A taproot.

Taproot

A taproot.

Fibrous roots.

Fibrous Roots

Fibrous roots.

Fascicled roots.

Fascicled Roots

Fascicled roots.

"Lengthwise section through root-tip of Indian corn. w, root-cap; i, younger part of cap; z, dead cells separating from cap; s, growing point; o, epidermis; p', intermediate layer between epidermis and central cylinder; p, central cylinder; d, layer from which the root-cap originates." -Bergen, 1896

Corn Root Tip

"Lengthwise section through root-tip of Indian corn. w, root-cap; i, younger part of cap; z, dead cells…

"Roots, rootstocks, and leaves of iris." -Bergen, 1896

Iris

"Roots, rootstocks, and leaves of iris." -Bergen, 1896

"Bulb of hyacinth. Exterior view and split lengthwise." -Bergen, 1896

Hyacinth Bulb

"Bulb of hyacinth. Exterior view and split lengthwise." -Bergen, 1896

"Stem of "Smilax" (Myrsiphyllum). l, scale-like leaves; cl, cladophyll, or leaf-like branch, growing in the axil of the leaf; ped, flower-stalk, growing in the axil of a leaf." -Bergen, 1896

Smilax

"Stem of "Smilax" (Myrsiphyllum). l, scale-like leaves; cl, cladophyll, or leaf-like branch, growing…

Plan of the body in cross-section. The systems in the body are arranged in a certain way which is the same in all animals which have a backbone. The plan of the bony skeleton is a central axis from which all other parts are extended. In this lies the central axis of the nervous system, from which its branches also extend.

Diagram of the Body Plan

Plan of the body in cross-section. The systems in the body are arranged in a certain way which is the…

"The parts of the flower. cal, calyx; cor, corolla; st, stamens; p, pistil." -Bergen, 1896

Flower Parts

"The parts of the flower. cal, calyx; cor, corolla; st, stamens; p, pistil." -Bergen, 1896

"Irregular corolla of sweet pea. A, side view; B, front view. s, standard; w, w, wings; k, keel." -Bergen, 1896

Sweet Pea Flower

"Irregular corolla of sweet pea. A, side view; B, front view. s, standard; w, w, wings; k, keel." -Bergen,…

"Flowers of willow. A, staminate flower; B, pistillate flower." -Bergen, 1896

Willow Flowers

"Flowers of willow. A, staminate flower; B, pistillate flower." -Bergen, 1896

"Parts of a stamen. A, front; B, back. a, anther; c, connective; f, filament." -Bergen, 1896

Stamen Parts

"Parts of a stamen. A, front; B, back. a, anther; c, connective; f, filament." -Bergen, 1896

"Parts of the pistil. ov, ovary; sty, style; stig, stigma." -Bergen, 1896

Pistil Parts

"Parts of the pistil. ov, ovary; sty, style; stig, stigma." -Bergen, 1896

"Stamens of a thistle, with anthers united into a ring. a, united anthers; f, filaments, bearded on the sides." -Bergen, 1896

Thistle Stamens

"Stamens of a thistle, with anthers united into a ring. a, united anthers; f, filaments, bearded on…

"Diadelphous stamens of sweet pea." -Bergen, 1896

Sweet Pea Stamens

"Diadelphous stamens of sweet pea." -Bergen, 1896

"White water-lily. The inner petals and the stamens growing from the ovary." -Bergen, 1896

White Waterlily

"White water-lily. The inner petals and the stamens growing from the ovary." -Bergen, 1896

"Stamens and pistil of the grape, with a nectar gland, g, between each pair of stamens." -Bergen, 1896

Stamens and Pistil

"Stamens and pistil of the grape, with a nectar gland, g, between each pair of stamens." -Bergen, 1896

"Cross-section of an orange. a, axis of fruit with dots showing cut-off ends of fibro-vascular bundles; p, partition between cells of ovary; S, seed; c, cell of ovary filled with a pulp composed of irregular tubes full of juice; o, oil reservoirs near outer surface of rind; e, corky layer of epidermis." -Bergen, 1896

Orange

"Cross-section of an orange. a, axis of fruit with dots showing cut-off ends of fibro-vascular bundles;…

"Transverse section of conceptacle of a rockweed (Fucus platycarpus). h, hairs; a, antheridia; o, oogonia." -Bergen, 1896

Rockweed Section

"Transverse section of conceptacle of a rockweed (Fucus platycarpus). h, hairs; a, antheridia; o, oogonia."…

"A mushroom (Agaricus melleus). my, mycelium; c, c', c'', young 'buttons'; st, stipe or stalk; r, ring; g, gills." -Bergen, 1896

