The Liberty Bell was used to ring in the independence of the United States of America.

Liberty Bell

The Liberty Bell was used to ring in the independence of the United States of America.

The Union Label for hatmakers.

Hatmakers Union Label

The Union Label for hatmakers.

Danish West Indian Flag

Danish West Indies Flag

Danish West Indian Flag

Roman States Flag

Roman States Flag

Roman States Flag

Coat of Arms, Roman States

The Great Seal of the Roman States

Coat of Arms, Roman States

Roman States Stamp (4 bajocchi) from 1852

Roman States 4 Bajocchi Stamp, 1852

Roman States Stamp (4 bajocchi) from 1852

Roman States Stamp (1 scudo) from 1852

Roman States 1 Scudo Stamp, 1852

Roman States Stamp (1 scudo) from 1852

Coat of Arms, Great Britain and Ireland

The Great Seal of Great Britain and Ireland

Coat of Arms, Great Britain and Ireland

Gibraltar Stamp (10 centimos) from 1889

Gibraltar 10 Centimos Stamp, 1889

Gibraltar Stamp (10 centimos) from 1889

Gibraltar Envelope (20 centimos) from 1889

Gibraltar 20 Centimos Envelope, 1889

Gibraltar Envelope (20 centimos) from 1889

Great Britain and Ireland Stamp (1 shilling) from 1847-1848

Great Britain and Ireland One Shilling Stamp, 1847-1848

Great Britain and Ireland Stamp (1 shilling) from 1847-1848

Great Britain and Ireland Stamp (1 shilling) from 1856

Great Britain and Ireland One Shilling Stamp, 1856

Great Britain and Ireland Stamp (1 shilling) from 1856

Great Britain and Ireland Stamp (8 pence) from 1876-1877

Great Britain and Ireland Eight Pence Stamp, 1876-1877

Great Britain and Ireland Stamp (8 pence) from 1876-1877

Great Britain and Ireland Stamp (3 half pence) from 1880-1881

Great Britain and Ireland Three Half Pence Stamp, 1880-1881

Great Britain and Ireland Stamp (3 half pence) from 1880-1881

Great Britain and Ireland Stamp (5 pound) from 1882

Great Britain and Ireland Five Pound Stamp, 1882

Great Britain and Ireland Stamp (5 pound) from 1882

Great Britain and Ireland Stamp (2 shillings 6 pence) from 1883-1884

Great Britain and Ireland Two Shillings Six Pence Stamp, 1883-1884

Great Britain and Ireland Stamp (2 shillings 6 pence) from 1883-1884

Great Britain and Ireland Stamp (1 pound) from 1883-1884

Great Britain and Ireland One Pound Stamp, 1883-1884

Great Britain and Ireland Stamp (1 pound) from 1883-1884

Great Britain and Ireland Wrapper (1/2 penny) from 1870

Great Britain and Ireland Half Penny Wrapper, 1870

Great Britain and Ireland Wrapper (1/2 penny) from 1870

St. Helena Stamp (1-1/2 d) from 1890

St. Helena 1-1/2 d Stamp, 1890

St. Helena Stamp (1-1/2 d) from 1890

Coat of Arms, Hawaiian Islands

The Great Seal of the Hawaiian Islands

Coat of Arms, Hawaiian Islands

New York City Stamp (3 cent) from 1842. This stamp was acknowledged and ordered by the United States Government, but was issued by and at the expense of the Postmaster of New York City, New York.

New York City Three Cent Stamp, 1842

New York City Stamp (3 cent) from 1842. This stamp was acknowledged and ordered by the United States…

Providence Stamp (10 cent) from 1846. This stamp was acknowledged by the United States Government, but was issued by and at the expense of the Postmaster of Providence, Rhode Island.

Providence Ten Cent Stamp, 1846

Providence Stamp (10 cent) from 1846. This stamp was acknowledged by the United States Government, but…

