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Inferior Maxillary Bone (lower jaw). It is the largest and strongest bone in the face and serves for the reception of the lower teeth.

Human Maxillary (Upper Jaw) Bone

Inferior Maxillary Bone (lower jaw). It is the largest and strongest bone in the face and serves for…

The hyoid, os hyoides, or tongue bone, is an isolated, U-shaped bone lying in front of the throat, just above the Adam's apple; it supports the tongue, and give attachment to some of its numerous muscles.

Human Hyoid Bone

The hyoid, os hyoides, or tongue bone, is an isolated, U-shaped bone lying in front of the throat, just…

A cervical vertebra of the spine, inferior surface. Labels: 1, spinous process, slightly bifid; 4, transverse process; 5, articular process, inferior surface. Below the arch, or hollow portion, is seen the solid portion, or body.

Human Cervical Vertebra Bone

A cervical vertebra of the spine, inferior surface. Labels: 1, spinous process, slightly bifid; 4, transverse…

Side view of spinal column, without sacrum and coccyx. Labels: 1 to 7, cervical vertebrae; 8 to 19, dorsal vertebrae; 20 to 24, lumbar vertebrae; A, A, spinous processes; C, D, transverse processes; E, intervertebral aperture or foramen; a, atlas; 2, axis.

Human Spinal Column

Side view of spinal column, without sacrum and coccyx. Labels: 1 to 7, cervical vertebrae; 8 to 19,…

Thorax. The thorax, or chest, is an elongated conical-shaped cage, formed by the sternum and costal cartilages in front, the 12 ribs on each side, and the bodies of the 12 dorsal vertebrae behind. It contains and protects the principal organs of respiration and circulation. Labels: 1 to 12, ribs; d, d, costal cartilages; e, upper end of sternum; b, middle portion of sternum; 1 a, first dorsal vertebra; 12 a, twelfth dorsal vertebra; 7 a, seventh cervical vertebra; 1 to 7, true ribs; 8 to 12, false ribs; 11, 12, floating ribs. 10th rib is defective; it should be attached to the costal cartilage.

Human Thorax (Chest)

Thorax. The thorax, or chest, is an elongated conical-shaped cage, formed by the sternum and costal…

Sternum, front and side view. The sternum, or breast bone, is a flat narrow bone, situated in the median line in the front of the chest, and consisting, in the adult, of 3 portions.

Human Sternum Bone

Sternum, front and side view. The sternum, or breast bone, is a flat narrow bone, situated in the median…

The skull. Labels: a, nasal bone; b, superior maxillary; c, inferior maxillary; d, occipital; e, temporal; f, parietal; g, frontal bone.

Human Skull

The skull. Labels: a, nasal bone; b, superior maxillary; c, inferior maxillary; d, occipital; e, temporal;…

The skull at birth, superior suerface. The cranial bones of the infant at birth are not fullyformed and their edges are separated by membranous intervals. Labels: 1, posterior fontanelle; 2, sagital suture; 4, anterior fontanelle; A, A, bi-parietal diameter; B, B, bi-temporal diamter.

Human Skull at Birth

The skull at birth, superior suerface. The cranial bones of the infant at birth are not fullyformed…

Male pelvis (top) and female pelvis (bottom). The pelvis is stronger and more massively constructed than either the cranial or thoracic cavity. It is composed of 4 bones, the ossa innominata, forming sides and front, and the sacrum and coccyx, completing it behind. The female pelvis differs from that of the male in making it better adapted for giving birth. The most notable differences are that the female pelvis is wider in every direction, giving more room for the child to pass and shallower, which lessens the distance through which the child has to be propelled; and lastly, the bones are thinner and smoother.

Human Pelvis, Male and Female

Male pelvis (top) and female pelvis (bottom). The pelvis is stronger and more massively constructed…

A mixed articulation (slightly movable). In this form, the bony surfaces are usually joined together by broad, flattened disks of fibro-cartilage, as in the articulations between the bodies of the vertebrae. Labels: a, b, disk of fibro-cartilage; c, articular cartilage; d, bone.

