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"Turtle is, in zoology, the popular name for any species of the Cheloniidæ. They may be distinguished by their long, compressed, fin-shaped, non-retractile feet, with the toes inclosed in a common skin, from which only one or two claws project. The carapace is broad and much depressed, so that when these animals are on shore, and are turned over on their backs, they cannot regain the natural position. Turtles are marine animals; their pinnate feet and light shell render them excellent swimmers. They sometimes live at a great distance from land, to which they periodically return to deposit their soft-shelled eggs in the sand."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Skeleton of Turtle

"Turtle is, in zoology, the popular name for any species of the Cheloniidæ. They may be distinguished…

"Vanilla is a genus of epiphytal Orchide&aelig;, natives of tropical America and Asia. They are distinguished from most other orchids by their climbing habit; they cling with their aerial roots to the stems of trees or to rocks, attain the height of 20 or 30 feet, and obtain their chief sustenance from the atmosphere. There are about 20 species comprised in the genus. The flowers are thick, fleshy, and fragrant, but dull in color. Vanilla is remarkable among orchids as possessing the only species of the order that has any economical value. From the fruit of several species the vanilla of commerce is obtained, the best being produced by the West Indian species, which is now cultivated in many tropical countries. <em>A,</em> a seed pod"&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Vanilla Planifolia

"Vanilla is a genus of epiphytal Orchideæ, natives of tropical America and Asia. They are distinguished…

"A Vase is a vessel of various forms and materials, applied to the purposes of domestic life, sacrificial uses, etc. They were often used merely for ornament, or were at least primarily ornamental in character and design. The antique vases found in great numbers in ancient tombs and catacombs in Etruria, Southern Italy, Greece, Sicily, etc., and used to contain the ashes of the dead, were for the most part made of baked clay, painted and glazed. Rare Chinese and Japanese vases are highly prized, and $20,000 has been paid for one vase at auction in New York."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Chinese, Japanese and Indian Vases

"A Vase is a vessel of various forms and materials, applied to the purposes of domestic life, sacrificial…

"Viper is a genus of venomous snakes. This family includes many important forms&ndash; e. g., the common adder, the asp, extending as far N. as Sweden; the African horned viper and puff adder, the Indian daboia or Russell's viper, and the Indian Echis carinata. The head is relatively broad, somewhat triangular, and generally covered with scales; the eye has a vertical pupil, and there is no pit between it and the nostril; the maxilla bears on each side one functional fang, usually with several reserve fangs beside it; the poison is virulent. The vipers are widely distributed through Europe and Australia; the majority are African. As far as is known they are viviparous."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Common Vipers

"Viper is a genus of venomous snakes. This family includes many important forms– e. g., the common…

"Viper is a genus of venomous snakes. This family includes many important forms&ndash; e. g., the common adder, the asp, extending as far N. as Sweden; the African horned viper and puff adder, the Indian daboia or Russell's viper, and the Indian Echis carinata. The head is relatively broad, somewhat triangular, and generally covered with scales; the eye has a vertical pupil, and there is no pit between it and the nostril; the maxilla bears on each side one functional fang, usually with several reserve fangs beside it; the poison is virulent. The vipers are widely distributed through Europe and Australia; the majority are African. As far as is known they are viviparous."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Common Viper

"Viper is a genus of venomous snakes. This family includes many important forms– e. g., the common…

"Showing how the Bones of the Skull may be artificially deformed by "head-binding." From the photograph of a "triangular" skull found in an Indian grave in Ancon, Peru." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Deformed skull

"Showing how the Bones of the Skull may be artificially deformed by "head-binding." From the photograph…

