ClipArt ETC
A doodad.

Doodad

A doodad.

"Hop louse which lives on the plum tree in the late fall, winter, and early spring until the hop vines develope, male." — Davison, 1906

Hop Louse

"Hop louse which lives on the plum tree in the late fall, winter, and early spring until the hop vines…

A line of boys pushing eachother, with the first boy being knocked over.

Boys in line

A line of boys pushing eachother, with the first boy being knocked over.

"Toxotes jaculator, a scaly-finned, acanthopterygian fish, about 6 in. long, inhabiting the seas around Java, which has the faculty of shooting drops of water to the distance of 3 or 4 ft. with sure aim, at insects, causing them to fall into the water, when it devours them." — Williams, 1889

Archerfish

"Toxotes jaculator, a scaly-finned, acanthopterygian fish, about 6 in. long, inhabiting the seas around…

There was an old man at a casement, who held up his hands in amazement; When they said, "Sir, you'll fall!" He replied, "Not at all!" That incipient old man at a casement.

Edward Lear's Rhymes

There was an old man at a casement, who held up his hands in amazement; When they said, "Sir, you'll…

There was an old man of Nepaul, from his horse had a terrible fall; But, though split quite in two, by some very strong glue, they mended that man of Nepaul.

Edward Lear's Rhymes

There was an old man of Nepaul, from his horse had a terrible fall; But, though split quite in two,…

Sprengel's Air-pump is a glass tube longer than a barometer tube, down which mercury is allowed to fall from the funnel.

Air Pump

Sprengel's Air-pump is a glass tube longer than a barometer tube, down which mercury is allowed to fall…

"Hebe was dismissed from her office in consequence of a fall which she met with one day when in attendance on the gods. Her successor was Ganmedes, a Trojan boy whom Jupiter, in the disguise of an eagle, siezed and carried off from the midst of his playfellows on Mount Ida, bore up to heaven, and installed in the vacant place." —Bulfinch, 1897

Ganymede

"Hebe was dismissed from her office in consequence of a fall which she met with one day when in attendance…

The common name applied to various classes of amphibians closely resembling the salamanders. The form is more slender than that of salamanders, their habits are more active, and they are oviparous. The different species are strictly air-breathers. They are aquatic in habits, and though the larval gills fall off when the animal is about three months old, they retain the larval tail.

Newt

The common name applied to various classes of amphibians closely resembling the salamanders. The form…

Types of pappus hairs. Plumose hair of fall dandelion.

Pappus Hairs

Types of pappus hairs. Plumose hair of fall dandelion.

A species of thrush native to Eurasia, which resembles in size and appearance the blackbird. It is migratory, moving far northward in Europe and Asia in the spring, and passing to the Mediterranean region and Africa in the fall.

Ring Ouzel

A species of thrush native to Eurasia, which resembles in size and appearance the blackbird. It is migratory,…

Flower page divider

Flower

Flower page divider

This image shows the death of Louis-Joseph de Montcalm. Montcalm was the commander of the French forces in North America during the Seven Years' War. He is most remembered for his role in the Fall of Quebec, and remains a controversial figure.

Montcalm

This image shows the death of Louis-Joseph de Montcalm. Montcalm was the commander of the French forces…

This illustration shows the lines of force when a positive charge equal to 4 at A, and a negative charge of 1 at B, are used. A being numerically stronger than B, lines starting from A will not fall on B, but pass off to infinate distance.

Electricity

This illustration shows the lines of force when a positive charge equal to 4 at A, and a negative charge…

The streaming of Protoplasm in the Amoeba. The forward motion of the granules takes place more rapidly in the centre of the pseudopodium (p). Those at the margin fall behind those in the centre as the pseudopodium advances.

Amoeba

The streaming of Protoplasm in the Amoeba. The forward motion of the granules takes place more rapidly…

The Falls of St. Anthony.

Water Falls

The Falls of St. Anthony.

