ClipArt ETC
The Woodcock from Thomas Bewick's wood engraving in 'The Water Birds.'

Woodcock

The Woodcock from Thomas Bewick's wood engraving in 'The Water Birds.'

Diploma of the Highland Society engraved by Luke Clennell.

Diploma of the Highland Society

Diploma of the Highland Society engraved by Luke Clennell.

An engraving by W. T. Green and Thomas Bolton, "O'erarched with Oaks that Form Fantastic Bowers." -Cundall, 1895

O'erarched with Oaks that Form Fantastic Bowers

An engraving by W. T. Green and Thomas Bolton, "O'erarched with Oaks that Form Fantastic Bowers." -Cundall,…

"Each cell forms a small, hexagonal cup, closed on one side only by a pyramidal base. These bees always accommodate themselves to the nature of the hive."

Cells Constructed by Bees

"Each cell forms a small, hexagonal cup, closed on one side only by a pyramidal base. These bees always…

A. large cell intended for the larvae of the <em>queens</em> B. middling-sized cells intended for the larvae of the <em>male</em> C. small cells intended for he larvae of the <em>workers</em>

The Cells of a Beehive

A. large cell intended for the larvae of the queens B. middling-sized cells intended for the…

"The Carpenter Bee, or Wood Piercer, hollows out galleries in decayed wood, and builds in them cells placed one over the other - a work often occupying many weeks."

Carpenter Bee, Pupae, Eggs, Galleries and Nests

"The Carpenter Bee, or Wood Piercer, hollows out galleries in decayed wood, and builds in them cells…

Hornets "make their nests in trunks of old trees, perforating the sound wood to arrive at the heart, which is rotten, or hollowing for themselves a hole, which they clear out by the gallery which leads to it."

Hanging Hornet's Nest

Hornets "make their nests in trunks of old trees, perforating the sound wood to arrive at the heart,…

"There are solitary wasps which make their cells in holes, which they scoop out in the ground or in stalks or certain plants. The larva lines its cell with a silky cocoon."

Larva of the Odynerus Wasp

"There are solitary wasps which make their cells in holes, which they scoop out in the ground or in…

An illustration of two birds. On the left side is a European wood pigeon and on the right is a stock-dove.

Birds

An illustration of two birds. On the left side is a European wood pigeon and on the right is a stock-dove.

"The insects of the genus <em>Sirex</em> belong to a species which lay their eggs in living wood, and their larvae live for amny years in the interior of this wood. The mandibles of the larvae are of great strength, capable of perforating lead."

Saw Fly (Sirex Gigas)

"The insects of the genus Sirex belong to a species which lay their eggs in living wood, and…

"It is found in rotten wood, and often in ants' nests. When it has acquired its full development, it makes a cocoon of oval form, in which it transforms itself into a pupa."

Larva of Rose Beetle (Cetonia Aurata)

"It is found in rotten wood, and often in ants' nests. When it has acquired its full development, it…

"These insects often feed upon matter in a state of putrefaction. They are nature's undertakers. A great number live on the skins and flesh of dried animals; some attack roots, bark, wood, leaves and fruits."

Cetonia Argentea

"These insects often feed upon matter in a state of putrefaction. They are nature's undertakers. A great…

"This represents the Goliaths. These insects often feed upon matter in a state of putrefaction. They are nature's undertakers. A great number live on the skins and flesh of dried animals; some attack roots, bark, wood, leaves and fruits."

Goliathus Derbyana

"This represents the Goliaths. These insects often feed upon matter in a state of putrefaction. They…

"This represents the Goliaths. These insects often feed upon matter in a state of putrefaction. They are nature's undertakers. A great number live on the skins and flesh of dried animals; some attack roots, bark, wood, leaves and fruits."

Goliathus Polyphemus

"This represents the Goliaths. These insects often feed upon matter in a state of putrefaction. They…

Diagram of typical neuron.

Neuron

Diagram of typical neuron.

Diagram of nerve cell of type II, in which axone is not prolonged as nerve fiber.

Neuron

Diagram of nerve cell of type II, in which axone is not prolonged as nerve fiber.

Semidiagrammatic representation of structure of a neuron; a, axon.

Structure of a Neuron

Semidiagrammatic representation of structure of a neuron; a, axon.

Nerve cells of human spinal cord stained to show Nissl bodies. Labels: D, dendrites; A, axons; C, implantation cone; N, nucleus; M, nucleolus.