"Palm is a natural order of endogenous plants, the products of which are of extreme importance and utility to man. The size of the leaves varies, some being only a few inches in length, while in others they attain the enormous proportions of 35 feet in length by 5 or 6 feet in breadth. The flowers are small individually, but numerous, usually of a yellow tint, and in some species powerfully odorous. The fruit when ripe is berry-like, drupaceous, plum-like, or, as in the cocoanut, nut-like. The sugar palm is a native of the Moluccas, Cochin-China, and the Indian Archipelago, and is of immense value to the natives of these countries on account of its various products. It yields an abundant sweet sap, from which a chocolate-colored sugar is made. The sap fermented makes an intoxicating drink variously named by the inhabitants of the different countries. From the pith of the stem sago is obtained in great quantity, a single stem yielding as much as from 150 to 200 pounds."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Cycas Revoluta Sago Palm

"Palm is a natural order of endogenous plants, the products of which are of extreme importance and utility…

"Peru is a maritime republic of South America, bounded on the N. by Ecuador, on the W. by the Pacific, on the S. and S. E. by Bolivia and Chile, and on the E. by Brazil."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Peruvian Indian

"Peru is a maritime republic of South America, bounded on the N. by Ecuador, on the W. by the Pacific,…

"Trowsers, pantaloons, were common to all the nations which encircled the Greek and Roman population, extending from the Indian to the Atlantic ocean, but were not worn by the Greeks and Romans themselves. Accordingly the monuments containing representations of people different from the Greeks and romans exhibit them in trowsers, thus distinguishing them from the latter people. An example is seen in the preceding group of Sarmatians." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Bracae

"Trowsers, pantaloons, were common to all the nations which encircled the Greek and Roman population,…

"The Tamarind is an evergreen tree, 80 feet high by 25 in circumference, cultivated in India as far N. as the Jhelum, and very largely planted in avenues and 'topes.' The wood, which is yellowish-white, sometimes with red streaks, is hard and close-grained. It weighs about 83 pounds per cubic foot, is highly prized, but is very difficult to work, and is used in India for turning wheels, mallets, planes, furniture, rice-pounders, oil and sugar mills, etc. The West Indian and South American variety has legumes only three times as long as the broad, whereas the Indian tree has them six times as long. The tamarinds sold in the United States are chiefly West Indian tamarinds. They differ from the Black or East Indian tamarinds, of which the preserved pulp is black."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tamarind

"The Tamarind is an evergreen tree, 80 feet high by 25 in circumference, cultivated in India as far…

Scene from the story, "The Black Hawk Tragedy."

Black Hawk

Scene from the story, "The Black Hawk Tragedy."

Scene from the story, "The Black Hawk Tragedy."

Black Hawk

Scene from the story, "The Black Hawk Tragedy."

Attack on the Pequot Fort.

Pequot Fort

Attack on the Pequot Fort.

Totem or tribe mark of the Five Nations.

Five Nations

Totem or tribe mark of the Five Nations.

An Indian Stone Maul

Stone Maul

An Indian Stone Maul

An Indian pipe

Pipe

An Indian pipe

Indian stone ax.

Native American Stone Ax

Indian stone ax.

Sioux Indian bow and arrow with stone point.

Bow and Arrow

Sioux Indian bow and arrow with stone point.

A female Indian costume

Female Indian Costume

A female Indian costume

A male Indian costume

Male Indian Costume

A male Indian costume

An Indian, running away.

Indian

An Indian, running away.

Indian corn

Corn

Indian corn

Wampum received by Penn in commemoration of the Indian Treaty.

Wampum

Wampum received by Penn in commemoration of the Indian Treaty.

Indian wigwams

Wigwams

Indian wigwams

General Howard was a general in the Civil War and famous for his battles against the Western Indian tribes.

Oliver O. Howard

General Howard was a general in the Civil War and famous for his battles against the Western Indian…

Wolseley was a British Field Marshal and served in Burma, the Crimean War, the Indian Mutiny, China, Canada, and in Africa.

Sir Garnet J. Wolseley

Wolseley was a British Field Marshal and served in Burma, the Crimean War, the Indian Mutiny, China,…

U.S. officer during the Civil War and Indian Wars.

