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"A climbing plant and its fruit, of the genus Cucurbita. The pumpkin is originally from India, but is at present cultivated in most parts of Europe and in America." -Marshall

Pumpkin

"A climbing plant and its fruit, of the genus Cucurbita. The pumpkin is originally from India, but is…

This gigantic flower, one of the marvels of the vegetable world, was discovered in the interior Sumatra by Sir. T Raffles and Dr. Arnold. The whole plant seems to consist of little else beyond the flower and root.

Raffle'sia Flower

This gigantic flower, one of the marvels of the vegetable world, was discovered in the interior Sumatra…

Convallaria majalis or lily of the valley.

Lily of the Valley

Convallaria majalis or lily of the valley.

The American lotus or Nelumbo lutea.

American Lotus

The American lotus or Nelumbo lutea.

The magnolia flower.

Magnolia

The magnolia flower.

The maidenhair fern or Adiantum.

Maidenhair Fern

The maidenhair fern or Adiantum.

The leaves, flowers, and fruit of the mango tree.

Mango

The leaves, flowers, and fruit of the mango tree.

Marigolds, of the Composite family.

Marigolds

Marigolds, of the Composite family.

The fruit and leaves of a mulberry tree or Morus.

Mulberry

The fruit and leaves of a mulberry tree or Morus.

A small cruciferous plant, growing in arid Arabia and Palestine. When full grown and ripe its leaves drop and it becomes rolled up like a ball in the dry season, but opens its branches and seed vessels when it comes in contact with moisture.

Illustration of Roots and Jericho Rose

A small cruciferous plant, growing in arid Arabia and Palestine. When full grown and ripe its leaves…

A strong-scented herbaceous plant of the genus Ruta, nat. order Rutacae, a native of S. Europe, but also cultivated in gardens in the United States.

Rue Plant

A strong-scented herbaceous plant of the genus Ruta, nat. order Rutacae, a native of S. Europe, but…

The aloe plant is native to Africa and used for its healing properties.

Aloe

The aloe plant is native to Africa and used for its healing properties.

The arrowroot plant, an edible starch.

Arrowroot

The arrowroot plant, an edible starch.

"Bamboo, a giant, treelike member of the grass family." -Foster, 1921

Bamboo

"Bamboo, a giant, treelike member of the grass family." -Foster, 1921

The mistletoe, a parasitic plant more well-known as a Christmas decoration.

Mistletoe

The mistletoe, a parasitic plant more well-known as a Christmas decoration.

The jimson weed (Datura stramonium) of the Nightshade family known as a hallucinogen.

Jimson Weed

The jimson weed (Datura stramonium) of the Nightshade family known as a hallucinogen.

The larkspur (Consolida) is a flowering plant of the buttercup family.

Larkspur

The larkspur (Consolida) is a flowering plant of the buttercup family.

The huckleberry is a fruit of the heath family of plants.

Huckleberry

The huckleberry is a fruit of the heath family of plants.

The cranberry is a fruit of the heath family of plants.

Cranberry

The cranberry is a fruit of the heath family of plants.

The honeysuckle is a flowering plant of the heath family.

Honeysuckle

The honeysuckle is a flowering plant of the heath family.

The rhododendron is a flowering plant of the heath family.

Rhododendron

The rhododendron is a flowering plant of the heath family.

The bleeding heart is a flowering plant of the poppy family.

Bleeding Heart

The bleeding heart is a flowering plant of the poppy family.

A group of insects belonging to the order Hymenoptera, and distinguished by the peculiar confirmation of the ovipositor of the females, which is composed of two broad plates, with serrated or toothed edges.

Saw Fly Hovering Above a Plant

A group of insects belonging to the order Hymenoptera, and distinguished by the peculiar confirmation…

The opium plant can be used to produce sleep, numb pain, and quiet the organs of the body.

Opium Plant

The opium plant can be used to produce sleep, numb pain, and quiet the organs of the body.

The flax plant supplies the thread required for linen manufacturing.

Flax Plant

The flax plant supplies the thread required for linen manufacturing.

"Diagram to show the essential parts of a "flowering" plant. t.r., tap-root; cot. seed-leaf (cotyledon); i, internode; a.l, leaf-axil; n, node; a.b, axillary buud; r, receptacle of floral organs; ca, calyx; per, perianth; co, corolla; st, stamens (androecium); pi, pistil (gynoecium)." -Gager, 1916

Flower Parts

"Diagram to show the essential parts of a "flowering" plant. t.r., tap-root; cot. seed-leaf (cotyledon);…

"Tulip bulb; longitudinal section. F, solid stem; B, flower bud; S, leaf-bases serving as bud-scales, and also for the storage of plant food." -Gager, 1916

Tulip Bulb

"Tulip bulb; longitudinal section. F, solid stem; B, flower bud; S, leaf-bases serving as bud-scales,…

"Leaf of a live-forever (Sedum sp.), with a portion of the epidermis peeled back. Underneath the epidermis is the mesophyll." -Gager, 1916

