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Dorsal or posterior view of the medulla, fourth ventricle, and mesencephalon. Labels: p.n., line of the posterior roots of the spinal nerves; p.m.f., posterior median fissure; f.g., funiculus gracilis; cl., its clava; f.c., funiculus cuneatus; f.R., funiculus of Rolando; r.b., restiform body; c.s., calamus scriptorius; l, section of ligula or taenia; part of choroid plexus is seen beneath t; l.r., lateral recess of the ventricle; str., striae acusticae; i.f., inferior fossa; s.f., posterior fossa; between it and the median sulcus is the fasciculus teres; cbl., cut surface of the cerebellar hemisphere; nd., central or gray matter; s.m.v., superior medullary velum; lng., ligula; s.c.p., superior cerebellar peduncle cut longitudinally; cr., combined section of the three cerebellar peduncles; c.q.s., c.q.i., corpora quadrigemina (superior and inferior); fr., fraenulum; f; f., fibers of the fillet seen on the surface of the tegmentum; c, crusti; l.g., lateral groove; c.g.i, corpus geniculum internus; th., posterior part of the thalamus; p., pineal body. The Roman numbers indicate the corresponding cranial nerves.

Medulla

Dorsal or posterior view of the medulla, fourth ventricle, and mesencephalon. Labels: p.n., line of…

Fourth ventricle with the medulla oblongata and the corpora quadrigemina. The roman numbers indicate superficial origins of the cranial nerves, while the other numbers indicate their deep origins, or the position of their central nuclei. 8, 8', 8", auditory nuclei nerves; t, funiculus teres; A, B, corpora quadrigemina; c.g, corpus geniculatum; p, c, pedunculus cerebri; m, c, p, middle cerebellar peduncle; s, c, p, superior cerebellar peduncle; i, c, p, inferior cerebellar peduncle; l, c, locus caeruleus; e, t, eminentia teres; a, c, ala cinerea; a, n, accessory nucleus; o, obex; c, clava; f, c, funiculus cuneatus; f, g, funiculus gracilis.

Fourth Ventricle with the Medulla Oblongata and the Corpora Quadrigemina

Fourth ventricle with the medulla oblongata and the corpora quadrigemina. The roman numbers indicate…

The chair of St. Peter was made out of wood with ivory reliefs illustrating the story of Hercules in Rome.

Chair of St. Peter Arm-Chair

The chair of St. Peter was made out of wood with ivory reliefs illustrating the story of Hercules in…

The Roman Arm-chair had a decoration symbolic of Ceres, the Roman goddess of growing plants.

Roman Arm-Chair

The Roman Arm-chair had a decoration symbolic of Ceres, the Roman goddess of growing plants.

This Roman bedstead had a Pompeian vase-painting. It included a head and foot board. It was made out of wood and metal and sometimes precious materials such as ivory.

Roman Bedstead

This Roman bedstead had a Pompeian vase-painting. It included a head and foot board. It was made out…

The Antique chair included a statue of Jupiter on the chair.

Antique Chair

The Antique chair included a statue of Jupiter on the chair.

The Antique Pompeian chair included a cushion and a foot-stool.

Antique Pompeian Chair

The Antique Pompeian chair included a cushion and a foot-stool.

"The genus <em>Pinna</em> was so called from its resemblance to the plumelet which the Roman soldiers attached to their helmets. They are of a brown, smoky color, with a fibrous, horny shell, very thin and fragile."

Pinna Rudis (Linnaeus)

"The genus Pinna was so called from its resemblance to the plumelet which the Roman soldiers…

"The genus <em>Pinna</em> was so called from its resemblance to the plumelet which the Roman soldiers attached to their helmets. The animal is thick, elongated, with mantle open behind, presenting a conical, furrowed foot, bearing a considerable byssus."

Pinna Nigrina (Lamarck)

"The genus Pinna was so called from its resemblance to the plumelet which the Roman soldiers…

"The genus <em>Pinna</em> was so called from its resemblance to the plumelet which the Roman soldiers attached to their helmets. The animal is thick, elongated, with mantle open behind, presenting a conical, furrowed foot, bearing a considerable byssus."