Carriers' Stamp (1 cent) from 1849

Carriers' One Cent Stamp, 1849

Carriers' Stamp (1 cent) from 1849

Virginia Confederacy Envelope (5 cent) from 1861

Virginia Confederacy Five Cent Envelope, 1861

Virginia Confederacy Envelope (5 cent) from 1861

Tennessee Confederacy Stamp (5 cent) from 1861

Tennessee Confederacy Five Cent Stamp, 1861

Tennessee Confederacy Stamp (5 cent) from 1861

Louisiana Confederacy Stamp (5 cent) from 1861

Louisiana Confederacy Five Cent Stamp, 1861

Louisiana Confederacy Stamp (5 cent) from 1861

Virginia Confederacy Stamp (5 cent) from 1861

Virginia Confederacy Five Cent Stamp, 1861

Virginia Confederacy Stamp (5 cent) from 1861

Confederacy Stamp (1 cent) from 1863-1864

Confederacy One Cent Stamp, 1863-1864

Confederacy Stamp (1 cent) from 1863-1864

Hawaiian Island Stamp (13 cents) from 1851-1852

Hawaiian Island 13 Cents Stamp, 1851-1852

Hawaiian Island Stamp (13 cents) from 1851-1852

Hawaiian Island Stamp (2 cent) from 1862

Hawaiian Island 2 Cent Stamp, 1862

Hawaiian Island Stamp (2 cent) from 1862

Hawaiian Island Stamp (25 cent) from 1883-1884

Hawaiian Island 25 Cent Stamp, 1883-1884

Hawaiian Island Stamp (25 cent) from 1883-1884

Hawaiian Island Envelope (1 cent) from 1884

Hawaiian Island Envelope 1 Cent, 1884

Hawaiian Island Envelope (1 cent) from 1884

Porto Rico Stamp (1/2 mila de peso) from 1882

Porto Rico 1/2 Mila de Peso Stamp, 1882

Porto Rico Stamp (1/2 mila de peso) from 1882

United States Telegraph Stamp (value unknown) from 1870

United States Telegraph Stamp Unknown Value, 1870

United States Telegraph Stamp (value unknown) from 1870

United States Telegraph Stamp (25 cents) from 1885

United StatesTelegraph Stamp 25 Cents, 1885

United States Telegraph Stamp (25 cents) from 1885

United States Telegraph Stamp (1 message of 20 words) from 1892

United States Telegraph Stamp One Message of 20 Words, 1892

United States Telegraph Stamp (1 message of 20 words) from 1892

United States Telegraph Stamp (5 cents) from 1888

United States Telegraph Stamp 5 Cents, 1888

United States Telegraph Stamp (5 cents) from 1888

United States Flag, 23-stars, 1820-1822 Alabama and Maine were added as states in 1820, two stars were added to the flag, which increased the number of stars to 23. Thirteen stripes represent the thirteen original colonies. There is rumored to have been a 23-star flag with the stars arranged in the shape of one large star; however, there are no surviving copies.

United States Flag, 23 stars

United States Flag, 23-stars, 1820-1822 Alabama and Maine were added as states in 1820, two stars were…

Coat of Arms of the United States first appeared publicly in 1782.

The Great Seal of the United States

Coat of Arms of the United States first appeared publicly in 1782.

A man exercising with the quarter circle used for chest and arms.

Quarter Circle

A man exercising with the quarter circle used for chest and arms.

"Stages in the division of a grandmother cell of microspores or pollen grains of a lily, somewhat diagrammatic. 5, double threads so united as to appear as one." -Stevens, 1916

Division of Grandmother Cell Stage 5

"Stages in the division of a grandmother cell of microspores or pollen grains of a lily, somewhat diagrammatic.…

"Fore-limb and hind-limb compared. H., Humerus; R., radius; U., ulna; r., radiale; u., ulnare; C., distal carpals united to carpo-metacarpus; CC., the whole carpal region; MC.I., metacarpal of the thumb; I., phalanx of the thumb; MC.II., second metacarpus; II., second digit; MC.III., third metacarpus; III., third digit. F., femur; T.T., tibio-tarsus; Fi., fibula; Pt., proximal tarsals united to lower end of tibia; dt., distal tarsals nited to upper end of tarso-metatarsus (T.MT.); T., entire tarsal region; MT.I., first metatarsal, free; I.-IV., toes." -Thomson, 1916

Bird Limbs

"Fore-limb and hind-limb compared. H., Humerus; R., radius; U., ulna; r., radiale; u., ulnare; C., distal…

The sexual system of a plant, here having stamens united in a tube, Monadelphia.

Linnaeus' Monadelphia

The sexual system of a plant, here having stamens united in a tube, Monadelphia.

The sexual system of a plant, here having stamens united in two bundles, Diadelphia.

Linnaeus' Diadelphia

The sexual system of a plant, here having stamens united in two bundles, Diadelphia.

The sexual system of a plant, here having stamens united in three or more bundles, Polyadelphia.

