ClipArt ETC
When the outlet tube of the reservoir is siphon-shaped, the discharge of the spring becomes <em>periodical</em>. The spring continues to discharge its waters for a time, and then stops flowing, even during wet weather. After a certain interval it again charges. The times during which the spring continues to discharge are always practically the same. Hence the spring is called a periodical spring.

Periodical Spring

When the outlet tube of the reservoir is siphon-shaped, the discharge of the spring becomes periodical.…

Artesian Wells differ from ordinary wells in that their waters are discharged by natural pressures on their reservoirs, so that pumping is not necessary to raise the water Such wells are therefore true springs.

Artesian Well

Artesian Wells differ from ordinary wells in that their waters are discharged by natural pressures on…

Geysers are boiling springs which, at intervals more or less regular, shoot out huge columns of water with great violence.

Geyser in Eruption

Geysers are boiling springs which, at intervals more or less regular, shoot out huge columns of water…

The grandest falls in the world are those of the Niagara, 160 feet high. Though greatly inferior to many others in height, yet their volume of water is so great that they surpass all others in grandeur.

The Falls of Niagara

The grandest falls in the world are those of the Niagara, 160 feet high. Though greatly inferior to…

Lake George, also known as <em>Queen of American Lakes</em>, is a long narrow lake at the southeast base of the Adirondack Mountains, northern New York. The lake extends about 32.2 miles on a north-south axis and varies from 1 to 3 miles in width.

View of Lake George, N.Y.

Lake George, also known as Queen of American Lakes, is a long narrow lake at the southeast…

Waves are swimming motions of the water, caused by the action of the wind. Their height and velocity deepen on the forces of the wind, and depth of the basin in which they occur. The stronger the wind, and the deeper the ocean, the higher the waves and the greater their velocity.

Ocean Wave

Waves are swimming motions of the water, caused by the action of the wind. Their height and velocity…

The world's largest rodent, it has webbed feet and is usually in the water or along the shore of a river or lake.

Capybara

The world's largest rodent, it has webbed feet and is usually in the water or along the shore of a river…

These animalcule are so small that 1,000,000 are equal in bulk to only one cubic inch. They appear to live in the layers of water near the surface, and after death to fall gradually to the bottom of the sea.

Foraminifera

These animalcule are so small that 1,000,000 are equal in bulk to only one cubic inch. They appear to…

If the earth were uniformly covered with a layer of water, the passage of the moon over any place as at <em>a</em>, would cause the water to lose its globular form, become bulged at <em>a</em>, and <em>b</em>, and flattened at <em>c</em>, and <em>d</em>. In other words, the water would become <em>deeper</em> at <em>a</em>, and <em>b</em>, at the parts of the earth nearest and farthest from the moon and <em>shallower</em> in all places 90 degrees or at right angles to these points.

Lunar Tide

If the earth were uniformly covered with a layer of water, the passage of the moon over any place as…

During the day the land near the coast becomes warmer than the sea. An ascending current, therefore, rises over the land, and a breeze, called the <em>sea breeze</em>, sets in from the sea, At night the land, from its more rapid cooling, soon becomes colder than the water; the ascending current then rises from the water, and a breeze, called <em>land breeze</em>, sets in from the land.

Land and Sea Breezes

During the day the land near the coast becomes warmer than the sea. An ascending current, therefore,…

A relative of the South African antelope.

Water Goat

A relative of the South African antelope.

A fish capable of spitting water about three to four feet at insects it intends to eat.

Archerfish

A fish capable of spitting water about three to four feet at insects it intends to eat.

A cylinder with a triple threaded screw in a water tight case that revolves ater to the top for the irrigation of land.

Archime' dean Screw

A cylinder with a triple threaded screw in a water tight case that revolves ater to the top for the…

A water-boatman, Notenecta species.

Water Boatman

A water-boatman, Notenecta species.

A water-strider, Rheumatobates rileyi, female.

Water Strider

A water-strider, Rheumatobates rileyi, female.

A water-strider, Rheumatobates rileyi, female; ovipositor.

Water Strider

A water-strider, Rheumatobates rileyi, female; ovipositor.

A water-strider, Rheumatobates rileyi, female; hind tarsus.