Pinna Nobilis, with its byssus (Linnaeus)

"The genus Pinna was so called from its resemblance to the plumelet which the Roman soldiers…

"The genus <em>Pinna</em> was so called from its resemblance to the plumelet which the Roman soldiers attached to their helmets. The animal is thick, elongated, with mantle open behind, presenting a conical, furrowed foot, bearing a considerable byssus."

Pinna Bullata (Swainson)

"The genus Pinna was so called from its resemblance to the plumelet which the Roman soldiers…

A famous road with many branches which connected Rome with Southern Italy

Construction of a Portion of Appian Way

A famous road with many branches which connected Rome with Southern Italy

Armor worn by the Roman soldiers; art armor.

Roman Cuirass (Art Armor)

Armor worn by the Roman soldiers; art armor.

Armor worn by the Roman soldiers as scale armor.

Roman Cuirass (Scale Armor)

Armor worn by the Roman soldiers as scale armor.

The bust of Julius Caesar.

Bust of Julius Caesar

The bust of Julius Caesar.

(1842-1917) American Roman Catholic cardinal born in Italy.

Diomede Falconio

(1842-1917) American Roman Catholic cardinal born in Italy.

(1842-1918) American Roman Catholic cardinal born in Ireland.

John Murphy Farley

(1842-1918) American Roman Catholic cardinal born in Ireland.

The three fates of Greek Mythology were three sisters who spun the thread of life named Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. "Clotho spun the thread of life; Lachesis decided its fate, and Atropos with her great shears cut the thread." -Foster, 1921

Fates

The three fates of Greek Mythology were three sisters who spun the thread of life named Clotho, Lachesis,…

Fortuna, the goddess of chance in Roman mythology.

Fortuna

Fortuna, the goddess of chance in Roman mythology.

"Francis Joseph I (1830-1916), emperor of Austria and king of Hungary, and next to the last of the Hapsburg rulers." -Foster, 1921

Francis Joseph I

"Francis Joseph I (1830-1916), emperor of Austria and king of Hungary, and next to the last of the Hapsburg…

(1712-1786) King of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynaasty, known as the founder of Germany's military power.

Frederick II

(1712-1786) King of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynaasty, known as the founder of Germany's military…

"Germany's most beautiful cathedral, Cologne." -Foster, 1921

Cologne Cathedral

"Germany's most beautiful cathedral, Cologne." -Foster, 1921

(1834-1921) American Roman Catholic Cardinal.

Cardinal James Gibbons

(1834-1921) American Roman Catholic Cardinal.

An illustration of the story, Picciola by X. B. Saintine. Count Charney was imprisoned by the Emperor of France for allegedly planning to assassinate him. In this image, he is begging the guard to send a letter the the emperor to save a little flower that is growing in the stone. A girl delivers this letter and the emperor realizes that this man could not have him killed and releases him.

Picciola

An illustration of the story, Picciola by X. B. Saintine. Count Charney was imprisoned by the Emperor…

"Portrait of the Emperor Maximilian. From a drawing by D&uuml;rer in the Albertina Gallery in Vienna." -Heath, 1901

Portrait of the Emperor Maximilian

"Portrait of the Emperor Maximilian. From a drawing by Dürer in the Albertina Gallery in Vienna."…

"In the month of July, the <em>Apatura Ilia</em> and the Purple Emperor may be observed in the woods. They are marked by a strong flight."

Apatura Ilia

"In the month of July, the Apatura Ilia and the Purple Emperor may be observed in the woods.…

The Pantheon is a building in Rome which was originally built as a temple to all the gods of Ancient Rome, and rebuilt circa 125 AD during Hadrian's reign. Since the 7th century, the Pantheon has been used as a Catholic church. The Pantheon is currently the oldest standing domed structure in Rome.

The Pantheon at Rome

The Pantheon is a building in Rome which was originally built as a temple to all the gods of Ancient…

Hadrian's Wall is a stone and turf fortification built by the Roman Empire across the width of what is now northern England. Construction began in 122 AD.