Honey Fungus

"A mushroom (Agaricus melleus). my, mycelium; c, c', c'', young 'buttons'; st, stipe or stalk; r, ring;…

"Portions of gills of a fungus (Agaricus). A, slightly magnified; B, one of the parts of A, more magnified. hym, hymenium; h, central layer." -Bergen, 1896

Fungus Gills

"Portions of gills of a fungus (Agaricus). A, slightly magnified; B, one of the parts of A, more magnified.…

"Longitudinal section through fertilized ovule of a spruce. p, pollen grains; t, pollen tubes; n neck of the archegonium; a, body of archegonium with nucleus; e, embryo sac filled with endosperm." -Bergen, 1896

Spruce Ovule

"Longitudinal section through fertilized ovule of a spruce. p, pollen grains; t, pollen tubes; n neck…

"Raceme of common red currant. p, peduncle; p', pedicel; br, bract." -Bergen, 1896

Redcurrant Raceme

"Raceme of common red currant. p, peduncle; p', pedicel; br, bract." -Bergen, 1896

"Catkins of willow. A, staminate flowers; B, pistillate flowers." -Bergen, 1896

Willow Catkin

"Catkins of willow. A, staminate flowers; B, pistillate flowers." -Bergen, 1896

"Head of yarrow. A, top view; B, lengthwise section. re, receptacle; i, involucre; r, ray-flowers; d, disk-flowers; c, corolla; s, stigma; ch, chaff, or bracts of receptacle." -Bergen, 1896

Yarrow

"Head of yarrow. A, top view; B, lengthwise section. re, receptacle; i, involucre; r, ray-flowers; d,…

"Diagram of inflorescence of a grass. g, sterile glumes; P1, a flowering glume; P2, a scaly bract (palea); e, transparent scales (lodicules) at the base of the flower; B, the flower." -Bergen, 1896

Grass Inflorescence

"Diagram of inflorescence of a grass. g, sterile glumes; P1, a flowering glume; P2, a scaly bract (palea);…

"Fescue-grass (Festuca pratensis). A, spikelet; B, a flower, the lodicules in front and the palea behind; C, a lodicule; D, ovary." -Bergen, 1896

Fescue Grass

"Fescue-grass (Festuca pratensis). A, spikelet; B, a flower, the lodicules in front and the palea behind;…

"Inflorescence, flower, and seed, of a sedge. (Great Bulrush, Scirpus lacustris.) A, magnified flower, surrounded by perianth of hypogynous bristles; B, the seed; C, section of the seed, showing the small embryo enclosed in the base of the endosperm." -Bergen, 1896

Sedge

"Inflorescence, flower, and seed, of a sedge. (Great Bulrush, Scirpus lacustris.) A, magnified flower,…

"Acorus calamus. A, spadix; B, a single flower, enlarged; C, diagram of flower, enlarged." -Bergen, 1896

Common Sweet Flag

"Acorus calamus. A, spadix; B, a single flower, enlarged; C, diagram of flower, enlarged." -Bergen,…

"Iris. I, flower; II, seed, longitudinal section; III, flower with outer segments of perianth removed; stig., stigma, ov., ovary." -Bergen, 1896

Iris

"Iris. I, flower; II, seed, longitudinal section; III, flower with outer segments of perianth removed;…

"Iris. I, flower, longitudinal section, ov., ovary; II, diagram, showing stigmas opposite the stamens; III, capsule, splitting between the partitions." -Bergen, 1896

Iris

"Iris. I, flower, longitudinal section, ov., ovary; II, diagram, showing stigmas opposite the stamens;…

"Alnus glutinosa. A, a flowering twig; s, staminate catkins; p, pistillate catkins; B, a group of staminate flowers, enlarged; C, two pistillate flowers, enlarged." -Bergen, 1896

Alder Flowers

"Alnus glutinosa. A, a flowering twig; s, staminate catkins; p, pistillate catkins; B, a group of staminate…

"Euphorbia corollata. A, flower-cluster with involucre, the whole appearing like a single flower; B, a single staminate flower; C, immature fertile flower, as seen after the removal of the sterile flowers; i, involucre; s, stigmas." -Bergen, 1896

Flowering Spurge

"Euphorbia corollata. A, flower-cluster with involucre, the whole appearing like a single flower; B,…

"Viola tricolor. A, stamens and pistil; B, pistil with stamens removed; C, pod split open." -Bergen, 1896

Heartsease

"Viola tricolor. A, stamens and pistil; B, pistil with stamens removed; C, pod split open." -Bergen,…

"Begonia Flowers. A, staminate flower; B, pistillate flower; C, twisted stigmas, enlarged; D, cross-section of ovary; o, ovary; s, sepals; p, petals." -Bergen, 1896

