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Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their smallness and closeness. They are arranged in four rows up and down the branchlets. In younger or rapidly growing sprouts the leaves are awl-shaped or needle-shaped, somewhat spreading from the branch, very sharp and stiff, placed in pairs (or sometimes in threes), usually about one fourth of an inch long, and with the fine branchlets, which they cover, rounded. In the older and slower-growing trees the leaves are scale-like and overlapping, egg-shape, closely pressed to the branchlets which they cover, and with the branchlets square. As the branchlets grow, the lower scales sometimes lengthen and become dry and chaffy and slightly spreading. Bark - brown and sometimes purplish-tinged, often shredding off with age and leaving the trunk smooth and polished. Berries - about the size of a small pea, closely placed along the branchlets, bluish, and covered with a whitish powder. Found - in Southern Canada, and distributed nearly throughout the United States - more widely than any other of the cone-bearing trees. General information - An evergreen tree, fifteen to thirty feet high (much larger at the South), usually pyramid-shaped, with a rounded base, but varying very greatly, especially near the coast, where it is often twisted and flattened into angular and weird forms. The wood is very valuable, light, straight-grained, durable, fragrant. It is largely used for posts, for cabinet-work, for interior finish, and almost exclusively in the making of lead pencils. The heart-wood is usually a dull red (whence the name), the sap-wood white. Among the most picturesque objects in the Turkish landscape, standing like sentinels, singly or in groups, and slender and upright as a Lombardy Poplar, are the black cypress trees (C. sempervirens). They mark the sites of graves, often of those which have long since disappeared. In America, more than any other northern tree, the red cedar gives the same sombre effect, whether growing wild or planted in cemeteries. The Common Juniper (J. communis, L.), common as a shrub, is occasionally found in tree form, low, with spreading or drooping branches, and with leaves resembling those of a young Red Cedar, awl-shaped and spreading, but arranged in threes instead of opposite.

Genus Juniperus, L. (Red Cedar)

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their smallness and closeness. They are arranged…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered, but with the odd leaflet often dwarfed or broken off; leaflets, twenty-one to forty-one); alternate; edge of the leaflets entire, with one or two coarse, blunt teeth at each side of their base. Outline - of leaflet, long egg-shape or lance-shape. Apex - taper-pointed. Base, squared, or heart-shaped. Leaf/Stem - smooth, round, swollen at base. Leaflet/Stems - smooth and short. Leaf - one and a half to six feet long. Leaflets variable, usually about six inches by two and a quarter, rather smooth and thin. Bark - of the trunk, smooth and brown; the new shoots marked with whitish dots. Flowers - in long bunches at the ends of the branches; greenish, and of very disagreeable odor. June, July. Seeds - flat, at the centre of greenish and sometimes pink-tinged wings, in large, loose clusters. October. Found - common in cultivation, and to some extent naturalized. General Information - A large, showy tree (sixty to seventy feet high) of remarkable vigorous and rapid growth. It is a native of China. A Jesuit missionary sent its seeds in 1751 to England. In 1784 it was brought from Europe to the United States, and started near Philadelphia. Also about 1804 it was brought to Rhode Island from South America. But the source of most of the trees now found abundantly in the region of New York is Flushing, Long Island, where it was introduced in 1820. It has been a great favorite, and would deserve to be so still were it not for the peculiar and disagreeable odor of its flowers. Ailanthus, from a Greek word meaning "tree of heaven." Ailanthus - This spelling of the name should rule because so given by its author, although, etymologically, Ailantus would be correct, the native Amboyna name being "Aylanto."

Genus Ailanthus, Desf.

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered, but with the odd leaflet often dwarfed or broken off; leaflets, twenty-one…

Leaves - unequally twice-compound (odd-feathered; leaflets very numerous - seven to thirteen on the different branches of the main leaf-stem; alternate; edge of leaflets entire. Outline - leaflets, egg-shape or oval. Apex - sharply taper-pointed. Base, slightly heart-shaped or rounded. Leaf-stem - in the autumn takes a violet tinge. Leaf - one and one half to three feet long, about one half as wide. Leaflets, one to two and one half inches long, of a dull green. Bark - of trunk, rough and scaly, separating in small and hard crosswise and backward-curled strips. Branchlets stout and not thorny. Flowers - in white spikes along the branches. May-July. Fruit - in large curved pods (Six to ten inches long, by two inches broad), pulpy within, of a reddish-brown color, flattened and hard. Each pod contains several hard, gray seeds one half of an inch or more in diameter. September, October. Found - in Franklin County, Pennsylvania (Porter), Western New York, westward and southward to Middle Tennessee. Not common. General information - A tree sixty to eighty feet high, or more, with a rather small and regular head. The fewness and the abruptness of its large branches give to it in the winder a dead and stumpy look, whence one of its common names. Its bruised and sweetened leaves are used at the South for poisoning flies. Its seeds were formerly used as a substitute for coffee.