Sedum Leaf

"Leaf of a live-forever (Sedum sp.), with a portion of the epidermis peeled back. Underneath the epidermis…

"Mullein (Verbascum Thapsus). L, cross-section of leaf-blade, showing relative thickness of a layer of epidermal hairs; H, a single hair from a leaf." -Gager, 1916

Mullein Leaf

"Mullein (Verbascum Thapsus). L, cross-section of leaf-blade, showing relative thickness of a layer…

"Lizard's tail (Saururus cernuus). Portions of leaf-epidermis; U, upper epidermis; L, lower epidermis; ep, epidermal cell; st, guard-cells of the stomata." -Gager, 1916

Leaf Epidermis

"Lizard's tail (Saururus cernuus). Portions of leaf-epidermis; U, upper epidermis; L, lower epidermis;…

"Cross-sections of leaves of an oak (Quercus novimexicana), showing the effect of different light conditions on the internal anatomy. 1, from leaf growing in sunlight; 2, from leaf growing in the shade." -Gager, 1916

Oak Leaf Cross-Section

"Cross-sections of leaves of an oak (Quercus novimexicana), showing the effect of different light conditions…

"Horse-chestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum). ls, leaf-scar, showing scars of seven fibro-vascular bundles, corresponding, in number, to the seven leaflets of the compound leaf, formerly attached at ls. The leaf is drawn to a smaller scale than the branch." -Gager, 1916

Horse-Chestnut Leaf

"Horse-chestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum). ls, leaf-scar, showing scars of seven fibro-vascular bundles,…

"Roots of the water-hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes Solms), showing removable root-caps; b, root-cap removed from c." -Gager, 1916

Water Hyacinth Roots

"Roots of the water-hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes Solms), showing removable root-caps; b, root-cap removed…

"Diagram to illustrate a root-hair (h) in the soil, and its relation to the soil-particles, the capillary film of water (w), and the air spaces (a); e, epidermal cell of the root, of which the root-hair is an out-growth, or branch." -Gager, 1916

Roots in Soil

"Diagram to illustrate a root-hair (h) in the soil, and its relation to the soil-particles, the capillary…

"Diagram showing tissue-systems in young stem of castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis), as seen in cross-section. ep, epidermis; cor, cortex; p, pith or medulla; b, fibro-vascular bundle; ph, phloem; ca, cambium; x, xylem; ic, interfascicular cambium." -Gager, 1916

Castor-Oil Plant Stem

"Diagram showing tissue-systems in young stem of castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis), as seen in cross-section.…

"The castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis). Portion of cross-section of young stem. co, Cortex; p, pith or medulla; e, epidermis; ph, phloem; ca, cambium; x, xylem. The last three elements compose the fibro-vascular bundle, the cambium being continuous from bundle to bundle; the portion between the bundles is called interfascicular cambium." -Gager, 1916

Castor-Oil Plant Stem

"The castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis). Portion of cross-section of young stem. co, Cortex; p, pith…

"Cell of Pellionia Daveauana, showing starch-grains. The black, crescent-shaped body on the end of each grain is the amyloplast." -Gager, 1916

Pellionia Plant Cell

"Cell of Pellionia Daveauana, showing starch-grains. The black, crescent-shaped body on the end of each…

"Portion of dandelion scape, showing "curls" resulting from longitudinal tissue-tension." -Gager, 1916

Dandelion Scape

"Portion of dandelion scape, showing "curls" resulting from longitudinal tissue-tension." -Gager, 1916

"Knight's experiment, substituting centrifugal "force" for gravity" proved that stems do not grow upwards because of sunlight but rather, roots grow downwards because of gravity. -Gager, 1916

Knight's Experiment

"Knight's experiment, substituting centrifugal "force" for gravity" proved that stems do not grow upwards…

"Effect of removal of a leaflet from a palmately compound leaf (e.g. Woodbine). B, normal leaf; C, after removal of upper right-hand leaflet. A, Unbroken lines represent average normal position of leaflets; dotted lines, average position of leaflets after operation; barred line, position of leaflet removed." -Gager, 1916

Leaflet Removal

"Effect of removal of a leaflet from a palmately compound leaf (e.g. Woodbine). B, normal leaf; C, after…

"A, Upper epidermis; B, lower epidermis, of the fern, Drynaria meyeniana." -Gager, 1916

Fern Epidermis

"A, Upper epidermis; B, lower epidermis, of the fern, Drynaria meyeniana." -Gager, 1916

"Germination of the spores of a fern. a, Before germination; b, early stage, showing protonema (pr.), and first rhizoid (rh); c, d, e, f, successive stages in the development of the prothallus." -Gager, 1916

Fern Germination

"Germination of the spores of a fern. a, Before germination; b, early stage, showing protonema (pr.),…

"Fern prothallus; cross-sections showing antheridia (an), sperms (sp), and rhizoids (rh). Below at the right is a sperm (sp) greatly enlarged." -Gager, 1916

Fern Prothallus

"Fern prothallus; cross-sections showing antheridia (an), sperms (sp), and rhizoids (rh). Below at the…

"Adder's tongue fern (Ophioglossum vulgatum L.). R, runner or stolon." -Gager, 1916

Southern Adderstongue

"Adder's tongue fern (Ophioglossum vulgatum L.). R, runner or stolon." -Gager, 1916

A, A young vegetable cell, showing cell cavity entirely filled with granular protoplasm enclosing a large oval nucleus with one or more nucleoli. B, An older cells from the same plant showing distinct cellulose wall and vacuolation of protoplasm.

