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Augustulus is deposed from the crown by Odoacer, and was thus the last Western Roman Emperor.

Odoacer Compels Augustulus to Yield the Crown

Augustulus is deposed from the crown by Odoacer, and was thus the last Western Roman Emperor.

Belsarius was ordered to have his eyes put out, and was reduced to a homeless beggar.

Blind Belsarius

Belsarius was ordered to have his eyes put out, and was reduced to a homeless beggar.

"The two chief avenues that were open to advancement were the political and the military. He must be well educated in a general way. Then he must be versed in the law, in statesmanship, and in oratory, or else in the art of war. If he were trained in both disciplines, so much the better."—D'ooge & Eastman, 1917

Roman Boy

"The two chief avenues that were open to advancement were the political and the military. He must be…

The consul was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic. They were elected every year. The lictors were a member of a special class of Roman civil servant. Their tasks were to attend and guard the magistrates of the Roman Republic.

Consul and Lictors

The consul was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic. They were elected every year. The lictors…

"1 and 3, necklaces with amber and coral pendants; 2, military standard; 4, bronze trumpet; 5, iron boss of shield; 6, iron fastening; 7, sword-hilt and belt; 8, iron helmet; 9, iron belt-chain."—D'ooge & Eastman, 1917

Gallic Remains

"1 and 3, necklaces with amber and coral pendants; 2, military standard; 4, bronze trumpet; 5, iron…

A cavlaryman of Cæsar's army during the Roman Republic.

Roman Cavalryman

A cavlaryman of Cæsar's army during the Roman Republic.

"The romans had no knowledge of gunpowder, siege cannon, or field guns; but the place of modern artillery was supplied by what in general were called tormenta. These were powerful engines for hurling missiles, the propelling force being furnished by the twisting of rope, sinews, or hair. They were used in siege operations rather than in ordinary battle."

Tormenta Within a Fortified Camp

"The romans had no knowledge of gunpowder, siege cannon, or field guns; but the place of modern artillery…

An ancient missile weapon which launched a large projectile at a distant target.

Ballista

An ancient missile weapon which launched a large projectile at a distant target.

A flag-like object. The cloth was draped from a horizontal cross suspended from the staff. It was a treasured symbol of the military and was closely defended in combat.

Vexillum

A flag-like object. The cloth was draped from a horizontal cross suspended from the staff. It was a…

"1, funditor; 2, 2, milites levis armaturae; 3, 3, legionarii; 4, sarcina."—D'ooge & Eastman, 1917

Roman Soldiers and Equipment

"1, funditor; 2, 2, milites levis armaturae; 3, 3, legionarii; 4, sarcina."—D'ooge & Eastman,…

"A, via principalis. B, via documana. C, porta praetoria. D, porta decumana. E, portq principalis dextra. F, porta principalis sinistra. G, praetorium. H, forum. K,K, tribuni. L, auxilia. M, ara. N, tribunal. O, equites. P, pedites. Q, fossa. R, via quintana. S, agger. T, intervallum. V, vallum."—D'ooge & Eastman, 1917

Castra Romana

"A, via principalis. B, via documana. C, porta praetoria. D, porta decumana. E, portq principalis dextra.…

An ancient town first recorded in the journals of Julius Caesar.

Besancon

An ancient town first recorded in the journals of Julius Caesar.

A legion of the Roman army marching.

Roman Army on the March

A legion of the Roman army marching.

A bowman. Also the symbol for the zodiac sign Sagittarius.

Bowman (Sagittarius)

A bowman. Also the symbol for the zodiac sign Sagittarius.

A catapult as used during the Roman Empire. The catapult is an effective device used to hurl an object a great distance without the assistance of explosive devices.

A Catapult

A catapult as used during the Roman Empire. The catapult is an effective device used to hurl an object…

Roman soldiers breaking into the German camp.

Milites Nostri in Castra Inruperunt

Roman soldiers breaking into the German camp.

A harbor from the era of the Roman Empire.

An Ancient Harbor

A harbor from the era of the Roman Empire.

An eagle bearer from the Roman Empire. The eagle was made of precious metal and was the symbol of the power of Rome. If the eagle was lost in battle, it was considered a terrible disgrace.

Eagle Bearer

An eagle bearer from the Roman Empire. The eagle was made of precious metal and was the symbol of the…

Also known as Frederick II of Prussia. He reigned from 1740 to 1786 and was a proponent of enlightened absolutism.