"Springing Beetles, Elateridae, are narrower and more elongate than the former, and their legs are so short that when they fall on their backs they are as unable to right themselves as a capsized turtle, but by bending the head and thorax backwards, and making use of the prolongation already described, they are enabled to spring to a height fully ten times their own length, and this operation they repeat until they fall on their feet. The noise which accompanies the springing process has earned for them the name of Click Beetles." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Click Beetle

"Springing Beetles, Elateridae, are narrower and more elongate than the former, and their legs are so…

"When a water fall ranges between 10 and 70 feet, and the water supply is from 3 to 25 cubic feet per second, it is possible to construct a bucket wheel on which the water acts chiefly by its weight. If the variation of the head-water level does not exceed 2 feet, an overshot wheel may be used. The water is then projected over the summit of the wheel, and falls in a parabolic path into the buckets. With greater variation of head-water level, a pitch-back or high breast wheel is better. The water falls over the top of a sliding sluice into the wheel, on the same side as the head race channel. By adjusting the height of the sluice, the requisite supply is given to the wheel in all positions of the head-water level. The wheel consists of a cast-iron or wrought-iron axle C supporting the weight of the wheel. To this are attached two sets of arms A of wood or iron, which support circular segmental plates termed shrouds B. A cylindrical sole plate dd extends between the shrouds on the inner side. The buckets are formed by wood planks or curved wrought-iron plates extending from shroud to shroud, the back of the buckets being formed by the sole plate." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Water Wheel

"When a water fall ranges between 10 and 70 feet, and the water supply is from 3 to 25 cubic feet per…

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines. It is one of the best even in normal conditions of working, and the mode of regulation introduced is decidedly superior to that in most reaction turbines; it might almost be said to be the only mode of regulation which satisfies the conditions of efficient working, and it has been adopted in a modified form in the Leffel turbine, which is now largely used in america. The turbine has suction pipes, which permit the turbine to be placed at any height less than 30 feet above the tail-water level. The water enters the turbine by cast-iron supply pipes at A, and is discharged through two suction pipes S. The water on entering the case distributes itself through a rectangular supply chamber SC, from which it finds its way equally to the four guide-blade passages G. In these passages it acquires a velocity about equal to that due to half the fall, and is directed into the wheel at an angle of about 10 or 12 degrees with the tangent to its circumference. The wheel W receives the water in equal proportions from each guide-blade passage." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Reaction Turbine

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines.…

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines. It is one of the best even in normal conditions of working, and the mode of regulation introduced is decidedly superior to that in most reaction turbines; it might almost be said to be the only mode of regulation which satisfies the conditions of efficient working, and it has been adopted in a modified form in the Leffel turbine, which is now largely used in america. The turbine has suction pipes, which permit the turbine to be placed at any height less than 30 feet above the tail-water level. The water enters the turbine by cast-iron supply pipes at A, and is discharged through two suction pipes S. The water on entering the case distributes itself through a rectangular supply chamber SC, from which it finds its way equally to the four guide-blade passages G. In these passages it acquires a velocity about equal to that due to half the fall, and is directed into the wheel at an angle of about 10 or 12 degrees with the tangent to its circumference. The wheel W receives the water in equal proportions from each guide-blade passage." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Reaction Turbine

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines.…

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines. It is one of the best even in normal conditions of working, and the mode of regulation introduced is decidedly superior to that in most reaction turbines; it might almost be said to be the only mode of regulation which satisfies the conditions of efficient working, and it has been adopted in a modified form in the Leffel turbine, which is now largely used in america. The turbine has suction pipes, which permit the turbine to be placed at any height less than 30 feet above the tail-water level. The water enters the turbine by cast-iron supply pipes at A, and is discharged through two suction pipes S. The water on entering the case distributes itself through a rectangular supply chamber SC, from which it finds its way equally to the four guide-blade passages G. In these passages it acquires a velocity about equal to that due to half the fall, and is directed into the wheel at an angle of about 10 or 12 degrees with the tangent to its circumference. The wheel W receives the water in equal proportions from each guide-blade passage." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Reaction Turbine

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines.…

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines. It is one of the best even in normal conditions of working, and the mode of regulation introduced is decidedly superior to that in most reaction turbines; it might almost be said to be the only mode of regulation which satisfies the conditions of efficient working, and it has been adopted in a modified form in the Leffel turbine, which is now largely used in america. The turbine has suction pipes, which permit the turbine to be placed at any height less than 30 feet above the tail-water level. The water enters the turbine by cast-iron supply pipes at A, and is discharged through two suction pipes S. The water on entering the case distributes itself through a rectangular supply chamber SC, from which it finds its way equally to the four guide-blade passages G. In these passages it acquires a velocity about equal to that due to half the fall, and is directed into the wheel at an angle of about 10 or 12 degrees with the tangent to its circumference. The wheel W receives the water in equal proportions from each guide-blade passage." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Reaction Turbine

