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Roman bucranes and festoon.

Bucranes and Festoon

Roman bucranes and festoon.

Greco-Roman Corinthian order of Temple of Vesta.

Corinthian Order

Greco-Roman Corinthian order of Temple of Vesta.

The Roman acanthus constitutes a type, rather than a particular form of leaf. As compared with the Greek type, it is less massive, less pointed, more minutely modeled. It suggests a larger, thinner, more flexible and more complex leaf, with well-developed "eyes" at the bases of the lobes and "pipes" or ribs curving from these to the base of the leaf.

Acanthus Leaves

The Roman acanthus constitutes a type, rather than a particular form of leaf. As compared with the Greek…

Roman carved anthemion.

Anthemion

Roman carved anthemion.

Roman carved anthemion.

Anthemion

Roman carved anthemion.

Roman carved anthemion.

Anthemion

Roman carved anthemion.

Typical Roman ceiling panel.

Ceiling Panel

Typical Roman ceiling panel.

Repeating band design.

Roman Ornament

Repeating band design.

Repeating band design.

Roman Ornament

Repeating band design.

Roman hanging ornament.

Roman Ornament

Roman hanging ornament.

Roman finial ornament.

Roman Ornament

Roman finial ornament.

Underside of silver vase, Hildesheim Treasure.

Roman Vase

Underside of silver vase, Hildesheim Treasure.

Semicircular panel in Court of Mattei Palace, Rome, with rinceaux and rosettes.

Roman Panel

Semicircular panel in Court of Mattei Palace, Rome, with rinceaux and rosettes.

Marble hydria from Pompeii.

Roman Vase

Marble hydria from Pompeii.

The head of Medusa from center of an antique patera, Roman.

Medusa Head

The head of Medusa from center of an antique patera, Roman.

Head of Minerva, Roman goddess of war, medicine, wisdom, and the arts.

Minerva

Head of Minerva, Roman goddess of war, medicine, wisdom, and the arts.

Head of Mars, Roman god of war.

Mars

Head of Mars, Roman god of war.

Roman Renaissance uppercase alphabet, 1547, specimen beek of John of Yciar, Durango, Biscaya.

Roman Renaissance Alphabet

Roman Renaissance uppercase alphabet, 1547, specimen beek of John of Yciar, Durango, Biscaya.

Roman Renaissance lowercase alphabet, 1553, specimen book of Wolfgang Fugger, Nurenberg.

Roman Renaissance Alphabet

Roman Renaissance lowercase alphabet, 1553, specimen book of Wolfgang Fugger, Nurenberg.

"The Confederate privateer steamer <em>Alabama</em> (290). Captain Raphael Semmes. Our illustration of the <em>Alabama</em> was taken from a photograph while she was at Liverpool, where she was facetiously termed the Emperor of China's yacht. The <em>Alabama</em> was built at Birkenhead; she was about 1,200 tons burden, with draught of about 14 feet; her engines built by Laird & Sons, of Birkenhead, 1862. She was a wooden vessel propelled by a screw, copper bottom, about 210 feet long, rather narrow, painted black outside and drab inside; had a round stern, billethead, very little sheer, flushed deck fore and aft; a bridge forward of the smokestack; carried two large black boats on cranes amidships forward of the main rigging; two black quarter boats between the main and mizzen masts, one small black boat over the stern on cranes; the square spars on a gallows between the bridge and foremast showed above the rail. She carried three long 32-pounders on a side, and was pierced for two more amidships; had a 100-pound rifled pivot gun forward of the bridge, and a 68-pound pivot on the main track; had tracks laid forward for a pivot bow gun, and tracks aft for a pivot stern chaser; her guns were of the Blakely pattern, and were manufactured by Wesley & Preston, Liverpool, 1862. She took her armament and crew and most of her officers on board near Terceira. Wester Islands, from an English vessel. Her commander was Raphael Semmes."&mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Steamer Alabama

"The Confederate privateer steamer Alabama (290). Captain Raphael Semmes. Our illustration…

The lilliputian Emperor arriving on horseback to visit Gulliver at his house.

Emperor Visits

The lilliputian Emperor arriving on horseback to visit Gulliver at his house.

Gulliver in the Emperor's court having his liberty granted upon certain conditions.

Giant's leg

Gulliver in the Emperor's court having his liberty granted upon certain conditions.

Gulliver kneeling down infront of the Lilliputian Emperor being condemned for a crime.