Genus Gymnocladus, Lam. (Coffee Tree)

Leaves - unequally twice-compound (odd-feathered; leaflets very numerous - seven to thirteen on the…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, three, sometimes five, rarely seven); opposite; edge of leaflet remotely and unequally coarse-toothed. Outline - of leaflets, egg-shape or oval. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - variable and often uneven. Leaflets - slightly rough; the ribs very marked. Bark - of young trunks, smoothish and yellowish-green; twigs, light green. Flowers - small and greenish, in delicate, drooping clusters from the sides of the branches. Fruit - large, yellowish-green, smooth, in long, loose, late-hanging clusters. Found - North, South, and West. One of the most widely distributed of the North American trees, with its finest growth in the region of the Wabash and Cumberland rivers. General Information - A tree twenty to thirty feet high, with spreading branches. Its wood is light and of slight value.

Genus Negundo, Moench

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, three, sometimes five, rarely seven); opposite; edge of…

Paraguay tea leaves of South America.

Tea Plant

Paraguay tea leaves of South America.

Coffee beans of South America.

Coffee Plant

Coffee beans of South America.

Cacao tree of South America where chocolate is made from.

Cacao

Cacao tree of South America where chocolate is made from.

The Ipecac plant of South America.

Ipecac

The Ipecac plant of South America.

The Cinchona plant of South America.

Cinchona

The Cinchona plant of South America.

The Cassava plant of South America.

Cassava

The Cassava plant of South America.

The Vegetable Ivory plant of South America.

Vegetable Ivory

The Vegetable Ivory plant of South America.

The India Rubber plant of South America.

India Rubber

The India Rubber plant of South America.

(1814-1869) Secretary of War under President Lincoln.

Edwin M. Stanton

(1814-1869) Secretary of War under President Lincoln.

South American bird related to the partridge.

Guan

South American bird related to the partridge.

(1819-1867) Inventor of the sewing machine and fought in the Civil War.

Elias Howe

(1819-1867) Inventor of the sewing machine and fought in the Civil War.

(1803-1862) American soldier who fought in the Black Hawk War, the war for Texan independence, the Mexican War, and was killed at Shiloh in the Civil War where he was fighting for the Confederate army, commanding the forces in the west.

Albert Sidney Johnston

(1803-1862) American soldier who fought in the Black Hawk War, the war for Texan independence, the Mexican…

(1843-1900) American statesman, served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War, and was the president of the University of West Virginia.

William L. Wilson

(1843-1900) American statesman, served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War, and was the president…

(1795-1869) American merchant and philanthropist, most noted for his donations to education in the South and to promote arts and sciences.

George Peabody

(1795-1869) American merchant and philanthropist, most noted for his donations to education in the South…

The popular fruit which is native to South America.

Pineapple

The popular fruit which is native to South America.

(1813-1891) Admiral Porter fought in the Mexican war and the Civil War.

David D. Porter

(1813-1891) Admiral Porter fought in the Mexican war and the Civil War.

(1839-1902) American statesman, served in the Civil war and in Congress.

Thomas B. Reed

(1839-1902) American statesman, served in the Civil war and in Congress.

(1853-1902) "A South African statesman, known as the Empire Builder." -Foster, 1921

Cecil Rhodes

(1853-1902) "A South African statesman, known as the Empire Builder." -Foster, 1921

An American soldier fighting the English for the south in the Revolutionary War.

Revolutionary Soldier

An American soldier fighting the English for the south in the Revolutionary War.

The coat of arms of Brazil.

Brazilian Coat of Arms

The coat of arms of Brazil.

The coat of arms of Chile.

Chilean Coat of Arms

The coat of arms of Chile.

The coat of arms of Colombia.

Colombian Coat of Arms

The coat of arms of Colombia.

The coat of arms of Costa Rica.

Costa Rican Coat of Arms

The coat of arms of Costa Rica.

The coat of arms of Dominican Republic.

Dominican Republic Coat of Arms

The coat of arms of Dominican Republic.

The Coat of Arms of Ecuador.

Ecuador Coat of Arms

The Coat of Arms of Ecuador.

The Coat of Arms of Mexico.

Mexican Coat of Arms

The Coat of Arms of Mexico.

The Coat of Arms of Paraguay.