"Professor James Thomson's inward flow or vortex turbine has been selected as the type of reaction turbines.…

"Why does a person carrying a weight upon his back stoop forward? In order to bring the center of gravity of his body and the load over his feet. If held in this position, he would fall backwards, as the direction of the center of gravity would fall beyond his heels." — Wells, 1857

Center of Gravity

"Why does a person carrying a weight upon his back stoop forward? In order to bring the center of gravity…

"When a vessel containing water is whirled rapidly round, why does not the water fall out when the vessel is upside down? Because the centrifugal force, tending to make the water fly from the center, overcomes or balances the attraction of gravitation, which tends to cause the water to fall out." — Wells, 1857

Centrifugal Force

"When a vessel containing water is whirled rapidly round, why does not the water fall out when the vessel…

"A section of part of a lace machine. E is the cylinder or beam upon which the lace is rolled as made, and upon which the ends of both warp and weft threads are fastened at starting. Beneath are w, w, w, a series of trays or beams, one above the other, containing the reels of the supplies of warp threads; c, c represent the slide bars for the passage of the bobbin b with its thread from k to k, the landing bars, one on each side of the rank of warp threads; s, t are the combs which take it in turns to press together the twistings as they are made. The combs are so regulated that they come away clear from the threads as soon as they have pressed them together and fall into positions ready to perform their pressing operations again." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Lace Machine

"A section of part of a lace machine. E is the cylinder or beam upon which the lace is rolled as made,…

"Condensing Octant.—The central fixed apparatus bb with spherical mirror dd throws its rays directly over the angle of 45 degrees pgp, while the supplemental rays fall upon the straight condensing prisms p, each of which spreads the incident rays parallel to the corresponding rays in the central angle pgp. In this way the whole of the front hemisphere of rays is parallelized in the vertical plane and spread equally over the 45 degree in azimuth." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Condensing Octant

"Condensing Octant.—The central fixed apparatus bb with spherical mirror dd throws its rays directly…

"Condensing Octant.—The central fixed apparatus bb with spherical mirror dd throws its rays directly over the angle of 45 degrees pgp, while the supplemental rays fall upon the straight condensing prisms p, each of which spreads the incident rays parallel to the corresponding rays in the central angle pgp. In this way the whole of the front hemisphere of rays is parallelized in the vertical plane and spread equally over the 45 degree in azimuth." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Condensing Octant

"Condensing Octant.—The central fixed apparatus bb with spherical mirror dd throws its rays directly…

"Atwood's Machine. This difficulty has however been overcome by a curious piece of machinery invented by Mr. Atwood. This consists of an upright pillar, with a wheel on the top. The weights A and B are of the same size and are made to balance each other, exactly, being connected by a thread passing over the wheel. The ring R admits the weight A, to fall through it in its passage to the stage S, on which it rests. The right and stage slide up and down, and are fastened by a thumb screw. The pillar is a graduated scale, and M is a small bent wire, weighing a quarter of an ounce, and longer than the diameter of the ring." —Comstock, 1850

Atwood's Machine

"Atwood's Machine. This difficulty has however been overcome by a curious piece of machinery invented…

A shrub looking divider.

Decorative Divider

A shrub looking divider.

A decorative divider with flaming torches.

Decorative Divider

A decorative divider with flaming torches.

A decorative divider featuring a woman.

Decorative Divider

A decorative divider featuring a woman.