Water Strider

A water-strider, Rheumatobates rileyi, female; hind tarsus.

A water-tiger, Dytiscus marginalis species; larva devouring an Agrion larva.

Water Tiger

A water-tiger, Dytiscus marginalis species; larva devouring an Agrion larva.

A water-tiger, Dytiscus marginalis species; pupa.

Water Tiger

A water-tiger, Dytiscus marginalis species; pupa.

A water-tiger, Dytiscus marginalis species; male beetle, the elytra of the female at side.

Water Tiger

A water-tiger, Dytiscus marginalis species; male beetle, the elytra of the female at side.

A water-tiger, Dytiscus marginalis species; anterior tarsus of the male, with sucking disks.

Water Tiger

A water-tiger, Dytiscus marginalis species; anterior tarsus of the male, with sucking disks.

A water-tiger, Dytiscus marginalis species; tarsus of the female.

Water Tiger

A water-tiger, Dytiscus marginalis species; tarsus of the female.

A water-scavenger, Hydrophilus triangularis species; the larva.

Water Scavenger Beetle

A water-scavenger, Hydrophilus triangularis species; the larva.

A water-scavenger, Hydrophilus triangularis species; male adult.

Water Scavenger Beetle

A water-scavenger, Hydrophilus triangularis species; male adult.

A water-scavenger, Hydrophilus triangularis species; pupa.

Water Scavenger Beetle

A water-scavenger, Hydrophilus triangularis species; pupa.

A water-scavenger, Hydrophilus triangularis species; an opened pupa.

Water Scavenger Beetle

A water-scavenger, Hydrophilus triangularis species; an opened pupa.

A water-scavenger, Hydrophilus triangularis species; structural detail of the adult.

Water Scavenger Beetle

A water-scavenger, Hydrophilus triangularis species; structural detail of the adult.

A water-scavenger, Hydrophilus triangularis species; structural detail of the adult.

Water Scavenger Beetle

A water-scavenger, Hydrophilus triangularis species; structural detail of the adult.

A water-scavenger, Hydrophilus triangularis species; structural detail of the adult.

Water Scavenger Beetle

A water-scavenger, Hydrophilus triangularis species; structural detail of the adult.

A water-scavenger, Hydrophilus triangularis species; structural detail of the adult.

Water Scavenger Beetle

A water-scavenger, Hydrophilus triangularis species; structural detail of the adult.

The whirligig beetles are a family (Gyrinidae) of water beetles that normally live on the surface of the water. They get their common name from their habit of swimming rapidly in circles when alarmed, and are also notable for their divided eyes which can see both above and below water.

Whirligig Beetle Larva

The whirligig beetles are a family (Gyrinidae) of water beetles that normally live on the surface of…

Abandoned boat with a boy in it.

Boat

Abandoned boat with a boy in it.

A scene in the mountains with trees and water running by.

Mountain

A scene in the mountains with trees and water running by.

A sailboat in the water.

Sailboat

A sailboat in the water.

A spring with a bird in front of it.

Spring

A spring with a bird in front of it.

A town with old-fashioned boats.

Town

A town with old-fashioned boats.

An image of a lake in a town.

Lake

An image of a lake in a town.

Men are breaking up the rocks with water so they can get to the silver or gold among the rocks.

Washing

Men are breaking up the rocks with water so they can get to the silver or gold among the rocks.

Red and white corpuscles (cells) of the blood, magnified. Labels: A, moderately magnified, the red corpuscles are seen in rouleaux; a, a, white corpuscles; B, C, D, red corpuscles, highly magnified, seen in different positions; E, a red corpuscle swollen in to a sphere by absorption of water; F, G, white corpuscles, highly magnified; K, white corpuscle treated with acetic acid; H, I, red corpuscles wrinkled or crenated.

Red and White Blood Cells

Red and white corpuscles (cells) of the blood, magnified. Labels: A, moderately magnified, the red corpuscles…

Shows the differences between the Centigrade and absolute (Kelvin) temperature scales at the boiling point of water, room temperature, freezing point of water, boiling point of hydrogen and absolute zero.