Neuron of Spinal Cord

Nerve cells of human spinal cord stained to show Nissl bodies. Labels: D, dendrites; A, axons; C, implantation…

Multipolar nerve cells of various forms. Labels: A, from spinal cord; B, from cerebral cortex; C, from cerebellar cortex (Purkinje cell); a, axon; c, implantation cone.

Various Forms of Neurons

Multipolar nerve cells of various forms. Labels: A, from spinal cord; B, from cerebral cortex; C, from…

Two purkinje cells from silver preparation of cerebellar cortex; A, side view; B, cell in profile; a, axon.

Purkinje Cell

Two purkinje cells from silver preparation of cerebellar cortex; A, side view; B, cell in profile; a,…

Part of frontal section across left hippocampus and gyrus dentatus, showing arrangement of cell layers.

Frontal Section Through Hippocampus and Gyrus and Dentatus

Part of frontal section across left hippocampus and gyrus dentatus, showing arrangement of cell layers.

Vertical section of Hypoxylon punctatum, a species of fungi found on dead wood.

Fungal Disease

Vertical section of Hypoxylon punctatum, a species of fungi found on dead wood.

"The greyhound is the swiftest of all the dogs, and is principally used in the pursuit of the hare, which amusement is termed coursing." -Wood

Greyhound

"The greyhound is the swiftest of all the dogs, and is principally used in the pursuit of the hare,…

"This represents the Goliaths. These insects often feed upon matter in a state of putrefaction. They are nature's undertakers. A great number live on the skins and flesh of dried animals; some attack roots, bark, wood, leaves and fruits. The male of the Goliaths, found on the coast of Guiana."

Goliathus Cacicus (Male)

"This represents the Goliaths. These insects often feed upon matter in a state of putrefaction. They…

An axe, or ax, is an implement that is used to shape, split and cut wood, harvest timber, as a weapon and a ceremonial or heraldic symbol.

Ax

An axe, or ax, is an implement that is used to shape, split and cut wood, harvest timber, as a weapon…

Nucleated none cells (osteoblasts) and their processes, contained in the one lacunae and their canaliculi respectively. From a section through the vertebra of an adult mouse.

Osteoblasts

Nucleated none cells (osteoblasts) and their processes, contained in the one lacunae and their canaliculi…

Cross section of developing bone of human fetus of four months. Labels: a, periostem; b, boundary between endochondral and periosteal bone; c, perichondral bone; d, remains of area of calcification; e, endochondral bone; f, f', blood vessels; g, g', developing Haversian spaces; h, marrow; i, blood vessels.

Developing Bone

Cross section of developing bone of human fetus of four months. Labels: a, periostem; b, boundary between…

"A common specimen about an inch long, of a chestnut brown and perfectly smooth. The male, but not the female, has on its head a horn. Its larva lives in rotten wood."

Oryctes Nasicornis (Male)

"A common specimen about an inch long, of a chestnut brown and perfectly smooth. The male, but not the…

"A common specimen about an inch long, of a chestnut brown and perfectly smooth. The male, but not the female, has on its head a horn. Its larva lives in rotten wood."

Xylotrupes Dichotomus

"A common specimen about an inch long, of a chestnut brown and perfectly smooth. The male, but not the…

"Under the power of about 90 diameters the general character of the peridia is seen. They are densely aggregated, elongated, submerged, pale-brown, irregularly torn. The sporidia are copius...Nos. 1 and 2, indicate the general points of growth of this fungus. I find frequently on the leaf-ribs and terminal points of the leaves, and very often dispersed over the smooth parts of the leaf; sometimes, although rarely, the peridia are on the upper surface which, when matured, resembles net work. At the juncture of the leaf (see 4) the cells of the peridia are nearly round, at 5, oblong. From 3 to 4 the cellular structure is of light Vandyke brown; at 5, a pale yellow...6 represents the appearance of the peridia as see by the naked eye; 7, their general arrangements and their groupings on the leaves; 8, three cells, showing the parts of which the peridia are composed being magnified about 125 diameters." -Watts, 1874

Cellular structure of peridia

"Under the power of about 90 diameters the general character of the peridia is seen. They are densely…