Human Joint, Mixed Articulation

A mixed articulation (slightly movable). In this form, the bony surfaces are usually joined together…

A toothed, or dentated suture. This is one type of immovable articulation. It is found in the union of the cranial bones of the skull, such as the suture between the frontal and parietal bones.

Human Joint, Dentated Suture

A toothed, or dentated suture. This is one type of immovable articulation. It is found in the union…

A simple complete joint, one type of movable articulation. The synovial membrane is represented by dotted lines. They have a secreting membrane placed between their opposing surfaces, which keeps them well lubricated and capable of free movement one upon the other.

A Simple Complete Joint

A simple complete joint, one type of movable articulation. The synovial membrane is represented by dotted…

Muscles of the tongue. The chief muscles connecting the tongue and tongue bone to the lower jaw are the genio-glossus and stylo-glossus.

Muscles of the Human Tongue

Muscles of the tongue. The chief muscles connecting the tongue and tongue bone to the lower jaw are…

The mouth, nose, and pharynx, with the larynx and commencement of gullet (esophagus), seen in section. Labels: a, vertebral column; b, gullet (esophagus); c, trachea; d, larynx; e, epiglottis; f, soft palate, between f and e is the opening at back of cavity or faces; g, opening of Eustachian tube; h, nasal cavity; k, tongue; l, hard palate; m, sphenoid bone at base of skull; n, roof of nasal cavity; o, p, q, placed in nasal cavity.

The Mouth, Nose, and Pharynx

The mouth, nose, and pharynx, with the larynx and commencement of gullet (esophagus), seen in section.…

Transverse section of compact tissue of humerus, magnified about 150 diameters. Three of the Haversian canals are seen, with their concentric rings faintly indicated; also the lacunae, with the canaliculi extending from them across the direction of the encircling lamellae, or concentric rings.

Bone Tissue of Humerus

Transverse section of compact tissue of humerus, magnified about 150 diameters. Three of the Haversian…

The skeleton of the trunk and the limb arches seen from the front. Labels: c, clavicle; S, scapula; Oc, innominate bone attached to the side of the sacrum dorsally and meeting its fellow at the pubic symphysis in the ventral median line.

Skeleton of Trunk

The skeleton of the trunk and the limb arches seen from the front. Labels: c, clavicle; S, scapula;…

The bones of the foot. Labels: Ca, Calcaneum, or heel bone; Ta, articular surface for tibia on the astragalus; Cb, the cuboid bone

Bones of the Foot

The bones of the foot. Labels: Ca, Calcaneum, or heel bone; Ta, articular surface for tibia on the astragalus;…

A side view of the skull. Labels: O, occipital bone; T, temporal bone; Pr, parietal bone; F, frontal bone; S, sphenoid; Z, malar; Mx, maxilla; N, nasal; E, ethmoid; L, lachrymal; Md, inferior maxilla.

The Skull

A side view of the skull. Labels: O, occipital bone; T, temporal bone; Pr, parietal bone; F, frontal…

The right humerus (leg bone), seen from the front.

The Humerus

The right humerus (leg bone), seen from the front.

The humerus cut open. Labels: a, marrow cavity; b, hard bone; c, spongy bone; d, cartilage.

The Humerus

The humerus cut open. Labels: a, marrow cavity; b, hard bone; c, spongy bone; d, cartilage.

A, transverse section of the ulna, (bone of the arm), natural size, showing the medullary cavity. B, the more deeply shaded part of A magnified 20 diameters.

Transverse Section of Ulna

A, transverse section of the ulna, (bone of the arm), natural size, showing the medullary cavity. B,…

A small piece of bone, ground very thin and highly magnified. "If a bit of bone is still more magnified we find that very small cavities called lacunae lie between the lamelae; from each lacuna radiate many extremely fine tubes, the canaliculi, so that it looks like a small animal with a great many legs. The innermost canaliculi open into the Haversian canal of the system to which they belong, and those of various lacunae communicate with one another, so that a set of passages is provided through which liquid which transudes from the blood vessel in the Haversian canal can ooze through the bone." —Newell, 1900.