Temperature Scales

Shows the differences between the Centigrade and absolute (Kelvin) temperature scales at the boiling…

"If the two wires from a battery be placed in pure water, it will be foud tat practically no current passes...If a small quantity of sulphuric acid is added to the water, the solution is a good conductor. During the passage of current, bubbles form at the ends of the wires: at the positive electrode (anode)...oxygen appear[s]; at the negative electrode (cathode) there is a rapid evolution of hydrogen." -Brownlee 1907

Electrolysis

"If the two wires from a battery be placed in pure water, it will be foud tat practically no current…

"Metallic cone and condenser to cool water from burning hydrogen." -Brownlee 1907

Condenser

"Metallic cone and condenser to cool water from burning hydrogen." -Brownlee 1907

"When heated, hydrogen will combine with the oxygen of many oxides, forming water (steam) and the metal, thus: Copper oxide + hydrogen yields copper + water. The process of taking oxygen away from a substance is called reduction..." -Brownlee 1907

Reduction of Copper Oxide

"When heated, hydrogen will combine with the oxygen of many oxides, forming water (steam) and the metal,…

"If dry hydrogen is passed over a weighed quantity of copper oxide which is heated, steam and copper result. The water can be collected and weighed in a tube containing a drying agent. The weight lost by copper oxide is the weight of the oxygen. the difference between the weight of the oxygen and the weight of the water formed is the weight of the hydrogen." -Brownlee 1907

Composition of Water

"If dry hydrogen is passed over a weighed quantity of copper oxide which is heated, steam and copper…

In order to rid water of impurities, it is required to boil water, then condense the steam to make it fit for chemical use.

Distilling Apparatus

In order to rid water of impurities, it is required to boil water, then condense the steam to make it…

Diagrammatic representation of the sulphuric acid contact process. "Sulphur, or ores containing sulphur, are burned in air. The sulphur dioxide and the other gaseous products of the combustion are cooled, freed from dust, arsenic, and most of the moisture, then mixedwith air and passed through a tube containing a catalytic agent, usually finely divided platinum. The oxygen of the air cmbines with the sulphur dioxide and forms the trioxide, which is then combined with water to form sulphuric acid." -Brownlee 1907

Sulphuric Acid Contract Process

Diagrammatic representation of the sulphuric acid contact process. "Sulphur, or ores containing sulphur,…

"The bottle (a) serves as an aspirator to draw airthrough the apparatus and also to collect the residual nitrogen. the oxygen is removed by combining it with copper (gauze) in the hard glass tube (c), which is heated by the combustion furnace (b)...air has to pass through the bottles (ee) containing a concentrated solution of potassium hydroxide to take out the carbon dioxide, and through the bottles (dd) containing concentrated sulphuric acid to remove the water vapor or moisture. The nitrogen [is] collected in a." -Brownlee 1907

Nitrogen Preparation

"The bottle (a) serves as an aspirator to draw airthrough the apparatus and also to collect the residual…

"Soft coal is heated in iron retorts at an intense heat. Moisture, volatile matter, and gases are driven off, coke remaining in the retort. The gases are cooled in pipes, and coal-tar condenses. then the gases are passed into a 'scrubber' where they come in contact with water, and here the ammonia dissolves. The gases pass on to be further purified from sulphur compounds by passing through calcium and iron oxides in the purifier, previous distribution as illuminating gas." -Brownlee 1907

Coal Gas Distillation

"Soft coal is heated in iron retorts at an intense heat. Moisture, volatile matter, and gases are driven…

"Ammonia is a colorless gas with a peculiar odor, lighter than air, and exceedingly soluble in water...The great solubility of this gas is strikingly shown by the 'ammonia fountain.' A flask is filled with dry ammonia, and incerted over water. As soon as the [restraining] clip (not shown in picture) is removed from the ruber tubing, the water rushes in as the gas rapidly dissolves." -Brownlee 1907

Ammonia Fountain

"Ammonia is a colorless gas with a peculiar odor, lighter than air, and exceedingly soluble in water...The…

"In the manufacture of artificial ice, ammonia is liquefied by being compressed by powerful pumps; then the liquid ammonia is cooled by passing cold water over the pipes containing it. the liquid ammonia is distributed through pipes, where it evaporates rapidly. The gas is drawn back by the pump, condensed to a liquid, and used again. The pipes in which the evaporation takes place are immersed in a strong salt solution, which, by furnishing heat for evaporation, is cooled to a point below the freezing-point of water." -Brownlee 1907

Refrigerating Plant

"In the manufacture of artificial ice, ammonia is liquefied by being compressed by powerful pumps; then…

An apparatus used to produce and capture nitrous oxide. A flask containing ammonium nitrate is heated, which will produce water and nitrous oxide. The water drips into the bottle provided and the nitrous oxide is collected in the inverted bottle.