Giant Kneeling Down

Gulliver kneeling down infront of the Lilliputian Emperor being condemned for a crime.

The Lilliputian Emperor at his hurting childs side during dinner.

Emperor with Crying Child

The Lilliputian Emperor at his hurting childs side during dinner.

Ambassadors arrive from the Emperor of Blefuscu, and sue for peace.

Emperor's Court

Ambassadors arrive from the Emperor of Blefuscu, and sue for peace.

The Emperor of Blefuscu and his court.

Emperor and Court

The Emperor of Blefuscu and his court.

Virtual representation, 1775. 1. One String Jack, Deliver your property. 2. Begar, just so in France. 3. Te Deum. 4. I give you that man's money for my use. 5. I will not be robbed. 6. I shall be wounded with you. 7. I am blinded. 8. The French Roman Catholic town of Quebec. 9. The English Protestant town of Boston.

Representation of 1775

Virtual representation, 1775. 1. One String Jack, Deliver your property. 2. Begar, just so in France.…

"The Walnut Street Prison. This edifice was erected in 1774, and taken down in 1836. The beautiful new Athenaeum occupies a portion of the ground on Sixth Street, and the remainder is covered by elegant dwellings. It is a singular fact that the architect who constructed it was the first person incarcerated in it. He was a Whig, and, having incurred the displeasure of the British, he was locked up in that prison. The <em>Public Ledger</em> of June 26th, 1837, gives an account of an armorial drawing, representing, in bold relief, a cuirass, casque, gorget, and Roman battle-ax, with radiating spears, which was made upon an arch of one of the second story cells, by Marshall, an English engraver, who was confined there for many years for counterfeiting the notes of the United States Bank. He was the son of the notorious 'Bag and Hatchet Woman,' of St. Giles's, London, who followed the British army in its Continental campaigns, and gathered spoils from the slain and wounded on the field of battle. Those who were dead, were readily plundered, and the wounded as readily dispatched. This woman and son were master-spirits in the purlieus of St. Giles's, among robbers and counterfeiters. The gang were at length betrayed, and the parent and child fled to this country, bringing with them considerable wealth in money and jewels. They lived in splendid style in Philadelphia, riding in a gorgeous cream-colored phaeton, drawn by richly-caparisoned horses, driven tandem. Their means were soon exhausted, when the son married, and commenced business as an engraver. He counterfeited notes of the United States Bank, was detected, and in 1803 was sentenced to eighteen years' confinement and hard labor in the Walnut Street Prison, then the State Penitentiary. While he was in prison, his mother, who had wondered away from Philadelphia in poverty and destitution, was executed in another state for a foul murder and arson."—Lossing, 1851

Walnut Street Prison

"The Walnut Street Prison. This edifice was erected in 1774, and taken down in 1836. The beautiful new…

"In architecture the slab or plinth which forms the upper member of the capital of a column or pillar, and upon which rests, in classic styles, the lower surface of the achitrave."—Wright, 1902

Abacus

"In architecture the slab or plinth which forms the upper member of the capital of a column or pillar,…

Roman standard Bearer

Bearer

Roman standard Bearer

Roman Foot Soldier during the Conquest of Italy

Foot Soldier

Roman Foot Soldier during the Conquest of Italy

A Roman war ship.

War Ship

A Roman war ship.

"Roman aqueduct near Nimes, in France."&mdash;Colby, 1899

Aqueduct

"Roman aqueduct near Nimes, in France."—Colby, 1899

Ancient Roman plow

Plow

Ancient Roman plow

"Marcus Tullius Cicero, friend of Pompey and the foremost orator in Rome."&mdash;Colby, 1899

Cicero

"Marcus Tullius Cicero, friend of Pompey and the foremost orator in Rome."—Colby, 1899

"Augustus ruled for about forty-two yeras, that is, from 27 B.C. to 14 A.D., and this period is known in history as the Golden Age of Latin Literature."—Colby, 1899

Augustus

"Augustus ruled for about forty-two yeras, that is, from 27 B.C. to 14 A.D., and this period is known…

A Roman School

Roman School

A Roman School

Arch of Titus (Rome)

Arch of Titus

Arch of Titus (Rome)

"Excavating a house at Pompeii from eruption of Vesuvius, which buried the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii."&mdash;Colby, 1899

Pompeii

"Excavating a house at Pompeii from eruption of Vesuvius, which buried the cities of Herculaneum and…

