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Great Britain and Ireland Wrapper (1/2 penny) from 1870

Great Britain and Ireland Half Penny Wrapper, 1870

Great Britain and Ireland Wrapper (1/2 penny) from 1870

Distortions of fossils from uplifting: 1) natural form of the shell Spirifer disjunctus (1-4), 2) shortened one-half, 3) shortened above the middle and lengthened below it, 4) upper pressed, lower drawn out, 5) like 3, 6) similar cleavage-plane, 7) lower part prolonged, 8) natural form of Spirifer giganteus (5-8).

Distortion of Fossils

Distortions of fossils from uplifting: 1) natural form of the shell Spirifer disjunctus (1-4), 2) shortened…

"A, cross section through upper half of leaf of Pyrus Japonica, showing cutinized layer of the outer wall at f, and cellulose layer at g." -Stevens, 1916

P. Japonica Epidermis

"A, cross section through upper half of leaf of Pyrus Japonica, showing cutinized layer of the outer…

A cross section through the upper half of a Russian olive leaf, showing a "cutinized layer of the outer wall at f, and cellulose layer at g." -Stevens, 1916

Russian Olive Leaf Epidermis

A cross section through the upper half of a Russian olive leaf, showing a "cutinized layer of the outer…

Japan Quince Epidermis

"C, cross section through upper half of petal of Japan Quince." -Stevens, 1916

Illustration of a circle divided in half.

Circle, 1/2 Fraction

Illustration of a circle divided in half.

Illustration of a square divided in half.

Square, 1/2 Fraction

Illustration of a square divided in half.

Illustration of a rectangle divided in half.

Rectangle, 1/2 Fraction

Illustration of a rectangle divided in half.

"Stages in the formation of the megaspore, its germination, fertilization of the egg and endosperm cells. K, showing only the lower half of the megaspore or embryo-sac cavity, with pollen tube, pt, and male nucleus, mn, fusing with egg cell, eg, and second male nucleus, mn2, uniting with primary endosperm nucleus, pe; s, synergid." -Stevens, 1916

Megaspore Formation Stage 11

"Stages in the formation of the megaspore, its germination, fertilization of the egg and endosperm cells.…

"Skeleton of frog. The half of the pectoral girdle, and fore- and hind-limb of the right side are not shown. pmx., premaxilla; m.x., maxilla; n., nasal; sph., sphenethmoid; p.f., parieto-frontal; P.O., pro-otic; pt., pterygoid; q.j., quadrato-jugal; sq., squamosal; Q., quadrate; c., columella auris; A., atlas; t.p., transverse process; S.V., sacral vertebra; U., urostyle; S.sc., supra scapula; H., humerus; R.U., radio ulna; Cp., carpals; Mc., metacarpals; Il., ilium; Is., ischium; F., femur; T.F., tibio-fibula; Ca., calcaneum; As., astragalus; C., calcar; Mt., metatarsals." -Thomson, 1916

Frog Skeleton

"Skeleton of frog. The half of the pectoral girdle, and fore- and hind-limb of the right side are not…

"Dissection of Chelonian heart. r.v., Right half of ventricle; S., septum; l.v., left half of ventricle; r.a., right auricle; l.a., left auricle; l.ao., left aortic arch; r.ao., right aortic arch; p.a., pulmonary arch." -Thomson, 1916

Turtle Heart

"Dissection of Chelonian heart. r.v., Right half of ventricle; S., septum; l.v., left half of ventricle;…

"Heart and associated vessels of tortoise. r.a., Right auricle; superior venae cavae (s.v.c.) and inferior vena cava (i.v.c.) enter it. r.v., Right half of ventricle; pulmonary arteries (p.a.) and left aortic arch (l.ao.) leave it; coel., coeliac; d.ao., dorsal aorta. l.a., Left auricle; p.v., pulmonary veins enter it. l.v., Left half of ventricle; right aortic arch (r.ao.), giving off carotids (c.) and subclavians (s.cl.)." -Thomson, 1916

Tortoise Heart

"Heart and associated vessels of tortoise. r.a., Right auricle; superior venae cavae (s.v.c.) and inferior…