Frederick the Great

Also known as Frederick II of Prussia. He reigned from 1740 to 1786 and was a proponent of enlightened…

The Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790, and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790.

Joseph II

The Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790, and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790.

A French Roman Catholic clergyman who helped transform the Estates-General into the National Assembly.

Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès

A French Roman Catholic clergyman who helped transform the Estates-General into the National Assembly.

"Begun by Napoleon in 1806; not completed until 1842. The emperor planned it as a 'of fame' to commemorate his victories, but it now serves as a church. The structure has the lines of a Roman temple, with a colonnade of Corinthian pillars."—Webster, 1920

La Madeleine

"Begun by Napoleon in 1806; not completed until 1842. The emperor planned it as a 'of fame' to commemorate…

The second longest-reigning elected Pope in Church history, serving from 1846 until his death in 1878. He defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary.

Pope Pius IX

The second longest-reigning elected Pope in Church history, serving from 1846 until his death in 1878.…

A portrait of the Vatican in Italy.

The Vatican

A portrait of the Vatican in Italy.

A building in Rome commissioned as a temple to all the gods of Ancient Rome.

The Panthéon

A building in Rome commissioned as a temple to all the gods of Ancient Rome.

A plough used for cultivating the soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting.

A Roman Plough

A plough used for cultivating the soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting.

The Greek goddess of love and beauty.

Venus of Melos

The Greek goddess of love and beauty.

A projectile weapon used to throw a blunt projectile.

A Roman Slinger

A projectile weapon used to throw a blunt projectile.

Hannibal and his army crossing the Alps.

Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps

Hannibal and his army crossing the Alps.

A soldier of the Roman Empire.

Light-Armed Soldier

A soldier of the Roman Empire.

Plots of land reserved for use as a military defensive position.

Roman Camp

Plots of land reserved for use as a military defensive position.

Staffs carried by Roman legions to show who they were and what rank in the army they held.

Roman Standards

Staffs carried by Roman legions to show who they were and what rank in the army they held.

A example of a Roman books, which were made out of rolls of papyrus.

Roman Book Papyrus Roll

A example of a Roman books, which were made out of rolls of papyrus.

The goddess of marriage, women, and good counsel.

Juno

The goddess of marriage, women, and good counsel.

"This church occupies the site of a chapel built in the Roman period and standing at the time of the landing of the monk Augustine, in the year 597. Its walls show some of the Roman bricks of the original church."—Myers, 1905

St. Martin's Church, Canterbury

"This church occupies the site of a chapel built in the Roman period and standing at the time of the…

Ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 until his abdication in 1556.

Emperor Charles V

Ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 until his abdication in 1556.

"A bar of copper marked with the figure of a bull. Dates from the fourth century B.C."—Webster, 1913

Early Roman Bar Money

"A bar of copper marked with the figure of a bull. Dates from the fourth century B.C."—Webster,…

A device used for counting.

Roman Abacus

A device used for counting.

An ancient sculpture representing an athlete using a strigil to scrape sweat and dust off his body.

Apoxyomenos

An ancient sculpture representing an athlete using a strigil to scrape sweat and dust off his body.

An ancient ship used by Greeks and Romans. The ship has three rows of oars on each side, with a man operating each oar.

An Athenian Trireme

An ancient ship used by Greeks and Romans. The ship has three rows of oars on each side, with a man…

"The chariot was discovered in 1903 in an Ertuscan cemetery near Rome. It dates from perhaps 600 B.C. Almost every part of the vehicle is covered with thin plates of bronze, elaborately decorated. The wheels are only two feet in diameter. Since the chariot is too small and delicate for use in warfare, we may believe it to have been intended for ceremonial purposes only."—Webster, 1913

A Graeco-Ertuscan Chariot

"The chariot was discovered in 1903 in an Ertuscan cemetery near Rome. It dates from perhaps 600 B.C.…

One of the world's earliest sewage system, located in ancient Rome.

Cloaca Maxima

One of the world's earliest sewage system, located in ancient Rome.