Section of Bone

A small piece of bone, ground very thin and highly magnified. "If a bit of bone is still more magnified…

The mouth, nose, and pharynx, with the commencement of the gullet (esophagus) and larynx, as exposed by a section, a little to the left of the median plane of the head. Labels: a, vertebral column; b, gullet; c, windpipe; d, larynx; e, epiglottis; f, soft palate; g, opening of Esutachian tube; k, tongue; l, hard palate; m; the sphenoid bone on the base of the skull; n, the fore part of the cranial cavity; o,p,q, the turbinate bones of the outer side of the left nostril chamber.

The Mouth, Nose, and Pharynx

The mouth, nose, and pharynx, with the commencement of the gullet (esophagus) and larynx, as exposed…

The middle ear and its bones, considerably magnified. Labels: G, the inner end of the external auditory meatus, closed internally by the conical tympanic membrane; L, the malleus, or hammer-bone; H, the incus, or anvil-bone; S, the stapes, or stirrup-bone.

Middle Ear

The middle ear and its bones, considerably magnified. Labels: G, the inner end of the external auditory…

The sphenoid bone of the skull, seen from in the front.

Sphenoid Bone

The sphenoid bone of the skull, seen from in the front.

The origins of the three glutaei upon the dorsum of the ilium (part of the hip bone). The gluteal lines are represented by the dotted lines.

The Ilium Bone and Origin of the Gluteal Muscles

The origins of the three glutaei upon the dorsum of the ilium (part of the hip bone). The gluteal lines…

The Pelvis bone.

The Pelvis

The Pelvis bone.

The ilum bone of the pelvis (hip region).

The Ilium

The ilum bone of the pelvis (hip region).

The squamous portion of the temporal bone of the skull (ossa temporalia).

The Squamous Portion of the Temporal Bone

The squamous portion of the temporal bone of the skull (ossa temporalia).

The mastoid and petrous portions of the temporal bone of the skull (ossa temporalia).

The Mastoid and Petrous Portions of the Temporal Bone

The mastoid and petrous portions of the temporal bone of the skull (ossa temporalia).

The sphenoid bone of the skull, posterior surface.

The Sphenoid Bone

The sphenoid bone of the skull, posterior surface.

The sphenoid bone of the skull, anterior surface.

The Sphenoid Bone

The sphenoid bone of the skull, anterior surface.

The ethmoid bone of the skull, that separates the nasal cavity from the brain.

The Ethmoid Bone

The ethmoid bone of the skull, that separates the nasal cavity from the brain.

The maxilla (upper jaw bone).

The Maxilla

The maxilla (upper jaw bone).

The lacrimal bone (part of the eye orbit).

The Lacrimal Bone

The lacrimal bone (part of the eye orbit).

The vomer bone, which forms the posterior-inferior part of the nasal septum.

Vomer Bone

The vomer bone, which forms the posterior-inferior part of the nasal septum.

The mandible (lower jaw bone).

The Mandible

The mandible (lower jaw bone).

The orbit of the eye.

The Orbit of the Eye

The orbit of the eye.

The clavicle (collar bone).

Clavicle

The clavicle (collar bone).

The scapula (shoulder-blade).

Scapula

The scapula (shoulder-blade).

The humerus (bone of the arm).

Humerus

The humerus (bone of the arm).

The ulna (elbow bone), which is the principal bone of the forearm.

Ulna

The ulna (elbow bone), which is the principal bone of the forearm.

The femur (thigh bone).

Femur

The femur (thigh bone).

The temporo-mandibular articulation, which is a ginglymo-arthroidial joint between the condyle of the lower jaw and the anterior part of the glenoid cavity of the temporal bone.

Temporo-mandibular Articulation

The temporo-mandibular articulation, which is a ginglymo-arthroidial joint between the condyle of the…

The occipito-atlantal articulation, which is a double condyloid formed by the condyles of the occipital bone with the superior articular surfaces of the atlas, and has 6 ligaments.

Occipito-atlantal Articulation

The occipito-atlantal articulation, which is a double condyloid formed by the condyles of the occipital…

The lacrimal (lachrymal) gland is an oval gland in the orbital portion of the frontal bone. Its tear ducts open by a row of orifices on the upper and outer portion of the palpebral conjunctiva. It's secretion, the tears, lubricates the surface of the eyeball.