"Half of the pelvic girdle of a young crocodile. Il., Ilium; a.f., acetabulum; Is., ischium; P., pubis or epipubis." -Thomson, 1916

Crocodile Pelvic Girdle

"Half of the pelvic girdle of a young crocodile. Il., Ilium; a.f., acetabulum; Is., ischium; P., pubis…

Blood Particle

A particle of human blood as it appears when transparent and floating. 2. the same, seen as illuminated.…

Half of the lower jaw. Labels: a, the base; b, the angle; c, the ramus; d, the condyle; e, the coronaid process; h, the two incisors or cutting teeth; i, one canine; k, two small molar; l, three large molar or grinding teeth.

Lower Jaw

Half of the lower jaw. Labels: a, the base; b, the angle; c, the ramus; d, the condyle; e, the coronaid…

"Idyia roseola. Seen from the broad side, half natural size. a, anal opening; b, lateral tube; c, circular tube; d, e, f, g, h, rows of paddles." -Parker, 1900

Idyia Roseola

"Idyia roseola. Seen from the broad side, half natural size. a, anal opening; b, lateral tube; c, circular…

"Leaves of sundew. The one at the left has all its tentacles closed over captured prey; the one at the right has only half of them thus closed." -Bergen, 1896

Sundew Leaves

"Leaves of sundew. The one at the left has all its tentacles closed over captured prey; the one at the…

"The first step is to obtain the crude turpentine. It is a mixture of the essential oil known as spirits of turpentine and resin. A half-moon shaped box is cut in the trees, as near as possible to the surface of the ground." -Lupton This is shown in the illustration.

Manufacturing of Turpentine

"The first step is to obtain the crude turpentine. It is a mixture of the essential oil known as spirits…

"The first step is to obtain the crude turpentine. It is a mixture of the essential oil known as spirits of turpentine and resin. A half-moon shaped box is cut in the trees, as near as possible to the surface of the ground." -Lupton This is shown in the illustration.

Manufacturing of Turpentine

"The first step is to obtain the crude turpentine. It is a mixture of the essential oil known as spirits…

"The first step is to obtain the crude turpentine. It is a mixture of the essential oil known as spirits of turpentine and resin. A half-moon shaped box is cut in the trees, as near as possible to the surface of the ground." -Lupton The boxes are shown in this illustration.

Manufacturing of Turpentine

"The first step is to obtain the crude turpentine. It is a mixture of the essential oil known as spirits…

"The first step is to obtain the crude turpentine. It is a mixture of the essential oil known as spirits of turpentine and resin. A half-moon shaped box is cut in the trees, as near as possible to the surface of the ground." -Lupton This is shown in the illustration.

Manufacturing of Turpentine

"The first step is to obtain the crude turpentine. It is a mixture of the essential oil known as spirits…

"The first step is to obtain the crude turpentine. It is a mixture of the essential oil known as spirits of turpentine and resin. A half-moon shaped box is cut in the trees, as near as possible to the surface of the ground." -Lupton the rear of the stills and the resin vats are shown in this illustration.

Manufacturing of Turpentine

"The first step is to obtain the crude turpentine. It is a mixture of the essential oil known as spirits…

An illustration showing the construction used to divide a line AB into two equal parts; and to erect a perpendicular through the middle. "With the end A and B as centers, draw the dotted circle arcs with a radius greater than half the line. Through the crossings of the arcs draw the perpendicular CD, which divides the line into two equal parts."

Construction Of A Line Divided In Equal Parts

An illustration showing the construction used to divide a line AB into two equal parts; and to erect…

An illustration showing how to construct a tangent to a circle through a given point outside of a circumference. "Join A and C, and upon AC as a diameter draw the half circle ABC, which cuts the given circle at B. Join A and B, which is the required tangent."

Construction Of Tangent To Circle

An illustration showing how to construct a tangent to a circle through a given point outside of a circumference.…

An illustration showing how to construct a tangent circle to 2 given circles. "Join centers C and c of the given circles, and extend the line to D; draw the radii AC and ac parallel with one another. Join Aa, and extend the line to D. On CD as a diameter, draw the half circle CeD; on cD as a diameter, draw the half circle cfD; then the crossings e and f are tangenting points of the circles."

