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A prehistoric symbol found on the cover of an ancient vase at Troy.

The Swastika

A prehistoric symbol found on the cover of an ancient vase at Troy.

The sculpture of an ancient Snake Goddess. The artifact demonstrates typical Minoan female attire.

Aegean Snake Goddess

The sculpture of an ancient Snake Goddess. The artifact demonstrates typical Minoan female attire.

Also known as Discobolus. The Discus Thrower is a famous, ancient bronze statue that demonstrates a man participating in an ancient sport.

The Discus Thrower

Also known as Discobolus. The Discus Thrower is a famous, ancient bronze statue that demonstrates a…

An ancient sculpture representing an athlete using a strigil to scrape sweat and dust off his body.

Apoxyomenos

An ancient sculpture representing an athlete using a strigil to scrape sweat and dust off his body.

The Olympieum in Athens, Greece.

The Olympieum

The Olympieum in Athens, Greece.

"From a Greek vase of about the time of the battle of Marathon."—Webster, 1913

Greek Soldiers in Arms

"From a Greek vase of about the time of the battle of Marathon."—Webster, 1913

"Near the southern extremity of the plain of Marathon rises a conical mound, 30 feet high. it covers the remains of the 192 Greeks who fell in the battle. Excavations undertaken in 1890-1891 disclosed ashes, human bones and fragments of pottery belonging to the era of the Persian wars."—Webster, 1913

The Mound at Marathon

"Near the southern extremity of the plain of Marathon rises a conical mound, 30 feet high. it covers…

An ancient ship used by Greeks and Romans. The ship has three rows of oars on each side, with a man operating each oar.

An Athenian Trireme

An ancient ship used by Greeks and Romans. The ship has three rows of oars on each side, with a man…

"A decree of the Council and Assembly dating from about 450 B.C."—Webster, 1913

An Athenian Inscription

"A decree of the Council and Assembly dating from about 450 B.C."—Webster, 1913

Also known as the Temple of Hephaestus. An ancient Athenian temple built about 440 B.C.

Theseum

Also known as the Temple of Hephaestus. An ancient Athenian temple built about 440 B.C.

"The chariot was discovered in 1903 in an Ertuscan cemetery near Rome. It dates from perhaps 600 B.C. Almost every part of the vehicle is covered with thin plates of bronze, elaborately decorated. The wheels are only two feet in diameter. Since the chariot is too small and delicate for use in warfare, we may believe it to have been intended for ceremonial purposes only."—Webster, 1913

A Graeco-Ertuscan Chariot

"The chariot was discovered in 1903 in an Ertuscan cemetery near Rome. It dates from perhaps 600 B.C.…

"The Italian city of Volterra still preserves in the Porta dell' Arco an interesting relic of Ertuscan times. The archway, one of the original gates of the ancient town, is about twenty feet in height and twelve feet in width. On the keystone and imposts are three curious heads, probably representing the guardian deities of the place."—Webster, 1913

An Ertuscan Arch

"The Italian city of Volterra still preserves in the Porta dell' Arco an interesting relic of Ertuscan…

One of the world's earliest sewage system, located in ancient Rome.

Cloaca Maxima

One of the world's earliest sewage system, located in ancient Rome.

"Portrait from a statue discovered in the ruins of the Temple of Vesta in the Roman Forum."—Webster, 1913

A Vestal Virgin

"Portrait from a statue discovered in the ruins of the Temple of Vesta in the Roman Forum."—Webster,…

"The relief pictures an ancient Italian sacrifice of a bull, a ram, and a boar, offered to Mars to secure purification from sin. Note the sacred laurel trees, the two altars, and the officiating magistrate, whose head is covered with the toga. He is sprinkling incense from a box held by an attendant. Another attendant carries a ewer with the libation. In the rear is the sacrificer with his ax."—Webster, 1913

Suovetaurilia

"The relief pictures an ancient Italian sacrifice of a bull, a ram, and a boar, offered to Mars to secure…

"The column was adorned with the brazen beaks of the captured Carthaginian vessels. Part of the inscription reciting the achievements of the Roman fleet has been preserved."—Webster, 1913

Column of Duilis

"The column was adorned with the brazen beaks of the captured Carthaginian vessels. Part of the inscription…

"From a monument of the imperial age. The soldier wears a metal helmet, a leather doublet with shoulder-pieces, a metal-plated belt, and a sword hanging from a strap thrown over the left shoulder. His left hand holds a large shield, his right, a heavy javelin."—Webster, 1913

A Roman Legionary

"From a monument of the imperial age. The soldier wears a metal helmet, a leather doublet with shoulder-pieces,…

"From a gravestone of the first century A.D. The standard consists of a spear crowned with a wreath, below which is a crossbar bearing pendant acorns. Then follow, in order, a metal disk. Jupiter's eagle standing on a thunderbolt, a crescent moon, an amulet, and a large tassel."—Webster, 1913

A Roman Standard Bearer

"From a gravestone of the first century A.D. The standard consists of a spear crowned with a wreath,…

"A relief from the Column of Trajan, Rome. The name testudo, a tortoise (shell), was applied to the covering made by a body of soldiers who placed their shields over their heads. The shields fitted so closely together that men could walk on them and even horses and chariots could be driven over them."—Webster, 1913

A Testudo

"A relief from the Column of Trajan, Rome. The name testudo, a tortoise (shell), was applied to the…

"A runaway slave, if recaptured, was sometimes compelled to wear a metal collar riveted about his neck."—Webster, 1913

A Slave's Collar

"A runaway slave, if recaptured, was sometimes compelled to wear a metal collar riveted about his neck."—Webster,…

Also known as Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. He was a military and political leader of the Roman Republic.