General George Crook

U.S. officer during the Civil War and Indian Wars.

Maize or Indian corn.

Corn

Maize or Indian corn.

"Observatory at Delhi."

Ancient Indian observatory

"Observatory at Delhi."

An Indian cabin or hut, of a conical shape, made of bark or mats.

Wigwam

An Indian cabin or hut, of a conical shape, made of bark or mats.

A native of India.

Indian

A native of India.

"An Indian water carrier." —Carpenter, 1902

Indian Water Carrier

"An Indian water carrier." —Carpenter, 1902

An Indian tomahawk.

Tomahawk

An Indian tomahawk.

An Indian Peace Pipe.

Peace Pipe with Feathers

An Indian Peace Pipe.

A water vessel from Peshawur.

Aftaba

A water vessel from Peshawur.

A water vessel from Jhelum.

Gunga Sagar

A water vessel from Jhelum.

A water vessel from Hindus.

Lota

A water vessel from Hindus.

A Bidree Hooka from India.

Bidree Hooka

A Bidree Hooka from India.

A rose-water sprinkler.

Gulab-pash

A rose-water sprinkler.

An Indian squaw and papoose.

Squaw and Papoose

An Indian squaw and papoose.

A wampum was made of pieces of shining shell, strung, like beads, on strips of deerskin. With some Indians white beads meant peace, and black ones war or danger. Several strings woven together formed a strip which meant peace, and black ones war or danger. Several strings woven together formed a strip which meant, "This belt preserves my word." Wampum often served the Indian for money. When one tribe wished to send a message to another, a belt of wampum had to accompany it, or the message would not be received.

Wampum

A wampum was made of pieces of shining shell, strung, like beads, on strips of deerskin. With some Indians…

Indian's shoes.

Moccasins

Indian's shoes.

A Timucuan Indian palisaded village.

Timucuan Village

A Timucuan Indian palisaded village.

Indian gravestone showing the totem of the turtle.

Gravestone

Indian gravestone showing the totem of the turtle.

A tree native to Central America, but naturalized in and exported from Jamaica and other West Indian islands. It grows most successfully in moist and swampy regions.

Logwood

A tree native to Central America, but naturalized in and exported from Jamaica and other West Indian…

The Russian name of the large extinct elephant closely resembling the Indian elephant, and of which fossil remains have been found in the northern part of North America and Eurasia.

Mammoth

The Russian name of the large extinct elephant closely resembling the Indian elephant, and of which…

An Indian tomahawk.

Tomahawk with Curved Handle

An Indian tomahawk.

Indian snow-shoes.

Snow-shoes

Indian snow-shoes.

"Derived from the Sanscrit word Svasti, which means good pretence. It dates bck three or four thousand years B.C. and has been found in nearly all excavations of prehistoric times and among the relics of primitive people all over the world. It has been known alike to Ancient Greeks, Egyptians, Chinese, Japanese, East Indians, Aztecs, mound builders, and the North and South American Indians, with all of whom it has a similar meaning, viz., good luck and happiness. In Indian it is drawn below the seats intended for bridegrooms, below the plates containing food to be offered to gods and is tattooed on the arms. It is drawn on the scalp at the thread ceremony and on the dorsum of the feet on all auspicious ceremonies, such as mariages, etc. The usual figure consists of four arms with the cross at right angles and the arms pointing in the direction of motion of a clock's hand, although it has been given different forms, as shown by the accompanying illustrations. It is very commonly used as a rug design, especially in the Chinese, Caucasian, Turkish, and Turkoman products."