Construction Of Circle Tangent To 2 Circles

An illustration showing how to construct a tangent circle to 2 given circles. "Join centers C and c…

An illustration showing how to construct a tangent to 2 given circles of different diameters. "Join the centers C and c of the given circles, and extend the line to D; draw the radii AC and ac parallel with one another. Join Aa, and extend the line to D. On CD as a diameter, draw the half circle CeD; on cD as a diameter, draw the half circle cfD; then the crossings e and f are the tangenting points of the circles."

Construction Of Tangent To 2 Circles

An illustration showing how to construct a tangent to 2 given circles of different diameters. "Join…

An illustration showing how to construct a tangent between 2 given circles. "Join the centers C and c of the given circles; draw the dotted circle arcs, and join the crossing m, n, which line cuts the center line at a. With aC as diameter, draw the half circle afC; and with ac as a diameter, draw the half circle cea; then the crossings e and f are the tangenting points of the circles."

Construction Of Tangent Between 2 Circles

An illustration showing how to construct a tangent between 2 given circles. "Join the centers C and…

An illustration showing how to construct a square circumscribed about a circle. "Draw the diameters AB and CD at right angles to one another; with the radius of the circle, and A, B, C, and D as centers, draw the four dotted half circles which cross one another in the corners of the square, and thus complete the problem."

Construction Of A Square Circumscribed About A Circle

An illustration showing how to construct a square circumscribed about a circle. "Draw the diameters…

An illustration showing how to construct a pentagon on a given line. "From B erect BC perpendicular to and half the length of AB; join A and C prolonged to D; with C as center and CB as radius, draw the arc BD; then the chord BB is the radius of the circle circumscribing the pentagon. With A and B as centers, and BD as radius, draw the cross O in the center."

Construction Of A Pentagon On A Line

An illustration showing how to construct a pentagon on a given line. "From B erect BC perpendicular…

A most beautiful Central American bird of the Trogon family. It is about the size of a magpie and the male is adorned with tail-fathers from three to three and a half feet in length, and of a gorgeous emerald colour.

Quezal Bird

A most beautiful Central American bird of the Trogon family. It is about the size of a magpie and the…

An illustration showing how to construct a regular polygon on a given line without resort to its center. "Extend AB to C and, with B as center, draw the half circle ADB. Divide the half circle into as many parts as the number of sides in the polygon, and complete the construction as shown on the illustration."

Construction Of A Regular Polygon On A Line

An illustration showing how to construct a regular polygon on a given line without resort to its center.…

An illustration showing how to construct an ellipse using a string. "Having given the two axes, set off from c half the great axis at a and b, which are the two focuses of the ellipse. Take an endless string as long as the three sides in the triangle abc, fix two pins or nails in the focuses, one in a and one in b, lay the string around a and b, stretch it with a pencil d, which then will describe the desired ellipse."

Construction Of An Ellipse

An illustration showing how to construct an ellipse using a string. "Having given the two axes, set…

An illustration showing how to construct an ellipse. Given the two axes, set off half the long axis from c to ff, which will be the two focuses in the ellipse. Divide the long axis into any number of parts, say a to be a division point. Take Aa as radius and f as center and describe a circle arc about b, take aB as radius and f as center describe another circle arc about b, then the intersection b is a point in the ellipse, and so the whole ellipse can be constructed."

Construction Of An Ellipse

An illustration showing how to construct an ellipse. Given the two axes, set off half the long axis…

An illustration of a right triangle inscribed in a semicircle.

Right Triangle Inscribed In A Semicircle

An illustration of a right triangle inscribed in a semicircle.

Containers of dry measure in comparison: one bushel, peck, one half bushel, and one half peck. Illustration also shows liquid measures of quart and pint for comparison.

Dry Measures

Containers of dry measure in comparison: one bushel, peck, one half bushel, and one half peck. Illustration…

$Rectangles comparing fraction values to one half: 1/4, 1/6, 1/8, 1/10, and 1/12.$

Fraction Comparisons

Rectangles comparing fraction values to one half: 1/4, 1/6, 1/8, 1/10, and 1/12.