The Lacrimal Gland

The lacrimal (lachrymal) gland is an oval gland in the orbital portion of the frontal bone. Its tear…

The cochlea of the ear which is a spiral canal situated in the eburnated portion of the petrous bone, diametrically opposite to the internal auditory canal.

The Cochlea

The cochlea of the ear which is a spiral canal situated in the eburnated portion of the petrous bone,…

Front view of the bones of the thorax, including the ribs, sternum and vertebrae. Labels: 1, first bone of the sternum; 2, second bone of the sternum; 3, third bone or ensiform cartilage; 4, first dorsal vertebra; 5, last or twelfth dorsal vertebra; 6, first rib; 7, its head; 8, its neck; 9, its tubercle; 10, seventh or last true rib; 11, its cartilage; 12, angle of eleventh rib; 13, its body.

The Bones of the Thorax

Front view of the bones of the thorax, including the ribs, sternum and vertebrae. Labels: 1, first bone…

Venter of scapula. Labels: 1, 1, 1, oblique ridges; 2, 2, fossa for subscapularis muscle; 3, superior border; 4, superior angle; 5, suprascapular notch; 6, coracoid process; 7, acromion process; 8, spine of scapula; 9, articular surface; 10, glenoid cavity; 11, head of scapula; 12, neck; 13, interior border; 14, inferior angle; 15, posterior border; 16, origin of spine.

Scapula

Venter of scapula. Labels: 1, 1, 1, oblique ridges; 2, 2, fossa for subscapularis muscle; 3, superior…

Anterior view of humerus (bone of the leg) of the right side. Labels: 1, shaft or diaphysis; 2, the head; 3, anatomical neck; 4, greater tuberosity; 5, lesser tuberosity; 6, the bicipital head; 3, anatomical neck; 4, greater tuberosity; 5, lesser tuberosity; 6, the bicipital groove; 7, external bicipital ridge for pectoralis major; 8, internal bicipital ridge; 9, point of insertion of deltoid muscle: 10, nutritious foramen; 11, face for head of the radius; 12, face for the ulna.

Humerus

Anterior view of humerus (bone of the leg) of the right side. Labels: 1, shaft or diaphysis; 2, the…

Anterior view of radius (bone of the arm) of the right side. Labels: 1, cylindrical head; 2, surface for lesser sigmoid cavity of the ulna; 3, neck of the radius; 4, its tubercle, for insertion of biceps muscle; 5, interosseous ridge; 5, interosseous ridge; 6, concavity for lower end of the ulna; 7, lower end of the ulna; 7, carpal surface; 8, styloid process; 9, surface for pronator quadratus muscle.

Radius

Anterior view of radius (bone of the arm) of the right side. Labels: 1, cylindrical head; 2, surface…

Anterior view of the ulna (bone of the arm) of the left side. Labels: 1, olecranon process; 2, greater sigmoid cavity; 5, external surface; 6, ridge for interosseous ligament; 7, small head for the radius; 8, carpal surface.

Ulna

Anterior view of the ulna (bone of the arm) of the left side. Labels: 1, olecranon process; 2, greater…

Posterior view of the femur (bone of the leg). Labels: 1, depression for round ligament; 2, the head; 3, depression for rotary muscles; 4, trochanter major; 5, trochanter minor; 6, roughness for gluteus maximus tendon; 7, 7, linea aspera; 8, surface for gastrocnemius muscle; 9, external condyle; 10, depression for anterior crucial ligament; 11, depression for posterior crucial ligament; 12, origin of internal lateral ligament.

Femur

Posterior view of the femur (bone of the leg). Labels: 1, depression for round ligament; 2, the head;…

Anterior view of the tibia (bone of the leg). Labels: 1, spinous process; 2, surface for condyles of the femur; 3, face for head of the fibula; 4, the head; 5, the tubercle; 6, 6, spine and ankle; 9, tarsal surface; 10, face for lower end of fibula.