"Early Germans. These German ancestors of ours, for so we must consider them, since the chief element of the English-speaking race is German, continued in the barbarous stage while the Romans advanced to the founding of a great empire and were already on the road to decline; and from the first century B.C. to the fourth century A.D. there was little change in their condition."&mdash;Colby, 1899

Germans

"Early Germans. These German ancestors of ours, for so we must consider them, since the chief element…

"A Roman house. In early times the private houses of the Romans were very simple, showing little attempt at adornment or luxury, but in the later days of the republic and under the empire, the dwellings of the wealthy were costly and beautiful."&mdash;Colby, 1899

House

"A Roman house. In early times the private houses of the Romans were very simple, showing little attempt…

"Catapult from the Roman military system. The Roman army was divided into legions, each of which contained about 6,000 men, although at first the number was much smaller. Each legion was in turn subdivided into ten cohorts. Besides the legionary soldiers, the army comprised bodies of auxiliar troops from the provinces or the allies of Rome. The common weapons were the pilum, or javelin, and a short sword, but slings and bows were also used."&mdash;Colby, 1899

Catapult

"Catapult from the Roman military system. The Roman army was divided into legions, each of which contained…

"Diana, the goddess of the chase."&mdash;Colby, 1899

Diana

"Diana, the goddess of the chase."—Colby, 1899

A Roman bakery

Bakery

A Roman bakery

"Martin Luther was born at Eisleben in 1483. He was the son of a poor miner, had entered the Augustinian order, and had become professor of theology at Wittenberg. In the course of his studies he had come to question the practice of the Church in regard to the whole system of penance. Up to this time, however, he had made no open protest, but Tetzel's course in Germany impelled him to public opposition. In 1517 he nailed to the church door at Wittenberg ninety-five theses or propositions, appealing to men's consciences against the practice of 'selling forgiveness.' The widespread discontent in Germany gave to these theses an instant publicity. They were printed and scattered broadcast throughout the country. In them Luther showed no intention to break with the authority of the Roman Catholic Churrch. They were merely propositions for dispute, and he nailed them on the Church door as a challenge to any disuputant who might be willing to argue against them. disputants soon appeared, and the first thing they did was to appeal to the authority of the Church. This led Luther, at first, to question and finally to deny the authority of the Church, as resting not on a divine but on a human basis. He said that the Church was not the source of divine truth, and that the Bible was the sole source. The Reformation now entered on its first phase."—Colby, 1899

Martin Luther

"Martin Luther was born at Eisleben in 1483. He was the son of a poor miner, had entered the Augustinian…

"Queen Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII, by Anne Boleyn. Her reign is one of the most remarkable in English history. It lasted from 1558 to 1603, and in those years England's glory was brighter than it had ever been before. Elizabeth was not extreme in her religious views. she was probably lacking in religious feeling, but on the whole, inclined toward the Protestant system, though not biitter against the Roman Catholic Church. Accordingly, the Church of Elizabeth was less Protestant than that of Edward VI, but did not retain the Roman Catholic doctrines of the Church of Mary and Henry VIII. It was a Protestant Church, but kept the old forms of worship."&mdash;Colby, 1899

Queen Elizabeth

"Queen Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII, by Anne Boleyn. Her reign is one of the most remarkable…

"Gustavus Adolphus entered Germany at the head of 16,000 men. Among some of the Protestants there was a reluctance to cooperate with this new ally; for they distrusted his motives, especially in regard to northern Germany, where it was known that he had dreams of making himself the master of the Baltic Sea. Nevertheless, many of the hesitating Protestants rallied to his side after the siege and sack of Magdeburg, in 1631. The taking of this city by the troops of Tilly was marked by the most brutal massacre and pillage. Women and children were murdered; and the town was burned to the ground. It is said that some 30,000 people perished at this time. Saxony now joined the side of the Swedish king, who, in 1631, encountered Tilly on the battlefield of Lepzig. Here Gustavus completely overthrew his enemy, and when Tilly again tried to check his advance into southern Germany, Gustavus won another battle, in which Tilly was slain. The successes of Gustavus led the emperor to restore Wallenstein to the command (1632), and Wallenstein accepted the leadership on condition that he was to have absolute control of the army."—Colby, 1899

Gustavus Adolphus

"Gustavus Adolphus entered Germany at the head of 16,000 men. Among some of the Protestants there was…