"Summer and Winter rays.—Let us suppose that the rays falling perpendicularly on a given extent of surface, impart to it a certain degree of heat, then it is obvious, that if the same number of rays be spread over twice that extent of surface, their heating power would be diminished in proportion, and that only half of the heat would be imparted. This is the effect produced by the Sun's rays in the Winter. They fall so obliquely on the Earth, as to occupy nearly double the space that the same number of rays do in the Summer." —Comstock, 1850

Rays

"Summer and Winter rays.—Let us suppose that the rays falling perpendicularly on a given extent…

"Pea weevil; adult. The pea weevil (Bruchus) is often found in peas in its larval state during summer and autumn, as a pupa in winter, and in the adult form in late spring, when it comes forth to lay its eggs on the pods of the growing peas. To find the weevil in the fall, soak peas in water for a day." —Davison, 1906

Pea Weevil

"Pea weevil; adult. The pea weevil (Bruchus) is often found in peas in its larval state during summer…

"Pea weevil; pupa. The pea weevil (Bruchus) is often found in peas in its larval state during summer and autumn, as a pupa in winter, and in the adult form in late spring, when it comes forth to lay its eggs on the pods of the growing peas. To find the weevil in the fall, soak peas in water for a day." —Davison, 1906

Pea Weevil

"Pea weevil; pupa. The pea weevil (Bruchus) is often found in peas in its larval state during summer…

"This was invented in 1865 by H. Sprengel. The instrument, in its original (simplest) form, consists of a vertical capillary glass tube a of about 1 mm. bore, provided with a lateral branch b near its upper end, which latter, by an india-rubber join governable by a screw-clamp, communicates with a funnel. The lower end is bent into the shape of a hook, and dips into a pneumatic trough. The vessel to be exhausted is attached to b, and, in order to extract its gas contents, a properly regulated stream of mercury is allowed to fall through the vertical tube." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Air-Pump

"This was invented in 1865 by H. Sprengel. The instrument, in its original (simplest) form, consists…

That an accurate notion of the vertical line may be obtained, the plane of the picture must be supposed to be perpendicular to the horizontal plane. If a straight line be drawn from the spectator's eye, perpendicular to this plane of the picture, that line will fall upon the plane at a point in the horizontal line directly opposite to the eye. This point, C, is called the centre of the picture, or centre of view. In reference to the eye of the spectator, every straight line perpendicular to the plane of the picture appears to converge towards this point or centre. The line which, drawn from the eye of the spectator, determines this centre C, is called the vertical line. It is a straight line through S, perpendicular to the horizontal line, and the base of the picture; and is represented by the line EC.

Vertical Line

That an accurate notion of the vertical line may be obtained, the plane of the picture must be supposed…

An autumn-flowering border.

Border suggestions

An autumn-flowering border.

Hyphantria cunea larva

Fall Webworm

Hyphantria cunea larva

Hyphantria cunea larva

Fall Webworm

Hyphantria cunea larva

Hyphantria cunea white form moth

Fall Webworm

Hyphantria cunea white form moth

<em>Hyphantria cunea</em>: variations in the markings of the wings.

Fall Webworm Wings

Hyphantria cunea: variations in the markings of the wings.

From the well known nocturnal habits of moths, and the certainty of their being destroyed by a light, a cheap and effective mode of destroying them, shown in the annexed figure. It consists of a pan of viscid matter placed upon a stake, which is set in the field of cotton at suitable distances. A block of wood is placed in the center of the pan, upon which is placed a lighted glass lantern. The moths, being attracted by the light, dash against it and fall into the pan, and are thus destroyed before depositing their eggs upon the tender leaves of the growing plant.

Moth Lantern

From the well known nocturnal habits of moths, and the certainty of their being destroyed by a light,…

Within the banner are floral arrangements made to look like bearded men.

Banner

Within the banner are floral arrangements made to look like bearded men.

These animalcule are so small that 1,000,000 are equal in bulk to only one cubic inch. They appear to live in the layers of water near the surface, and after death to fall gradually to the bottom of the sea.

Foraminifera

These animalcule are so small that 1,000,000 are equal in bulk to only one cubic inch. They appear to…

The fall army-worm.

Armyworm

The fall army-worm.

The fall army-worm; head.

Armyworm

The fall army-worm; head.

The fall army-worm; body segment.

Armyworm

The fall army-worm; body segment.

The fall army-worm; body segment.

Armyworm

The fall army-worm; body segment.