Hadrian's Wall

Hadrian's Wall is a stone and turf fortification built by the Roman Empire across the width of what…

Saint Alban was the first British Christian martyr. Along with his fellow saints Julius and Aaron, Alban is one of three martyrs remembered from Roman Britain.

St. Alban's Shrine

Saint Alban was the first British Christian martyr. Along with his fellow saints Julius and Aaron, Alban…

A group of Roman soldiers heading into battle.

Roman Soldiers

A group of Roman soldiers heading into battle.

Byzantine Constantinople had been the capital of a Christian empire, see Christendom, successor to ancient Greece and Rome. Throughout the Middle Ages Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city, known as the Queen of Cities (Vasileuousa Polis).

The City of Constantinople (Byzantium)

Byzantine Constantinople had been the capital of a Christian empire, see Christendom, successor to ancient…

The Arles Amphitheatre is a Roman amphitheatre in the southern French town of Arles.

Roman Amphitheatre at Arles

The Arles Amphitheatre is a Roman amphitheatre in the southern French town of Arles.

The distinction between rank and unit type doesn't seem to have been as precise as in a modern-day army, in which a soldier has a separate pay-grade, job description, and assigned unit.

Roman Soldiers

The distinction between rank and unit type doesn't seem to have been as precise as in a modern-day army,…

St Asaph Cathedral, (Welsh: Eglwys Gadeiriol Llanelwy) at St Asaph, Denbighshire, north Wales, is sometimes claimed to be the smallest Anglican cathedral in Britain.

St. Asaph Cathedral

St Asaph Cathedral, (Welsh: Eglwys Gadeiriol Llanelwy) at St Asaph, Denbighshire, north Wales, is sometimes…

The lighthouse on the Eastern Heights still stands in the grounds of Dover Castle to 80 foot (24 m) high close to its original height, and has been adapted for use as the bell tower of the adjacent castle church of St Mary de Castro.

Roman Lighthouse, and Part of St. Mary's Church, Dover

The lighthouse on the Eastern Heights still stands in the grounds of Dover Castle to 80 foot (24 m)…

St Paul's Cathedral, is the Anglican cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. The cathedral sits on the edge of London's oldest region, the City, which originated as a Roman trading post along the edge of the River Thames.

St. Paul's Cathedral

St Paul's Cathedral, is the Anglican cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London, and the seat…

This image depicts the door leading to the Puente Romano, a Roman bridge in Cordoba, Spain.

The Door of the Roman Bridge

This image depicts the door leading to the Puente Romano, a Roman bridge in Cordoba, Spain.

There has been a church on the site for over 1300 years since Etheldreda, Queen of Northumbria made a grant of lands to Wilfrid, Bishop of York c.674. Of Wilfrid's Benedictine abbey, which was constructed almost entirely of material salvaged from nearby Roman ruins, the Saxon crypt and apse still remain.

Hexham Abbey

There has been a church on the site for over 1300 years since Etheldreda, Queen of Northumbria made…

He is well known as an author and scholar, and his most famous work, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (The Ecclesiastical History of the English People) gained him the title "The father of English history". Bede is regarded as a Doctor of the Church by the Roman Catholic Church, a position of theological significance; he is the only man from Great Britain to achieve this designation.

Bede's Tomb, Durham Cathedral

He is well known as an author and scholar, and his most famous work, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum…

Within Roman Catholicism, a monk is a member of a religious order who lives a communal life in a monastery, abbey, or priory under a monastic rule of life (such as the Rule of St. Benedict) and under the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. St. Benedict of Nursia is considered to be the founder of western monasticism. He established the first monastic community in the west and authored the Rule of St. Benedict, which is the foundation for the Order of St. Benedict and all of its reforms such as the Cistercians and the Trappists.

Benedictine Monk

Within Roman Catholicism, a monk is a member of a religious order who lives a communal life in a monastery,…

The influence is very much Roman, and this can be seen by looking at the doors and windows of the tower. The tower has a number of functions. At Earls Barton, the ground floor probably served as the main body of the church and would have been annexed by a chancel to the east.