"The triangle ABC is divided into 2 right triangles I and II. ABC is seen to be equal to 1/2 of the rectangle ABNO." -Foster, 1921

Area of Triangle

"The triangle ABC is divided into 2 right triangles I and II. ABC is seen to be equal to 1/2 of the…

"The child sees triangle ACB = triangle ADB, and that I + II = CA - DB; and so he sees that the area of triangle=1/2 area of rectangle whose base and altitude are the same as those of the triangles." -Foster, 1921

Area of Triangle

"The child sees triangle ACB = triangle ADB, and that I + II = CA - DB; and so he sees that the area…

"Fig. 3 shows triangle I = triangle II, III = IV, and so triangle ABC = 1/2 of rectangle ABDE. The fact is realized that the area of a triangle equals 1/2 the product of the base and altitude." -Foster, 1921

Area of Triangle

"Fig. 3 shows triangle I = triangle II, III = IV, and so triangle ABC = 1/2 of rectangle ABDE. The fact…

The board of trade sign for 1/2 cent.

1/2 Cent

The board of trade sign for 1/2 cent.

Front half of a caterpillar. Labels: a, opening air tubes, a pair of which are shown in black at the cut end.

Front Half of a Caterpillar

Front half of a caterpillar. Labels: a, opening air tubes, a pair of which are shown in black at the…

A view of the labyrinth laid open. Labels: 1, The cochlea. 2, 3, Two channels that wind two and half turns around a central point (5). 7, The central portion of the labyrinth called the vestibule. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, The semicircular canals.

View of the Labyrinth Laid Open

A view of the labyrinth laid open. Labels: 1, The cochlea. 2, 3, Two channels that wind two and half…

The teeth of a 6 and a half year old child. Label: I, the incisors; O, the canine; M, the molars; the last molar is the first permanent teeth; F, sacs of the permanent incisors; C, of the canine; B, of the bicuspids; N, of the second molar; the sac of the third molar is empty.

Emergence of Adult Teeth

The teeth of a 6 and a half year old child. Label: I, the incisors; O, the canine; M, the molars; the…

Transverse section through the tibia of a fetal kitten. Labels: P, Periosteum. O, Osteogenetic layer of periosteum showing the osteoblasts newly formed bones. B, the periosteal bone deposited in successive layers beneath the periosteum and ensheathing E, the spongy endochondral bone; represented as more deeply shaded. Within the trabeculae of endochondral spongy bone are seen the medulla, with V, veins. In the lower half of the figure the endochondral spongy bone has been completely absorbed.

Formation of Compact Bone in a Kitten

Transverse section through the tibia of a fetal kitten. Labels: P, Periosteum. O, Osteogenetic layer…

Termination of a Medullated Nerve Fiber

A termination of a medullated nerve fiber in tendon, lower half with convoluted medullated nerve fiber.

View of the cerebrospinal axis of the nervous system. The right half of the cranium and trunk of the body have been removed by a vertical section; the membranes of the brain and spinal cord have also been removed, and the roots and first part of the fifth and ninth cranial, and of all the spinal nerves of the right side, have been dissected out and laid separately on the wall of the skull and on the several vertebrae opposite to the place of their natural exit from the craniospinal cavity.

Central Nervous System

View of the cerebrospinal axis of the nervous system. The right half of the cranium and trunk of the…

Section of a spinal cord, one half of which shows the tracts of the white matter, and the other half (right) shows the position of the nerve cells in the gray matter. 7, 10, 9, and 3 are tracts of descending degeneration, 1, 4, 6, and 8, of the ascending degeneration.