"Portrait from a statue discovered in the ruins of the Temple of Vesta in the Roman Forum."—Webster, 1913

A Vestal Virgin

"Portrait from a statue discovered in the ruins of the Temple of Vesta in the Roman Forum."—Webster,…

"The relief pictures an ancient Italian sacrifice of a bull, a ram, and a boar, offered to Mars to secure purification from sin. Note the sacred laurel trees, the two altars, and the officiating magistrate, whose head is covered with the toga. He is sprinkling incense from a box held by an attendant. Another attendant carries a ewer with the libation. In the rear is the sacrificer with his ax."—Webster, 1913

Suovetaurilia

"The relief pictures an ancient Italian sacrifice of a bull, a ram, and a boar, offered to Mars to secure…

"The column was adorned with the brazen beaks of the captured Carthaginian vessels. Part of the inscription reciting the achievements of the Roman fleet has been preserved."—Webster, 1913

Column of Duilis

"The column was adorned with the brazen beaks of the captured Carthaginian vessels. Part of the inscription…

"From a monument of the imperial age. The soldier wears a metal helmet, a leather doublet with shoulder-pieces, a metal-plated belt, and a sword hanging from a strap thrown over the left shoulder. His left hand holds a large shield, his right, a heavy javelin."—Webster, 1913

A Roman Legionary

"From a monument of the imperial age. The soldier wears a metal helmet, a leather doublet with shoulder-pieces,…

"From a gravestone of the first century A.D. The standard consists of a spear crowned with a wreath, below which is a crossbar bearing pendant acorns. Then follow, in order, a metal disk. Jupiter's eagle standing on a thunderbolt, a crescent moon, an amulet, and a large tassel."—Webster, 1913

A Roman Standard Bearer

"From a gravestone of the first century A.D. The standard consists of a spear crowned with a wreath,…

"A relief from the Column of Trajan, Rome. The name testudo, a tortoise (shell), was applied to the covering made by a body of soldiers who placed their shields over their heads. The shields fitted so closely together that men could walk on them and even horses and chariots could be driven over them."—Webster, 1913

A Testudo

"A relief from the Column of Trajan, Rome. The name testudo, a tortoise (shell), was applied to the…

"A runaway slave, if recaptured, was sometimes compelled to wear a metal collar riveted about his neck."—Webster, 1913

A Slave's Collar

"A runaway slave, if recaptured, was sometimes compelled to wear a metal collar riveted about his neck."—Webster,…

Also known as Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. He was a military and political leader of the Roman Republic.

Pompey

Also known as Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. He was a military and political leader of the Roman Republic.

Emperor of Rome from 14 to 37 A.D.

Tiberius

Emperor of Rome from 14 to 37 A.D.

Emperor of Rome from 96 to 98 A.D.

Nerva

Emperor of Rome from 96 to 98 A.D.

A triumphal column in Rome, commemorating Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars.

Column of Trajan

A triumphal column in Rome, commemorating Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars.

Also known as Castel Sant'Angelo. The temple of the Roman emperor Hadrian.

The Tomb of Hadrian

Also known as Castel Sant'Angelo. The temple of the Roman emperor Hadrian.

"This ship lies besides the wharf at Ostia. In the afterpart of the vessel is a cabin with two windows. Notice the figure of Victory on the top of the single mast and the decoration of the mainsail with the wolf and twins. The ship is steered by a pair of huge paddles."—Webster, 1913

A Roman Freight Ship

"This ship lies besides the wharf at Ostia. In the afterpart of the vessel is a cabin with two windows.…

An ancient Roman villa.

A Roman Villa

An ancient Roman villa.

"The Pont du Gard near Nimes (ancient Nemausus) in southern France. Built by the emperor Antoninus Pius. The bridge spans two hilltops nearly a thousand feet apart. It carries an aqueduct with three tiers of massive stone arches at a height of 160 feet above the stream. This is the finest and best preserved aqueduct in existence."—Webster, 1913

A Roman Aqueduct

"The Pont du Gard near Nimes (ancient Nemausus) in southern France. Built by the emperor Antoninus Pius.…

"The best preserved of Roman temples. Located at Nimes in southern France, where it is known as La Maison Carree ("the square house"). The structure is now used as a museum of antiquities."—Webster, 1913

A Roman Temple

"The best preserved of Roman temples. Located at Nimes in southern France, where it is known as La Maison…

"Constructed by Aurelian and rebuilt by Honorius. The material is concrete faced with brick; thickness, 13 feet; greatest height, 58 feet. This is still the wall of the modern city, although at present no effort is made to keep it in repair."—Webster, 1913

The Wall of Rome

"Constructed by Aurelian and rebuilt by Honorius. The material is concrete faced with brick; thickness,…

Emperor of the Roman Empire from 284 to 286 AD, and again from 286 to 305.

Diocletian

Emperor of the Roman Empire from 284 to 286 AD, and again from 286 to 305.