"A genus of small herbaceous plants of southern Europe and Africa; they have spinosely toothed leaves, and they are sometimes cultivated for the sake of their beautiful foliage."-Whitney, 1902

Acanthus

"A genus of small herbaceous plants of southern Europe and Africa; they have spinosely toothed leaves,…

Emperor William

William I, Emperor of Germany

Emperor William

"Allocution; from an imperial Roman bronze coin in the British Museum."-Whitney, 1902

Roman Coin

"Allocution; from an imperial Roman bronze coin in the British Museum."-Whitney, 1902

"Round, triangular, or square in plan, often elaborately adorned with sculpture, and bearing inscriptions."-Whitney, 1902

Greek Altar

"Round, triangular, or square in plan, often elaborately adorned with sculpture, and bearing inscriptions."-Whitney,…

"The Greek and Roman conception of the Egyptian deity Amen-Ra, the sun god."-Whitney, 1902

Ammon

"The Greek and Roman conception of the Egyptian deity Amen-Ra, the sun god."-Whitney, 1902

"A jar with two handles; Among the Greek and Roman, a vessel, usually tall and slender having two handles or ears, a narrow neck, and generally a sharp-pointed base for insertion into the ground: used for holding wine, oil, honey, grain, etc."-Whitney, 1902

Amphora

"A jar with two handles; Among the Greek and Roman, a vessel, usually tall and slender having two handles…

"A jar with two handles; Among the Greek and Roman, a vessel, usually tall and slender having two handles or ears, a narrow neck, and generally a sharp-pointed base for insertion into the ground: used for holding wine, oil, honey, grain, etc."-Whitney, 1902

Amphora

"A jar with two handles; Among the Greek and Roman, a vessel, usually tall and slender having two handles…

"Eyed Emperor (Apatura cellis, Boisduval)."-Whitney, 1902

Eyed Emperor Moth

"Eyed Emperor (Apatura cellis, Boisduval)."-Whitney, 1902

"Among the larger and more splendid moths of our own country is the Luna Moth, or Green Emperor Moth, <em>attacus luna</em> a large and beautiful species, common in the Northern United States. The wings, which are drawn out into what appears like a long tail, are of a light yellowish-green color, marked with eye-spots near the middle. The expanse of the wings is four inches. The caterpilar lives on walnut-trees, and spins a cocoon of which silk might be made. Many of these cocoons may be picked up on the ground, in autumn or spring, beneath the trees frequented by these insect." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Chrysalis of the Luna Moth

"Among the larger and more splendid moths of our own country is the Luna Moth, or Green Emperor Moth,…

"Among the larger and more splendid moths of our own country is the Luna Moth, or Green Emperor Moth, <em>attacus luna</em> a large and beautiful species, common in the Northern United States. The wings, which are drawn out into what appears like a long tail, are of a light yellowish-green color, marked with eye-spots near the middle. The expanse of the wings is four inches. The caterpilar lives on walnut-trees, and spins a cocoon of which silk might be made. Many of these cocoons may be picked up on the ground, in autumn or spring, beneath the trees frequented by these insect." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Luna Moth

"Among the larger and more splendid moths of our own country is the Luna Moth, or Green Emperor Moth,…

"Among the larger and more splendid moths of our own country is the Luna Moth, or Green Emperor Moth, <em>attacus luna</em> a large and beautiful species, common in the Northern United States. The wings, which are drawn out into what appears like a long tail, are of a light yellowish-green color, marked with eye-spots near the middle. The expanse of the wings is four inches. The caterpilar lives on walnut-trees, and spins a cocoon of which silk might be made. Many of these cocoons may be picked up on the ground, in autumn or spring, beneath the trees frequented by these insect." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Caterpillar of the Luna Moth

"Among the larger and more splendid moths of our own country is the Luna Moth, or Green Emperor Moth,…

"Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caracalla was eldest son of the Emperor Severus, born in Lyons, A.D. 188. On the death of his father he succeeded to the throne with his brother, Antoninus Geta, whom he speedily murdered. Among the buildings of Caracalla in Rome, the baths-Therm&aelig; Caracall&aelig;- near Porta Capena, were most celebrated, and their ruins are still magnificent."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Hall in Baths of Caracalla

"Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caracalla was eldest son of the Emperor Severus, born in Lyons, A.D. 188.…

"Roman As in the British Museum."-Whitney, 1902

As

"Roman As in the British Museum."-Whitney, 1902