Earls-Barton Saxon Tower

The influence is very much Roman, and this can be seen by looking at the doors and windows of the tower.…

Pope Saint Gregory VII (c. 1020/1025 – May 25, 1085), born Hildebrand of Soana (Italian: Ildebrando di Soana), was pope from April 22, 1073, until his death. One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor affirming the primacy of the papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the college of cardinals.

Pope Gregory VII

Pope Saint Gregory VII (c. 1020/1025 – May 25, 1085), born Hildebrand of Soana (Italian: Ildebrando…

Odo of Bayeux (c. 1036 – February 1097, Palermo), Norman bishop and English earl, was the half-brother of William the Conqueror, and was for a time second only to the king in power in England.

Odo of Bayeux

Odo of Bayeux (c. 1036 – February 1097, Palermo), Norman bishop and English earl, was the half-brother…

Rochester Castle stands on the east bank of the River Medway, in Rochester, Kent. It is one of the best-preserved castles of its kind in the UK. There has been a castle on this site since Roman times (c <small>AD</small>43), though it is the keep of 1127 and the Norman castle which can be seen today. With the invention of gunpowder other types of defense became more appropriate, and the military center of the Medway Towns moved to Chatham.

Rochester Castle

Rochester Castle stands on the east bank of the River Medway, in Rochester, Kent. It is one of the best-preserved…

The Basilica of St. John Lateran (Italian: Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano) is the cathedral of the church of Rome and the official ecclesiastical seat of the Bishop of Rome, who is the Pope. As the cathedral of the Bishop of Rome, containing the papal throne (Cathedra Romana), it ranks above all other churches in the Roman Catholic Church, even above St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican.

St. John's Church, Lateran Palace, Rome

The Basilica of St. John Lateran (Italian: Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano) is the cathedral of…

The mitre is a type of headgear now known as the traditional, ceremonial head-dress of bishops and certain abbots in the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, some Lutherans.In Western Christianity, the crozier is shaped like a shepherd's crook. A bishop bears this staff as "shepherd of the flock of God"

Mitre and Crosier

The mitre is a type of headgear now known as the traditional, ceremonial head-dress of bishops and certain…

Rome is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city, with more than 2.7 million residents, and a metropolitan area of almost 4 million inhabitants. It is located in the central-western portion of the Italian peninsula, on the Tiber river. Rome stands on top of more than two and a half thousand years of history, was once the largest city in the world and the center of Western civilization. Rome is still the heart of Christianity, being seat of the Roman Catholic Church which controls the Vatican City as its sovereign territory, an enclave of Rome.

General View of Rome

Rome is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city, with more…

The Order of Cistercians, sometimes called the White Monks, is a Roman Catholic religious order of enclosed monks. The first Cistercian abbey was founded by Robert of Molesme in 1098, at Cîteaux Abbey near Dijon, France. Two others, Saint Alberic of Citeaux and Saint Stephen Harding, are considered co-founders of the order, and Bernard of Clairvaux is associated with the fast spread of the order during the 12th century.

Cistercian Monk

The Order of Cistercians, sometimes called the White Monks, is a Roman Catholic religious order of enclosed…

Henry II of England (5 March 1133 &ndash; 6 July 1189) ruled as King of England (1154&ndash;1189). Henry was the first of the House of Plantagenet to rule England and was the great-grandson of William the Conqueror. Like his grandfather, Henry I of England, Henry II had an outstanding knowledge of the law. A talented linguist and excellent Latin speaker, he would sit on councils in person whenever possible. His interest in the economy was reflected in his own frugal lifestyle. He dressed casually except when tradition dictated otherwise and ate a sparing diet.

Henry II

Henry II of England (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189) ruled as King of England (1154–1189). Henry…

The pontifical vestments, also referred to as episcopal vestments or pontificals, are the liturgical vestments worn by bishops in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Eastern Catholic, Anglican, and some Lutheran churches, in addition to the usual priestly vestments for the celebration of the Mass and the other sacraments.