"It is not unusual to fine a decayed spot in the center of potatoes otherwise apparently in good condition. A microscopic examination a portion of the diseased part will show that the decay commenced where the vascular bundles concentrate. At that point the air is in greater volume than elsewhere. Although these mineral acids and caustic alkalies dissolve starch granuals, they do not affect the cellulose cells which contain the starch. When such spots are exposed to the atmosphere the fungus blue-mold forms on the surface. This disease, therefore, has not relation to potato-rot, as ordinarily understood. f represents the mycelium (roots) of blue-mold, Penicillium glaucum, and G that of potato-rot, Peronospora infestans." -Watts, 1874

Potato Diseases at a Microscopic Level

"It is not unusual to fine a decayed spot in the center of potatoes otherwise apparently in good condition.…

"The pores of sponges are of two kinds, the larger ones called 'oscula'" and the smaller distinguished as 'pores.' In the living state of the sponge, water is being constantly absorbed by the pores, while currents of water will be seen issuing from the oscula."

Sponge Attached to its Rocky Bed

"The pores of sponges are of two kinds, the larger ones called 'oscula'" and the smaller distinguished…

"These little creatures frequently have the appearance of small, rounded masses, like drops of water. They are naked, without any apparent organization."

Amoeba Princeps (Ehrenberg)

"These little creatures frequently have the appearance of small, rounded masses, like drops of water.…

"The Foraminifera are enclosed in minute calcareous shells, early invisible to the naked eye; they are found among the sands of the sea. The, in common with corals, are great agents in helping to form islands, which rise out of the bosom of the deep in the warm regions of the globe."

Calcarina Calcitrpoides (Lamarck)

"The Foraminifera are enclosed in minute calcareous shells, early invisible to the naked eye; they are…

"The Foraminifera are enclosed in minute calcareous shells, early invisible to the naked eye; they are found among the sands of the sea. The, in common with corals, are great agents in helping to form islands, which rise out of the bosom of the deep in the warm regions of the globe."

Fabularia Discolithus (Defrance)

"The Foraminifera are enclosed in minute calcareous shells, early invisible to the naked eye; they are…

"The Foraminifera are enclosed in minute calcareous shells, early invisible to the naked eye; they are found among the sands of the sea. The, in common with corals, are great agents in helping to form islands, which rise out of the bosom of the deep in the warm regions of the globe."

Alveolina Ovoidea (d'Orbigny)

"The Foraminifera are enclosed in minute calcareous shells, early invisible to the naked eye; they are…

"The shell advances beyond this simple type by a process of linear budding, the first cell being spherical, with an opening through which a second segment is formed, generally a little larger than the first. This new growth is followed by others developed in the same way, until the organism attains its maturity."

Dentalina Subarcuata

"The shell advances beyond this simple type by a process of linear budding, the first cell being spherical,…

One group will take the spherical form and produce a shell in the shape of the nautilus. In this case, all the convolutions are visible.

Operculina

One group will take the spherical form and produce a shell in the shape of the nautilus. In this case,…

One group will take the spherical form and produce a shell in the shape of the nautilus. In this case, the external convolutions conceal those previously formed.

Nummulina Perforta

One group will take the spherical form and produce a shell in the shape of the nautilus. In this case,…

One group will take the spherical form and produce a shell in the shape of the nautilus. In this case, the shell is spiral, with the chamber equilateral, with a larger and smaller side.

Cassidulina Laevigata

One group will take the spherical form and produce a shell in the shape of the nautilus. In this case,…

One group will take the spherical form and produce a shell in the shape of the nautilus. In this case, the new segments are arranged alternately on opposite sides of the central line.

Textularia Variabilis

One group will take the spherical form and produce a shell in the shape of the nautilus. In this case,…

One group will take the spherical form and produce a shell in the shape of the nautilus. Some are more or less oblong, each new segment being nearly equal to the entire length of the shell.

Spiroloculina Depressa

One group will take the spherical form and produce a shell in the shape of the nautilus. Some are more…

One group will take the spherical form and produce a shell in the shape of the nautilus. Some are more or less oblong, each new segment being nearly equal to the entire length of the shell.

Rotalia

One group will take the spherical form and produce a shell in the shape of the nautilus. Some are more…

The body is enclosed in a glassy shell composed of flint. The shell is perforated by numerous holes through which the pseudopodia are emitted, and it is usually of extreme beauty, being sculptured in various ways, and often adorned with spines.

