; sm, sacrum; Il, ilium; Is, ischium; Am, acetabulum.

Pelvis of a Bird

The pelvis of a bird. Labels: a, superior; b, lateral aspect; sm, sacrum; Il, ilium; Is, ischium; Am,…

"Frontal Shield of (1) European Gallinule (Gallinula chloropus), (2) American Gallinule (Gallinula galeata)." -Whitney, 1911

Moorhen Frontal Shields

"Frontal Shield of (1) European Gallinule (Gallinula chloropus), (2) American Gallinule (Gallinula galeata)."…

An diagram of the anatomy of a sea urchin. Sea urchins are small, globular, spiny sea creatures, composing most of class Echinoidea. They are found in oceans all over the world. Their shell, or "test", is round and spiny, typically from 3 to 10 cm across. Common colors include black and dull shades of green, olive, brown, purple, and red. They move slowly, feeding mostly on algae. Sea otters, wolf eels, and other predators feed on urchins. Sea urchins are harvested and served as a delicacy.

Sea Urchin

An diagram of the anatomy of a sea urchin. Sea urchins are small, globular, spiny sea creatures, composing…

An illustration of the mouth organs of the stag beetle.

Mouth Organs of a Beetle

An illustration of the mouth organs of the stag beetle.

An illustration of the dorsal view of a stag beetle.

Stag Beetle (Dorsal)

An illustration of the dorsal view of a stag beetle.

An illustrative view of the dissection of he renal organs of a chiton. "F, foot; L, Edge of the mantle not removed in the front part of the specimen; s.o., Oesophagus; af, anus; gg, Genital duct; go, External opening of the same; eg, Stem of the nephridium leading to no, its external aperture; nk, reflected portion of the nephridial stem; ng, Fine caeca of the nephridium, which are seen ramifying transversely over the whole inner surface of the pedal muscular mass." -Britannica, 1910

Dissection of the Renal Organs of a Chiton

An illustrative view of the dissection of he renal organs of a chiton. "F, foot; L, Edge of the mantle…

The end view of the skull of a chicken three weeks old.

Chicken Skull

The end view of the skull of a chicken three weeks old.

A ripe chick's head, 1.25 inches long.

Chick's Head

A ripe chick's head, 1.25 inches long.

The upper view of the skull of an old fowl.

Fowl Skull

The upper view of the skull of an old fowl.

The skull of an adult fowl.

Fowl Skull

The skull of an adult fowl.

The skull of an adult fowl. Here the temporal fossa is bridged over by the junction of the post-frontal and squamosal processes.

Fowl Skull

The skull of an adult fowl. Here the temporal fossa is bridged over by the junction of the post-frontal…

Oshyiodes of an adult fowl.

Oshyiodes of Adult Fowl

Oshyiodes of an adult fowl.

The sacrum of a young fowl; natural size seen from below.

Fowl Sacrum

The sacrum of a young fowl; natural size seen from below.

The sternum of a chick three days old.

Chick Sternum

The sternum of a chick three days old.

The pelvis and caudal vertebrae of an adult fowl.

Fowl Pelvis

The pelvis and caudal vertebrae of an adult fowl.

The wing muscles of a goose.

Goose Wing

The wing muscles of a goose.

Left thigh-muscle of a rail.

Rail Thigh

Left thigh-muscle of a rail.

The embryo if an insect, <em>gryllotalpa</em>.

Insect Embryo

The embryo if an insect, gryllotalpa.

"Head-shields of Scinid Lizards. cs, chin-shields; d, disk on lower eylid; e, ear-opening; f, frontal; fn, frontonasal; fp, frontoparietal; i, interparietal; il, lower labials; l, loreals; lb, upper labials; m, mental; n, nasal; nc, nuchals; p, parietals; pf, prefrontal; pn, postnasal; r, rostral; sc, supraciliaries; sn, supranasal; so, supraocular; t, temporal." -Whitney, 1911

Skink Head

"Head-shields of Scinid Lizards. cs, chin-shields; d, disk on lower eylid; e, ear-opening; f, frontal;…

"Human Thoracic Duct and Azygous Veins. a, receptacle of the chyle; b, trunk of the thoracic duct, opening at c into root of left innominate vein at junction of f, left jugular, and g, left subclavian vein; e, right innominate vein; d, d, d, several thoracic and lumbar lymphatic glands; h, h, a short portion of the esophagus. Two azygous veins run parallel with and on each side of the duct, until the left crosses behind the duct to join the right. The structures represented rest nearly upon the back-bone." -Whitney, 1911

Thoracic Duct

"Human Thoracic Duct and Azygous Veins. a, receptacle of the chyle; b, trunk of the thoracic duct, opening…

"A, a, Cephalic plate; b, Tergum of segment bearing first pair of legs (d); c, Tip of palpognath; e, Antenna; f, toxicognath; g, Last pair of appendages, enlarged and directed backwards." (Britannica, 1910)

Centipede

"A, a, Cephalic plate; b, Tergum of segment bearing first pair of legs (d); c, Tip of palpognath; e,…

An illustration of a female nautilus without the shell. "m, The dorsal "hood" formed by the enlargement of the outer or annular lobe of the forefoot, and corresponding to the sheaths of two tentacles; n. Tentacular sheaths of lateral portion of the annular lobe; u, The left eye; b, The nuchal plate, continuous at its right and left posterior angles with the root of the mid-foot, and corresponding to the nuchal cartilage of Sepia; c, Visceral hump; d, The free margin of the mantle-skirt,...; g.a, Points to the lateral continuation of the nuchal plate b to join the root of the mid foot of siphon." (Britannica, 1910).

Female Nautilus without Shell

An illustration of a female nautilus without the shell. "m, The dorsal "hood" formed by the enlargement…