Vegetable Cell

A, A young vegetable cell, showing cell cavity entirely filled with granular protoplasm enclosing a…

"Protonemata of a moss bearing young gametophyte buds." -Gager, 1916

Moss Protonemata

"Protonemata of a moss bearing young gametophyte buds." -Gager, 1916

"Hair-cap moss (Polytrichum commune). A, male plant; B, same, proliferating; C, female plant, bearing sporogonium; D, same; g, gametophyte; s, seta; c, capsule; o, operculum; a, calyptra, E, top view of male plant." -Gager, 1916

Hair-Cap Moss

"Hair-cap moss (Polytrichum commune). A, male plant; B, same, proliferating; C, female plant, bearing…

"A moss (Tetraphis sp.), showing gemmae; G, a gemma enlarged." -Gager, 1916

Moss Gemmae

"A moss (Tetraphis sp.), showing gemmae; G, a gemma enlarged." -Gager, 1916

"Anthoceros fusiformis. Portion of lamellate, cristate thallus, which easily retains water." -Gager, 1916

Anthoceros fusiformis

"Anthoceros fusiformis. Portion of lamellate, cristate thallus, which easily retains water." -Gager,…

"A leafy liverwort (Porella navicularis). Male plant, about natural size." -Gager, 1916

Leafy Liverwort

"A leafy liverwort (Porella navicularis). Male plant, about natural size." -Gager, 1916

"Bread mold (Rhizopus nigricans). A, older plant; myc, mycelia; sph, sporangiophore; sp, sporangium; st, stolon produced by A, and giving rise at its tip to a new plant, B." -Gager, 1916

Bread Mold

"Bread mold (Rhizopus nigricans). A, older plant; myc, mycelia; sph, sporangiophore; sp, sporangium;…

"Cissus laciniata, parasitic on the cactus (Opuntia Blakeana). The parasitism was artificially induced (xeno-parasitism). The host plant has been sectioned to expose the roots of the xeno-parasite." -Gager, 1916

Parasitic Plant

"Cissus laciniata, parasitic on the cactus (Opuntia Blakeana). The parasitism was artificially induced…

"Dog's-tooth violet (Erythronium americanum). Stages of development from the seed. 1-5 show the stage of development in each of five successive years. Full explanation in the text. 6, Bulb showing a surface bud (the sprout has been destroyed)." -Gager, 1916

Dog's-Tooth Violet Stages

"Dog's-tooth violet (Erythronium americanum). Stages of development from the seed. 1-5 show the stage…

"Morphology of typical monocotyledonous plant. A, leaf, parallel-veined; B, portion of stem, showing irregular distribution of vascular bundles; C, ground plan of flower (the parts in 3's); D, top view of flower; E, seed, showing monocotyledonous embryo." -Gager, 1916

Monocotyledonous Morphology

"Morphology of typical monocotyledonous plant. A, leaf, parallel-veined; B, portion of stem, showing…

"Morphology of a typical dicotyledonous plant. A, leaf, pinnately-netted veined; B, portion of stem, showing concentric layers of wood; C, ground-plan of flower (the parts in 5's); D, perspective of flower; E, longitudinal section of seed, showing dicotyledonous embryo." -Gager, 1916

Dicotyledonous Morphology

"Morphology of a typical dicotyledonous plant. A, leaf, pinnately-netted veined; B, portion of stem,…

"Black mustard (Brassica nigra)." -Gager, 1916

Black Mustard

"Black mustard (Brassica nigra)." -Gager, 1916

The Field or Lesser Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis).

Field Bindweed

The Field or Lesser Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis).

The nightshade or bittersweet (Solanum Dulcamara).

Nightshade

The nightshade or bittersweet (Solanum Dulcamara).

"Toad-flax (Linaria vulgaris). Flowers being visited by an insect for nectar. B, longitudinal section, showing the insect's proboscis extended down the spur toward the nectar-gland; C, insect with a mass of pollen (p), rubbed off from anthers onto the dorsal hairs of the thorax, during successive visits." -Gager, 1916

Common Toadflax with Insect

"Toad-flax (Linaria vulgaris). Flowers being visited by an insect for nectar. B, longitudinal section,…

"Inflorescence and flowers of the burdock (Arctium minus). a, Inflorescences; b, longitudinal section of the same; c, bud of individual flower; d, mature flower; sty, stigma; stig, style; a, ring of syngenesius anthers; c, corolla; p, pappus (calyx); ov, ovary; e, mature seed." -Gager, 1916

Lesser Burdock

"Inflorescence and flowers of the burdock (Arctium minus). a, Inflorescences; b, longitudinal section…