"The light to be studied is admitted through a narrow slit (A) in the end of a tube, in such a way that it will fall in parallel rays on a prism (C) with its edges parallel to the slit. When the beam emerges from the prism, the different colors are separated and the spectrum is viewed through lenses (E) placed at the end of another tube." -Brownlee 1907

Diagrammatic Representation of Spectroscope

"The light to be studied is admitted through a narrow slit (A) in the end of a tube, in such a way that…

"In a vacuum, all bodies fall at the same rate." -Comstock 1850

Falling Bodies in a Vacuum

"In a vacuum, all bodies fall at the same rate." -Comstock 1850

"Where five blocks are placed in this position, the point of gravity is near the centre of the thrd block, and is within the base as shown by the plumb line. But on adding another block, the gravitation point falls beyond the base, and the whole will now fall by its own weight." -Comstock 1850

Center of Gravity of Standing Blocks

"Where five blocks are placed in this position, the point of gravity is near the centre of the thrd…

"Suppose a cannon be loaded with a ball, and placed on top of a tower, at such a height from the ground, that it would take just three seconds for the ball to descend from it to the ground, if let fall perpendicularly. Now, suppose the cannon to be fired in an exact horizontal direction, and at the same instant, the ball to be dropped towards the ground. They will both reach the ground at the same instant..." -Comstock 1850

Projectile Motion of a Cannonball

"Suppose a cannon be loaded with a ball, and placed on top of a tower, at such a height from the ground,…

"To change the direction, it is only necessary that the rope by which the weight is to be raised, should be carried in a line perpendicular to the axis of the machine, sto the place below where the weight lies, and there be let fall over a pulley." -Comstock 1850

Wheel and Axle

"To change the direction, it is only necessary that the rope by which the weight is to be raised, should…

"This wheel of all others, gives the greatest power with the least quantity of water, and is, therefore, generally used when circumstances will permit, or where there is a considerable fall, with a limited quantity of water." -Comstock 1850

Overshot Wheel

"This wheel of all others, gives the greatest power with the least quantity of water, and is, therefore,…

"In this water, instead of passing over, or entirely under the wheel, is delievered in the direction of its centre. This is one of the most common wheels, and is employed where there is not a sufficient fall for the construction of the overshot kind." -Comstock 1850

Breast Wheel

"In this water, instead of passing over, or entirely under the wheel, is delievered in the direction…

"Thus, if a sunbeam, passing through a small aperure in the window shutter a, be permitted to fall upon the plane mirror, or looking glass, c, d, at right-angles, it will be reflected back at right-angles with the mirror, and therefore will pass back again in exactl the same direction in which it approached." -Comstock 1850

Reflection of Light

"Thus, if a sunbeam, passing through a small aperure in the window shutter a, be permitted to fall upon…

"...as the arrow is moved backwards, the angle at c, must be diminished, because the rays flowing from the extremities of the object fall a greater distance before the reach the surface of the mirror; and as the angles of the reflected rays bear a proportion to those of the incident ones, so the angle of vision will become less in proportion, as the object is withdrawn." -Comstock 1850

Convex Mirror

"...as the arrow is moved backwards, the angle at c, must be diminished, because the rays flowing from…

"If diverging rays fall on the surface of the same lens, they will, by refraction, be rendered less divergent, parallel, or convergent, according to the degrees of their divergency, and the convexity of the surface of the lens." -Comstock 1850

Diverging Rays from a Double Convex Lens

"If diverging rays fall on the surface of the same lens, they will, by refraction, be rendered less…

"Suppose the object o to be at such a distance, that the rays of light from it pass in parallel lines, p, p, to the great reflector, r, r. this reflector being concave, the rays are converged by reflection, and cross each other at a, b which the image is inverted. The rays then pass to the small mirror, b, which being also concave, they are thrown back in nearly parallel lines, and having passed the aperture in the centre of the great mirror, fall on the plano-convex lens e." -Comstock 1850

Refracting Telescope

"Suppose the object o to be at such a distance, that the rays of light from it pass in parallel lines,…

"Let any irregularly shpaed body, as a stone or chair, be suspended so as to move freely. Drop a plumb line from the point of the suspendsion, and make it fast or mark its direction. The center of mass will lie in this line. From a second point, not in the line already determined, suspend the body; let it fall a plumb line as before. The center of mass will lie in this line also. But to lie in both lines, it must lie at their intersection." -Avery 1895

Finding the Center of Mass

"Let any irregularly shpaed body, as a stone or chair, be suspended so as to move freely. Drop a plumb…