Nitrous Oxide Preparation

An apparatus used to produce and capture nitrous oxide. A flask containing ammonium nitrate is heated,…

"The chief use of carbon monoxide is in water gas. This is produced by the reduction of steam by heated coal." -Brownlee 1907

Water Gas Production

"The chief use of carbon monoxide is in water gas. This is produced by the reduction of steam by heated…

"A verticle section of one form of blast-furnace is represented [here]. the crucible (C) is the part of the furnace in which the molten matte and slag collect. The body of the furnace consists of two concentric shells (cs), made either of wrought iron or of steel, between which cold water (W) is caused to circulate to precent the inner shell becoming heated...Pipes called tuyeres (T) enter the furnace a short distance above the hearth...Above the body of the furnace extend the hood (H) and the stack (S). A door (D), used in charging the furnace, is placed in the hood." -Brownlee 1907

Blast-furnace

"A verticle section of one form of blast-furnace is represented [here]. the crucible (C) is the part…

"The Leyden jar and discharger. Its discovery is attributed to the attempt of Musschenbrock and his pupil Cuneus to collect the supposed electric 'fluid' in a bottle half filled with water. The bottle was held in the hand and was povided with a nail to lead the 'fluid' down through the cork to the water from the electric machine. The invention of the Leyden jar is also claimed by Kleist, Bishop of Pomerania." -Hawkins, 1917

Leyden Jar

"The Leyden jar and discharger. Its discovery is attributed to the attempt of Musschenbrock and his…

"The water in resovoirs A and B stands at different heights. As long as this difference of level is maintained, water from B will flow through the pipe R to A. If by means of a pump P the level in B be kept constant, flow through R will also be maintained. Here, by means f the work expended on the pump, the level in the resovoir is kept constant; and in the corresponding case of the electric current...a constant difference of potential is maintanied." -Hawkins, 1917

Analogy of Water Flow to Electric Current

"The water in resovoirs A and B stands at different heights. As long as this difference of level is…

"The metallic elements C and Z each conssted of two metals, the plate C being of copper and the plate of Z zinc. They were placed, as shown, in the glass vessels, which contained salt water and ordinary water of lye. Into each vessel, except the two end ones, the copper end of one arc and the zinc end of the next were introduced, the series, however long, ending with copper dipping into the terminal wbessel at one end and zinc into that at the other. The arrangement is almost exactly that of a modern one fluid battery." -Hawkins, 1917

Volta's Crown of Cups

"The metallic elements C and Z each conssted of two metals, the plate C being of copper and the plate…

"Tyndall's experiment illustrating the production of heat by friction. The wheel is rotated and heat is produced [by friction] that heats the water in the end of the brass tube, which causes the water to boil, producing steam which pops off the cork." -Hawkins, 1917

Tyndall's Experiment

"Tyndall's experiment illustrating the production of heat by friction. The wheel is rotated and heat…

"Joule's experiment on the mechanical equivalent of heat, in which he caused paddlewheels to rotate in a vessel of water by means of falling weights W." -Hawkins, 1917

Joule's Experiment

"Joule's experiment on the mechanical equivalent of heat, in which he caused paddlewheels to rotate…

"Modern apparatus for decomposing water by electrolysis." -Hawkins, 1917

Electrolysis Apparatus

"Modern apparatus for decomposing water by electrolysis." -Hawkins, 1917

"...is constructed with a plate of black oxide of copper suspended between two plates of zinc, and the fluid is a solution of caustic potash in water." -Atkinson 1903

Edison-Lalande Cell

"...is constructed with a plate of black oxide of copper suspended between two plates of zinc, and the…