Paraguay Coat of Arms

The Coat of Arms of Paraguay.

The Coat of Arms of Peru.

Peruvian Coat of Arms

The Coat of Arms of Peru.

The Coat of Arms of Uruguay.

Uruguay Coat of Arms

The Coat of Arms of Uruguay.

The Coat of Arms of Venezuela.

Venezuelan Coat of Arms

The Coat of Arms of Venezuela.

Coat of Arms, Argentine Republic

The Great Seal of the Argentine Republic

Coat of Arms, Argentine Republic

Argentine Republic Stamp (10 centavos) from 1867-1873

Argentine Republic Diez Centavos Stamp, 1867-1873

Argentine Republic Stamp (10 centavos) from 1867-1873

Argentine Republic Stamp (2 centavos) from 1877-1880

Argentine Republic Dos Centavos Stamp, 1877-1880

Argentine Republic Stamp (2 centavos) from 1877-1880

Argentine Republic Stamp (25 centavos) from 1877-1880

Argentine Republic Veinticinco Centavos Stamp, 1877-1880

Argentine Republic Stamp (25 centavos) from 1877-1880

Argentine Republic Centenary Stamp (2 centavos) from 1892 - October 12, 1892

Argentine Republic 2 Centavos Centenary Stamp, 1892

Argentine Republic Centenary Stamp (2 centavos) from 1892 - October 12, 1892

Argentine Republic Telegraph Stamp (40 centavos) from 1890

Argentine Republic 40 Centavos Telegraph Stamp, 1890

Argentine Republic Telegraph Stamp (40 centavos) from 1890

Argentine Republic Envelope (5 centavos) from 1876

Argentine Republic Cinco Centavos Envelope, 1876

Argentine Republic Envelope (5 centavos) from 1876

Argentine Republic Envelope (16 centavos) from 1878

Argentine Republic 16 Centavos Envelope, 1878

Argentine Republic Envelope (16 centavos) from 1878

Argentine Republic Wrapper (1/2 centavo) from 1889

Argentine Republic 1/2 Centavo Wrapper, 1889

Argentine Republic Wrapper (1/2 centavo) from 1889

Coat of Arms, Buenos Ayres

The Great Seal of Buenos Ayres

Coat of Arms, Buenos Ayres

Buenos Ayres Stamp (4 reales) from 1860

Buenos Ayres 4 Reales Stamp, 1860

Buenos Ayres Stamp (4 reales) from 1860

Coat of Arms, New South Wales

The Great Seal of New South Wales

Coat of Arms, New South Wales

New South Wales Stamp (1 penny) from 1851-1853

New South Wales One Penny Stamp, 1851-1853

New South Wales Stamp (1 penny) from 1851-1853

New South Wales Stamp (unknown pence) from 1871-1876

New South Wales Unknown Pence Stamp, 1871-1876

New South Wales Stamp (unknown pence) from 1871-1876

New South Wales Stamp (2 pence) from 1888-1889

New South Wales Two Pence Stamp, 1888-1889

New South Wales Stamp (2 pence) from 1888-1889

New South Wales Envelope (value unknown) from 1838

New South Wales Unknown Value Envelope, 1838

New South Wales Envelope (value unknown) from 1838

Coat of Arms, South Australia

The Great Seal of South Australia

Coat of Arms, South Australia

South Australia Stamp (2 pence) from 1867-1868

South Australia Two Pence Stamp, 1867-1868

South Australia Stamp (2 pence) from 1867-1868

Brazilian Flag

Brazil Flag

Brazilian Flag

Coat of Arms, Brazil

The Great Seal of Brazil

Coat of Arms, Brazil

Brazil Stamp (100 reis) from 1882-1885

Brazil 100 Reis Stamp, 1882-1885

Brazil Stamp (100 reis) from 1882-1885

Brazil Stamp (50 R) from 1887-1888

Brazil 50 R Stamp, 1887-1888

Brazil Stamp (50 R) from 1887-1888

Brazil Stamp (700 reis) from 1887-1888

Brazil 700 Reis Stamp, 1887-1888

Brazil Stamp (700 reis) from 1887-1888

Brazil Revenue Stamp (200 reis) from 1887

Brazil Revenue Stamp 200 Reis, 1887

Brazil Revenue Stamp (200 reis) from 1887

Brazil Newspaper Stamp (10 reis) from 1890

Brazil 10 Reis Newspaper Stamp, 1890

Brazil Newspaper Stamp (10 reis) from 1890

Brazil Envelope (200 reis) from 1893

Brazil Envelope 200 Reis, 1893

Brazil Envelope (200 reis) from 1893