Haliomma Hexacanthum

The body is enclosed in a glassy shell composed of flint. The shell is perforated by numerous holes…

"The singular phenomenon of spontaneous division may be witnessed by any one having patience to examine the creature long enough under the microscope, isolated from its innumerable companions. This process is represented here, A and B being the adult, C the same in course of separation, D after its completion."

Propagation of an Infusorian by Spontaneous Division

"The singular phenomenon of spontaneous division may be witnessed by any one having patience to examine…

In this image, (a) represents the parasites in the various stages of development, and (b), the larger animalcule on which they have established themselves.

Paramecium Aurelia and its Parasites

In this image, (a) represents the parasites in the various stages of development, and (b), the larger…

"The common Volvox is found in great abundance during the summer, and even in the depth of winter in lakes and ponds of fresh water."

Volvox Globular

"The common Volvox is found in great abundance during the summer, and even in the depth of winter in…

"The common Volvox is found in great abundance during the summer, and even in the depth of winter in lakes and ponds of fresh water."

Volvox Globular

"The common Volvox is found in great abundance during the summer, and even in the depth of winter in…

"The Monads are infusorial animalcules which make an early appearance in vegetable infusions. They have no skin; the substance of their bodies can shorten itself or draw itself out more or less; their organization is extremely simple."

Monas Lens

"The Monads are infusorial animalcules which make an early appearance in vegetable infusions. They have…

"This is the most common species of the <em>Euglenia</em>, and is among the most widely diffused of all the Infusioria. It is this animalcule which is often met with covering stagnant pools with a floating surface of green."

Euglena Viridis

"This is the most common species of the Euglenia, and is among the most widely diffused of…

"Paramecium Bursaria is the only species of Paramecium that forms symbiotic relationships with algae, and are often used in biology classrooms as examples of protozoans, and as examples of symbiosis."

Paramecium Bursaria (Pritchard)

"Paramecium Bursaria is the only species of Paramecium that forms symbiotic relationships with algae,…

Related to the Paramecians. These are remarkable for their size and voracity; they sometimes attain the length of a twelfth of an inch.

Kondylostoma Patens

Related to the Paramecians. These are remarkable for their size and voracity; they sometimes attain…

Scheme of the central motor neuron. The motor cell body, together with all its protoplasmic processes, its axis-cylinder process, collaterals, and end ramifications, represent parts of a single cell or neuron. Labels: a, h, Axone-hillock devoid of Nissl bodies, and showing fibrilation; c, cytoplasm showing Nissl bodies and lighter ground substance. n', nucleolus.

Scheme of the Central Motor Neuron

Scheme of the central motor neuron. The motor cell body, together with all its protoplasmic processes,…

Showing some varieties of cell bodies of neurons. A, Unipolar (amacrine) cell from retina; B, Bipolar cell from vestibular ganglion; C, Multipolar cell, with long axon, from spinal cord; D, Golgi cell with short axon breaking up into numerous terminal twigs; E, pyramidal cell from cerebral cortex; a, Axon; clt., collaterals; t, telodendria.

Variety of the Cell Bodies of Neurons

Showing some varieties of cell bodies of neurons. A, Unipolar (amacrine) cell from retina; B, Bipolar…

Purkinjean cell from human cerebellum, as seen in a plane transverse to the long axis of a cerebellar folium. Labels: a, axon; clt., collaterals.

Purkinjean Cell from Cerebellum

Purkinjean cell from human cerebellum, as seen in a plane transverse to the long axis of a cerebellar…

Three stages in the development of a cell from a spinal ganglion.

Development of a Cell from the Spinal Ganglion

Three stages in the development of a cell from a spinal ganglion.

Typical arrangement of the cell layers of the cerebral cortex.

Cell Layers of the Cerebral Cortex

Typical arrangement of the cell layers of the cerebral cortex.

The hepatic cells at different stages of digestion.

Hepatic Cells in Deigestion

The hepatic cells at different stages of digestion.

"Oxalis confertissima. 1. calyx; 2. stamens; 3. pistil; 4. seed and its section of O. acetosella" (common wood sorrel). -Lindley, 1853

Sorrel

"Oxalis confertissima. 1. calyx; 2. stamens; 3. pistil; 4. seed and its section of O. acetosella" (common…

Diagram showing the structure of an animal cell.

Animal Cell

Diagram showing the structure of an animal cell.