Linnaeus' Polyadelphia

The sexual system of a plant, here having stamens united in three or more bundles, Polyadelphia.

The sexual system of a plant, here having stamens united by anthers, Syngenesia.

Linnaeus' Syngenesia

The sexual system of a plant, here having stamens united by anthers, Syngenesia.

The sexual system of a plant, here having stamens united with the pistil, Gynandria.

Linnaeus' Gynandria

The sexual system of a plant, here having stamens united with the pistil, Gynandria.

"Pentremites florealis, Carb. Limestone, Illinois, United States. This fossil almost makes up the bulk of the limestone." -Taylor, 1904

Pentremites florealis

"Pentremites florealis, Carb. Limestone, Illinois, United States. This fossil almost makes up the bulk…

"Grafting. At the left scion and stock are shown ready to be united; at the right they are joined and ready to cover with grafting wax." -Bergen, 1896

Grafting

"Grafting. At the left scion and stock are shown ready to be united; at the right they are joined and…

"Stamens of a thistle, with anthers united into a ring. a, united anthers; f, filaments, bearded on the sides." -Bergen, 1896

Thistle Stamens

"Stamens of a thistle, with anthers united into a ring. a, united anthers; f, filaments, bearded on…

"Bachelor's Button. I, vertical section of the receptacle; II, style and forked stigma; III, corolla, united anthers and stigma; IV, pistil; pap, pappus; ak, akene; V, tubular flower cut vertically, showing anther-tube, traversed by the style; l, lobe of corolla." -Bergen, 1896

Cornflower

"Bachelor's Button. I, vertical section of the receptacle; II, style and forked stigma; III, corolla,…

"Bachelor's Button. I, a tubular flower; anth, the united anthers; II, fruit; III, fruit, vertical section; IV, a neutral ray-flower; V, ring of anthers." -Bergen, 1896

Cornflower

"Bachelor's Button. I, a tubular flower; anth, the united anthers; II, fruit; III, fruit, vertical section;…

(1791-1868) Fifteenth U.S. president.

James Buchanan

(1791-1868) Fifteenth U.S. president.

"The American Blue Jay is a beautiful bird that is common near all sections of the United States, from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada."

American Blue Jay

"The American Blue Jay is a beautiful bird that is common near all sections of the United States, from…

(1837-1908) The 22nd and 24th president of the United States, the only president to serve two nonconsecutive terms.

Stephen Grover Cleveland

(1837-1908) The 22nd and 24th president of the United States, the only president to serve two nonconsecutive…

" In Rockbridge County, Virginia, is to be found one of the greatest curiosities in the United States, a natural bridge. This bridge consists of a stupendous arch of limestone rock, over a chasm fifty feet wide dat its base and ninety feet at the top."- Lupton

Natural Bridge in Virginia

" In Rockbridge County, Virginia, is to be found one of the greatest curiosities in the United States,…

"The sugar maple tree resembles the sycamore, and abounds in the northern parts of the United States, and in the British possessions, where large quantities of sugar are made. "-Lupton

Gathering Sap to make Maple Sugar

"The sugar maple tree resembles the sycamore, and abounds in the northern parts of the United States,…

"George Stephenson is emphatically the engineer to whose intelligence and perseverance we owe the introduction of railroads into England, and consequently into the United States. It was at Killingworth Colliery that he constructed his first locomotive." -Lupton

George Stephenson's First Locomotive

"George Stephenson is emphatically the engineer to whose intelligence and perseverance we owe the introduction…

The quince-tree, which is supposed to be a native of Western Asia, is now cultivated throughout Europe, and in many parts of the United States, for its handsome golden yellow fruit, which, though hard and austere when plucked from the tree, becomes excellent when boiled and eaten with sugar, or preserved in syrup, or made into marmalade.

Quince Fruit

The quince-tree, which is supposed to be a native of Western Asia, is now cultivated throughout Europe,…

"A regular township, according to United States surveys, is 6 miles square and is divided into 36 equal parts or sections, each section containing 640 acres and measuring one mile square...How many acres or land in 4.75 sections? How many more acres in 7.5 sections than there are in 3 sections? How many acres of land in .5 section?, 2.5 sections?, 5 sections? How many more acres in 3.5 sections than in 2 sections?" -Foster, 1921

Land Measurement

"A regular township, according to United States surveys, is 6 miles square and is divided into 36 equal…