Costume of a Bishop (12th Century)

The pontifical vestments, also referred to as episcopal vestments or pontificals, are the liturgical…

Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash; 6 April 1199) was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death. He was known as Richard the Lionheart, or C&oelig;ur de Lion, even before his accession, because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior. Richard was a central Christian commander during the Third Crusade, effectively leading the campaign after the departure of Philip Augustus, and scoring considerable victories against his Muslim counterpart, Saladin.

Richard I

Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death.…

John (24 December 1167 &ndash; 19 October 1216) reigned as King of England from 6 April 1199, until his death. John acquired the nicknames of "Lackland" for his lack of an inheritance as the youngest son and for his loss of territory to France, and of "Soft-sword" for his alleged military ineptitude. As a historical figure, John is best known for acquiescing to the nobility and signing Magna Carta, a document that limited his power and that is popularly regarded as an early first step in the evolution of modern democracy.

King John

John (24 December 1167 – 19 October 1216) reigned as King of England from 6 April 1199, until…

Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash; 16 November 1272) was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 to his death. Despite his long reign, his personal accomplishments were slim and he was a political and military failure. England, however, prospered during his century and his greatest monument is Westminster, which he made the seat of his government and where he expanded the abbey as a shrine to Edward the Confessor.

Henry III

Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272) was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as…

Edward II, (April 25, 1284 &ndash; September 21, 1327?) of Caernarfon, was King of England from 1307 until he was deposed in January 1327. His tendency to ignore his nobility in favour of low-born favourites led to constant political unrest and his eventual deposition. Edward is perhaps best remembered for his supposed murder and his alleged homosexuality as well as being the first monarch to establish colleges in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge; he founded Cambridge's King's Hall in 1317 and gave Oxford's Oriel College its royal charter in 1326. Both colleges received the favour of Edward's son, Edward III, who confirmed Oriel's charter in 1327 and refounded King's Hall in 1337.

Edward II

Edward II, (April 25, 1284 – September 21, 1327?) of Caernarfon, was King of England from 1307…

John Wycliffe (mid-1320s &ndash; 31 December 1384) was an English theologian, translator and reformist. Wycliffe was an early dissident in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century. He is considered the founder of the Lollard movement, a precursor to the Protestant Reformation (for this reason, he is sometimes called "The Morning Star of the Reformation"). He was one of the earliest opponents of papal encroachment on secular power.

John Wycliffe

John Wycliffe (mid-1320s – 31 December 1384) was an English theologian, translator and reformist.…

The term Norman architecture is used to categorise styles of Romanesque architecture developed by the Normans in the various lands under their dominion or influence in the 11th and 12th centuries. They introduced large numbers of castles and fortifications including Norman keeps, and at the same time monasteries, abbeys, churches and cathedrals, in a style characterised by the usual Romanesque rounded arches (particularly over windows and doorways) and especially massive proportions compared to other regional variations of the style.

Norman Doorway

The term Norman architecture is used to categorise styles of Romanesque architecture developed by the…

The most significant and characteristic development of the Early English period was the pointed arch known as the lancet. Pointed arches were used almost universally, not only in arches of wide span such as those of the nave arcade, but also for doorways and lancet windows.

Early English Door

The most significant and characteristic development of the Early English period was the pointed arch…

The most significant and characteristic development of the Early English period was the pointed arch known as the lancet. Pointed arches were used almost universally, not only in arches of wide span such as those of the nave arcade, but also for doorways and lancet windows.

Decorated Doorway

The most significant and characteristic development of the Early English period was the pointed arch…

A piscina or sacrarium is a shallow basin placed near the altar of a church, used for washing the communion vessels. They are often made of stone and fitted with a drain, and are in some cases used to dispose of materials used in the sacraments. They are found in Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches, and a similar vessel is used in Eastern Orthodox churches.

Decorated Arch and Piscina

A piscina or sacrarium is a shallow basin placed near the altar of a church, used for washing the communion…

The Cathedral of Constance (Konstanzer M&uuml;nster in German) served as the central church of the diocese of Konstanz until 1821. Records indicate that in 590 the Alemannic diocese of Constance is established. The former bishopric of Vindonissa was replaced by Lausanne in the west and Constance in the east.

Constance Cathedral

The Cathedral of Constance (Konstanzer Münster in German) served as the central church of the diocese…