Begonia

"Begonia Flowers. A, staminate flower; B, pistillate flower; C, twisted stigmas, enlarged; D, cross-section…

"Flower and fruit of Umbelliferae. A, flower of Foeniculum; B, fruit of Heracleum; C, fruit of Heracleum, cross-section; o (in A), ovary; d, disk; sg, stigma; s, stamens; o (in B, and C), oil-tubes; r, ribs. A, B, and C all enlarged." -Bergen, 1896

Umbelliferae

"Flower and fruit of Umbelliferae. A, flower of Foeniculum; B, fruit of Heracleum; C, fruit of Heracleum,…

"Flower of Asclepias Cornuti. A, entire flower; B, vertical section; C, diagram; D, details of pollen-masses and glands. ca, calyx; c, corolla; hd, hood; hn, horn; a, anther; s, stigma; o, ovary; g, gland; p, pollen-mass." -Bergen, 1896

Milkweed

"Flower of Asclepias Cornuti. A, entire flower; B, vertical section; C, diagram; D, details of pollen-masses…

"Flowers of plantain (Plantago), enlarged. A, earlier stage, pistil mature, stamens not yet appearing outside the corolla. B, later stage, pistil withered, stamens mature." -Bergen, 1896

Plantain Flowers

"Flowers of plantain (Plantago), enlarged. A, earlier stage, pistil mature, stamens not yet appearing…

"Bachelor's Button. I, vertical section of the receptacle; II, style and forked stigma; III, corolla, united anthers and stigma; IV, pistil; pap, pappus; ak, akene; V, tubular flower cut vertically, showing anther-tube, traversed by the style; l, lobe of corolla." -Bergen, 1896

Cornflower

"Bachelor's Button. I, vertical section of the receptacle; II, style and forked stigma; III, corolla,…

"Bachelor's Button. I, a tubular flower; anth, the united anthers; II, fruit; III, fruit, vertical section; IV, a neutral ray-flower; V, ring of anthers." -Bergen, 1896

Cornflower

"Bachelor's Button. I, a tubular flower; anth, the united anthers; II, fruit; III, fruit, vertical section;…

"Flower-cluster of yarrow (Achillea Millefolium). A, head seen from above; B, longitudinal section; re, receptacle; ch, chaff; i, involucre; r, ray-flowers; d, disk-flowers; c, corolla; s, stigma." -Bergen, 1896

Yarrow

"Flower-cluster of yarrow (Achillea Millefolium). A, head seen from above; B, longitudinal section;…

A circle with labels for radius, diameter, and circumference. The visual will help to remember what each term means.

Circle Parts

A circle with labels for radius, diameter, and circumference. The visual will help to remember what…

"Explanation of the cylinder. a, altitude; c, circumference of base, or perimeter; d, diameter; s, lateral surface." -Foster, 1921

Cylinder Parts

"Explanation of the cylinder. a, altitude; c, circumference of base, or perimeter; d, diameter; s, lateral…

"Details of a castle: 1. Fortified approach 2. Drawbridge 3. Moat 4. Donjon or keep 5. Towers flanking main entrance 6. Angle towers for defense of outer wall 7. Chapel." -Foster, 1921

Castle Parts

"Details of a castle: 1. Fortified approach 2. Drawbridge 3. Moat 4. Donjon or keep 5. Towers flanking…

"The sugar maple tree resembles the sycamore, and abounds in the northern parts of the United States, and in the British possessions, where large quantities of sugar are made. "-Lupton

Gathering Sap to make Maple Sugar

"The sugar maple tree resembles the sycamore, and abounds in the northern parts of the United States,…

"Hemp adapts itself to diversities of climate, and is cultivated equally under the burning sun of the tropics, and in the northern parts of Russia." -Lupton

Hemp Plant

"Hemp adapts itself to diversities of climate, and is cultivated equally under the burning sun of the…

An illustration showing the construction used to divide a line AB into two equal parts; and to erect a perpendicular through the middle. "With the end A and B as centers, draw the dotted circle arcs with a radius greater than half the line. Through the crossings of the arcs draw the perpendicular CD, which divides the line into two equal parts."

Construction Of A Line Divided In Equal Parts

An illustration showing the construction used to divide a line AB into two equal parts; and to erect…

An illustration showing the construction used to divide an angle into two equal parts. "With C as a center, draw the dotted arc DE; with D and E as centers, draw the cross arcs at F with equal radii. Join CF, which divides the angle into the required parts."