Tibia

Anterior view of the tibia (bone of the leg). Labels: 1, spinous process; 2, surface for condyles of…

The fibula (bone of leg). Labels: 1, head; 2, articular face; 3, insertion of external ligament; 4, shaft; 5, 5, external face; 6, interosseous ridge; 7, face for lower end of tibia; 8, malleolus externus; 9, tarsal surface.

Fibula

The fibula (bone of leg). Labels: 1, head; 2, articular face; 3, insertion of external ligament; 4,…

Bones of the upper surface of the left foot. Labels: 1, astragalus; 2, its anterior face; 3, os calcis; 4, navicular, or scaphoid; , internal cuneiform; 6, middle cuneiform; 7, external cuneiform; 8, cuboid bone; 9, 9, metatarsal bones; 10, first phalanx of the big toe; 11, second phalanx of the big toe; 12, the first, 13, second and 14, third phalanges of the other toes.

Upper Surface of the Left Foot

Bones of the upper surface of the left foot. Labels: 1, astragalus; 2, its anterior face; 3, os calcis;…

Vertical section of the ankle joint and foot. Labels: 1, tibia; 2, astragalus; 3, os calci; 4, scaphoides; 5, cuneiforme internum; 6, metatarsal bone of the great toe; 7, first phalanx of the great toe; 8, second phalanx of the great toe; 9, articular cavity between the tibia and astragalus; 10, synovial capsule between astragalas and calcis; 11, calcaneo-astragaloid interosseous ligament; 12, synovial capsule between astragalas and scaphoides; 13, calcaneo-scaphoid ligament; 14, calcaneo-cuboid ligament; 15, synovial capsule between scaphoides and cuneiforme internum; 16, synovial capsule between cuneiforme internum and first metatarsal bone; 17, metatarso-phalangeal articulation of the great toe, with sesamoid bones below; 18, phalangeal articulation of the great toe.

Ankle Joint and Foot

Vertical section of the ankle joint and foot. Labels: 1, tibia; 2, astragalus; 3, os calci; 4, scaphoides;…

Cross-section of the external and internal ear. <em>a, b, and c</em>: External ear. <em>d</em>: Entrance to the tube of the ear <em>(f)</em>. <em>g</em>: Drum of the ear. <em>h</em>: Cavity beyond the drum where the chain of bones is, the bones being left out that the arrangement of the apparatus may be more clear to you. <em>k</em>: Tube which comes from the back part of the throat to this cavity. If you shut your mouth and close the nostrils with your fingers, and then force the air strongly from your chest into the mouth, you can feel the air pass through this tube into the ear where the little bones are. <em>l</em>: is the vestibule of the labyrinth. <em>m</em>: Semi-circular canals. <em>n</em>: Cochlea. <em>o</em>: Trunk of the nerve of hearing as it goes to branch out in the labyrinth. <em>e</em>: Bone in which the labyrinth is enclosed.

A Cross-Section of the Ear

Cross-section of the external and internal ear. a, b, and c: External ear. d: Entrance…

This figure shows a thigh bone that has been softened by exposing it to acid, then twisted in a knot to demonstrate it's flexibility. Bones are composed of a "mineral" or hard substance and an "animal" or soft substance. The animal component can be removed by exposing the bone to extreme heat, causing the bone to become brittle and break easily. Similarly, the mineral component can be removed by exposing the bone to acid. Once the brittle mineral part is removed by the acid, the bone is soft and flexible.

Bone Exposed to Acid and Twisted

This figure shows a thigh bone that has been softened by exposing it to acid, then twisted in a knot…

Structure of the chest, showing the framework of the bones which are connected together chiefly by muscles. It is important to understand the structure of the chest in order to understand how the movements of the chest are made in inspiration and expiration. The spinal column <em>b,b</em> is the grand pillar that supports this barrel-shaped framework. The ribs <em>c, c, c</em> are fastened very strongly by ligaments to the spinal column. They are 2 in number, 12 on each side and extend round towards the breast bone (sternum) <em>a</em> in front.

Structure of the Chest

Structure of the chest, showing the framework of the bones which are connected together chiefly by muscles.…