Swastika Design

"Derived from the Sanscrit word Svasti, which means good pretence. It dates bck three or four thousand…

"Derived from the Sanscrit word Svasti, which means good pretence. It dates bck three or four thousand years B.C. and has been found in nearly all excavations of prehistoric times and among the relics of primitive people all over the world. It has been known alike to Ancient Greeks, Egyptians, Chinese, Japanese, East Indians, Aztecs, mound builders, and the North and South American Indians, with all of whom it has a similar meaning, viz., good luck and happiness. In Indian it is drawn below the seats intended for bridegrooms, below the plates containing food to be offered to gods and is tattooed on the arms. It is drawn on the scalp at the thread ceremony and on the dorsum of the feet on all auspicious ceremonies, such as mariages, etc. The usual figure consists of four arms with the cross at right angles and the arms pointing in the direction of motion of a clock's hand, although it has been given different forms, as shown by the accompanying illustrations. It is very commonly used as a rug design, especially in the Chinese, Caucasian, Turkish, and Turkoman products."

Swastika Design

"Derived from the Sanscrit word Svasti, which means good pretence. It dates bck three or four thousand…

"Derived from the Sanscrit word Svasti, which means good pretence. It dates bck three or four thousand years B.C. and has been found in nearly all excavations of prehistoric times and among the relics of primitive people all over the world. It has been known alike to Ancient Greeks, Egyptians, Chinese, Japanese, East Indians, Aztecs, mound builders, and the North and South American Indians, with all of whom it has a similar meaning, viz., good luck and happiness. In Indian it is drawn below the seats intended for bridegrooms, below the plates containing food to be offered to gods and is tattooed on the arms. It is drawn on the scalp at the thread ceremony and on the dorsum of the feet on all auspicious ceremonies, such as mariages, etc. The usual figure consists of four arms with the cross at right angles and the arms pointing in the direction of motion of a clock's hand, although it has been given different forms, as shown by the accompanying illustrations. It is very commonly used as a rug design, especially in the Chinese, Caucasian, Turkish, and Turkoman products."

Swastika Design

"Derived from the Sanscrit word Svasti, which means good pretence. It dates bck three or four thousand…

A class of birds native to Eurasia, Africa, and the Indian Archipelago, though there are allied species in America, known as the Baltimore bird and the orchard oriole.

Oriole

A class of birds native to Eurasia, Africa, and the Indian Archipelago, though there are allied species…

A group of plants remarkable for having leaves or petioles formed like pitchers, and in which more or less fluid is stored. There are two general divisions, known as the American and East Indian pitcher plant families.

Pitcher Plants

A group of plants remarkable for having leaves or petioles formed like pitchers, and in which more or…

Daughter of Powhatan, a distinguished Indian chief, born in 1595; died off Gravesend, England, in March, 1617. Her early life was spent among the Indians in Virginia. In 1607 she became connected with the early history of America by saving the life of Capt. John Smith, and otherwise showed friendship for the English colonists.

Pocahontas

Daughter of Powhatan, a distinguished Indian chief, born in 1595; died off Gravesend, England, in March,…

The name of a genus of gigantic trees of the pine family, nearly allied to the bald cypress of the southeastern United States, and so named from the Indian chief Sequoiah, who invented the Cherokee alphabet. There are only two chief species, the redwood and the mammoth, both of which are native to California.

Sequoia

The name of a genus of gigantic trees of the pine family, nearly allied to the bald cypress of the southeastern…

An Indian chief of the Shawnees, born near the site of Springfield, Ohio, about 1768; slain Oct. 12, 1813.

Tecumseh

An Indian chief of the Shawnees, born near the site of Springfield, Ohio, about 1768; slain Oct. 12,…

Totem Poles and Indian huts, Fort Mangell, Alaska.

Totem Poles

Totem Poles and Indian huts, Fort Mangell, Alaska.

An Indian grave near Fort Mangell, Alaska.

Indian Grave

An Indian grave near Fort Mangell, Alaska.

One of the two or three living species of elephant. It is smaller than its african relatives, and the easiest way to distinguish the two is the smaller ears of the Asian Elephant.

Indian Elephant

One of the two or three living species of elephant. It is smaller than its african relatives, and the…

This illustration shows a plantlet of Indian corn.

Indian Corn

This illustration shows a plantlet of Indian corn.