Construction Of A Divided Angle

An illustration showing the construction used to divide an angle into two equal parts. "With C as a…

An illustration showing the construction used to divide an angle into two equal parts when the lines do not extend to a meeting point. "Draw the lined CD and CE parallel, and at equal distances from the lines AB and FG. With C as a center, draw the dotted arc BG; and with B and G as centers, draw the cross arcs H. Join CD, which divides the angle into the required equal parts."

Construction Of A Divided Angle

An illustration showing the construction used to divide an angle into two equal parts when the lines…

An illustration showing the construction used to divide the line AB in the same proportion of parts as AC. "Join C and B, and through the given divisions 1, 2, and 3 draw lines parallel with CB, which solves the problem."

Divide A Line Proportionately

An illustration showing the construction used to divide the line AB in the same proportion of parts…

An illustration showing how to construct a square upon a given line. "With AB as radius and A and B as centers, draw the circle arcs AED and BEC. Divide the arc BE in two equal parts at F, and with EF as radius and E as center, draw the circle CFD. Join A and CB and D, C and D, which completes the required square."

Square Constructed Upon A Given Line

An illustration showing how to construct a square upon a given line. "With AB as radius and A and B…

"In a system of pulleys (figs. 3,4) in which the same string passes round any number of pulleys, and the parts of it between the pulleys are parallel, there is an equilibrium when the power is to the weight as 1 to the number of strings at the lower block" -Marshall

Pulley

"In a system of pulleys (figs. 3,4) in which the same string passes round any number of pulleys, and…

An illustration showing how to construct a cyma, or two circle arcs that will tangent themselves, and two parallel lines at given points A and B. "Join A and B; divide AB into four equal parts and erect perpendiculars. Draw Am at right angles from A, and Bn at right angles from B; then m and n are the centers of the circle arcs of the required cyma."

Construction Of A Cyma

An illustration showing how to construct a cyma, or two circle arcs that will tangent themselves, and…

An illustration showing how to construct a talon, or two circle arcs that will tangent themselves, and meet two parallel lines at right angles in the given points A and B. "Join A and B; divide AB into four equal parts erect perpendiculars; then m and n are the centers of the circle arcs of the required talon."

Construction Of A Talon

An illustration showing how to construct a talon, or two circle arcs that will tangent themselves, and…

An illustration showing how to construct a circle arc without recourse to its center, but its chord AB and height h being given. "With the chord as radius, and A and B as centers, draw the dotted circle arcs AC and BD. Through the point O draw the lines AOo and BOo. Make the arcs Co=Ao and Do=Bo. Divide these arcs into any desired number of equal parts, and number them as shown on the illustration. Join A and B with the divisions, and the crossings of equal numbers are points in the circle arc."

Construction Of A Circle Arc

An illustration showing how to construct a circle arc without recourse to its center, but its chord…

"A climbing plant and its fruit, of the genus Cucurbita. The pumpkin is originally from India, but is at present cultivated in most parts of Europe and in America." -Marshall

Pumpkin

"A climbing plant and its fruit, of the genus Cucurbita. The pumpkin is originally from India, but is…

An illustration showing how to construct an octagon on a given line. "Prolong AB to C. With B as center and AB as radius, draw the circle AFDEC; from B, draw BI at right angles to AB; divide the angles ABC and DBC each into two equal parts; then BD is one side of the octagon. With A and E as centers, draw the arcs HKE and AKI, which determine the points H and I, and thus complete the octagon as shown in the illustration."

Construction Of An Octagon

An illustration showing how to construct an octagon on a given line. "Prolong AB to C. With B as center…

An illustration showing how to construct a regular polygon on a given line without resort to its center. "Extend AB to C and, with B as center, draw the half circle ADB. Divide the half circle into as many parts as the number of sides in the polygon, and complete the construction as shown on the illustration."

Construction Of A Regular Polygon On A Line

An illustration showing how to construct a regular polygon on a given line without resort to its center.…

The quince-tree, which is supposed to be a native of Western Asia, is now cultivated throughout Europe, and in many parts of the United States, for its handsome golden yellow fruit, which, though hard and austere when plucked from the tree, becomes excellent when boiled and eaten with sugar, or preserved in syrup, or made into marmalade.

Quince Fruit

The quince-tree, which is supposed to be a native of Western Asia, is now cultivated throughout Europe,…

An illustration showing how to construct an isometric ellipse by compass and six circle arcs. "Divide OA and OB each into three equal parts; draw the quadrant AC. From C, draw the line Cc through the point 1. Through the points 2 draw de at an angle of 45° with the major axis. Then 2 is the center for the ends of the ellipse; e is the center for the arc dc; and C is the center for the arc cf."

Construction Of An Isometric Ellipse

An illustration showing how to construct an isometric ellipse by compass and six circle arcs. "Divide…