Section of the Spinal Cord

Section of a spinal cord, one half of which shows the tracts of the white matter, and the other half…

Vertical section of the organ of Corti from the dog. Labels: 1 to 2, homogeneous layer of the so-called membrana basilaris; u, vestibular layer; v, tympana layer, with nuclei and protoplasm; a, prolongation of tympanal periosteum of lamina spiralis ossea; c, thickened commencement of the membrana basilaris near the point of perforation of the nerves h; d, blood-vessel ( vas spirale) ; e, blood-vessel; f, nerves; g, the epithelium of the sulcus spiralis internus; i, internal or tufted cell, with basil process k, surrounded with nuclei and protoplasm (of the glanular layer), into which the nerve-fibers radiate; l, hairs of the internal hair-cell ; n, base or foot of inner pillar of organ of Corti, whose under half is missing, while the next pillar beyond, o, presents both middle portion and base; r s d, three external hair-cells; t, bases of two neighboring hair or tufted cells; x, so-called supporting cell of Hensen; W, nerve-fiber terminating in the first of the external hair cells.

Corti from the Dog

Vertical section of the organ of Corti from the dog. Labels: 1 to 2, homogeneous layer of the so-called…

The posterior half of the retina of the left eye, viewed from before; s, the cut edge of the sclerotic coat; ch, the choroid; r, the retina; in the interior at the middle the macula lutea with the depression of the fovea centralis is represented by a slight oval shade; towards the left side the light spot indicates the colliculus or eminence at the entrance of the optic nerve, from the center of which the arteria centralis is seen spreading its branches into the retina, leaving the part occupied by the macula comparatively free.

Posterior Half of the Retina

The posterior half of the retina of the left eye, viewed from before; s, the cut edge of the sclerotic…

Transverse vertical section of the eyeball of a human embryo of four weeks. The anterior half of the section is represented: pr, the remains of the cavity of the primary optic vesicle; p, the inner part of the outer layer forming the retinal pigment; r, the thickened inner part giving rise to the columnar and other structures of the retina; v, the commencing vitreous humour within the secondary optic vesicle; v', the ocular cleft through which the loop of the central blood vessel, a, projects from below; l, the lends with a central cavity.

Eye of Fetus of Four Weeks

Transverse vertical section of the eyeball of a human embryo of four weeks. The anterior half of the…

Bank Draft

Common form of bank draft, or check for five hundred dollars.

"The Staircase-shell is recognized by its deep umbilicus, wide and funnel-shaped, in the interior of which may be seen the little teeth which follow the edge of every turn of the spiral up to the top. The diameter of this shell is sometimes two and a half inches."

Solarium Perpectivum (Bottom View)

"The Staircase-shell is recognized by its deep umbilicus, wide and funnel-shaped, in the interior of…

"The Staircase-shell is recognized by its deep umbilicus, wide and funnel-shaped, in the interior of which may be seen the little teeth which follow the edge of every turn of the spiral up to the top. The diameter of this shell is sometimes two and a half inches."

Solarium Perpectivum (Side View)

"The Staircase-shell is recognized by its deep umbilicus, wide and funnel-shaped, in the interior of…

"The Superb has a beak furnished with elongated feathers, extending half its length.

The Superb Bird of Paradise

"The Superb has a beak furnished with elongated feathers, extending half its length.

"The Golden Bird of Paradise has a beak furnished with short feathers for half its length."

Golden Bird of Paradise

"The Golden Bird of Paradise has a beak furnished with short feathers for half its length."

"A little fly about half the size of a house-fly. This insect lives chiefly upon the fruit of the olive-tree."

Dacus Oleae

"A little fly about half the size of a house-fly. This insect lives chiefly upon the fruit of the olive-tree."

"A little fly about half the size of a house-fly. This insect lives chiefly upon the fruit of the olive-tree."

Olives attacked by Dacus Oleae

"A little fly about half the size of a house-fly. This insect lives chiefly upon the fruit of the olive-tree."

Front view of a man in the anatomical position. On one lateral half the parts are labeled in English, on the other in Latin. The right upper limb is drawn away from the trunk in the order to show the arm more fully than is possible when it hangs perpendicularly.

Front View of the Parts of the Human Body Labeled in English and Latin

Front view of a man in the anatomical position. On one lateral half the parts are labeled in English,…

The right half of the mandible.

Mandible

The right half of the mandible.

"Shows how the head advances over half the circumference of the circle which it has to describe, and secures the end of the thread against the support."

Caterpillars of the Cabbage-Butterfly

"Shows how the head advances over half the circumference of the circle which it has to describe, and…