Pompey

Also known as Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. He was a military and political leader of the Roman Republic.

Emperor of Rome from 14 to 37 A.D.

Tiberius

Emperor of Rome from 14 to 37 A.D.

Emperor of Rome from 96 to 98 A.D.

Nerva

Emperor of Rome from 96 to 98 A.D.

A triumphal column in Rome, commemorating Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars.

Column of Trajan

A triumphal column in Rome, commemorating Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars.

Also known as Castel Sant'Angelo. The temple of the Roman emperor Hadrian.

The Tomb of Hadrian

Also known as Castel Sant'Angelo. The temple of the Roman emperor Hadrian.

"This ship lies besides the wharf at Ostia. In the afterpart of the vessel is a cabin with two windows. Notice the figure of Victory on the top of the single mast and the decoration of the mainsail with the wolf and twins. The ship is steered by a pair of huge paddles."—Webster, 1913

A Roman Freight Ship

"This ship lies besides the wharf at Ostia. In the afterpart of the vessel is a cabin with two windows.…

An ancient Roman villa.

A Roman Villa

An ancient Roman villa.

"The Pont du Gard near Nimes (ancient Nemausus) in southern France. Built by the emperor Antoninus Pius. The bridge spans two hilltops nearly a thousand feet apart. It carries an aqueduct with three tiers of massive stone arches at a height of 160 feet above the stream. This is the finest and best preserved aqueduct in existence."—Webster, 1913

A Roman Aqueduct

"The Pont du Gard near Nimes (ancient Nemausus) in southern France. Built by the emperor Antoninus Pius.…

"The best preserved of Roman temples. Located at Nimes in southern France, where it is known as La Maison Carree ("the square house"). The structure is now used as a museum of antiquities."—Webster, 1913

A Roman Temple

"The best preserved of Roman temples. Located at Nimes in southern France, where it is known as La Maison…

"The ruins at Balbec in Syria lie amidst desolate mountains, forty miles from the sea. They consist of a group of shattered temples crowning the ancient acropolis. Six massive columns nearly one hundred feet high, supporting a marble frieze, are all that remains of the majestic Temple of the Sun."—Webster, 1913

Temple of the Sun

"The ruins at Balbec in Syria lie amidst desolate mountains, forty miles from the sea. They consist…

An ancient city located in the heart of the Syrian Desert.

Ruins of Palmyra

An ancient city located in the heart of the Syrian Desert.

"Constructed by Aurelian and rebuilt by Honorius. The material is concrete faced with brick; thickness, 13 feet; greatest height, 58 feet. This is still the wall of the modern city, although at present no effort is made to keep it in repair."—Webster, 1913

The Wall of Rome

"Constructed by Aurelian and rebuilt by Honorius. The material is concrete faced with brick; thickness,…

Emperor of the Roman Empire from 284 to 286 AD, and again from 286 to 305.

Diocletian

Emperor of the Roman Empire from 284 to 286 AD, and again from 286 to 305.

Emperor of Rome from 306 to 337. He is best known for being the first Christian Roman emperor.

Constantine the Great

Emperor of Rome from 306 to 337. He is best known for being the first Christian Roman emperor.

"The two-storied marble structure is capped by an enormous monolith weighing over 300 tons."—Webster, 1913

Tomb of Theodoric at Ravenna

"The two-storied marble structure is capped by an enormous monolith weighing over 300 tons."—Webster,…

The King of the Franks from 768 and the Emperor of the Romans from 800 until his death in 814.

Charlemagne

The King of the Franks from 768 and the Emperor of the Romans from 800 until his death in 814.

A scene from a Roman wall painting.

Roman School Scene

A scene from a Roman wall painting.

"Roman coins showing various styles of hair-dressing."—Webster, 1913

Roman Coins

"Roman coins showing various styles of hair-dressing."—Webster, 1913

"The litter consists of an ordinary couch with four posts and a pair of posts. Curtains fastened to the rod above the canopy shielded the occupant from observation."—Webster, 1913

A Roman Litter

"The litter consists of an ordinary couch with four posts and a pair of posts. Curtains fastened to…

An ancient chariot racing stadium used during the Roman Empire.

Circus Maximus

An ancient chariot racing stadium used during the Roman Empire.

"A relief on the tomb of a certain Hegeso. It represents a woman, seated, taking a jewel from a casket held by an attendant."—Webster, 1913

An Athenian Gravestone

"A relief on the tomb of a certain Hegeso. It represents a woman, seated, taking a jewel from a casket…

The Temple of the Wingless Victory.

Temple of the Wingless Victory

The Temple of the Wingless Victory.

"The earliest implements of paleolithic type."—Myers, 1904

Paleolithic Implements

"The earliest implements of paleolithic type."—Myers, 1904

The primitive processes of making fire.

Making Fire

The primitive processes of making fire.

A portion of detail from a photograph of the Great Pyramid in Egypt.

Detail of the Great Pyramid

A portion of detail from a photograph of the Great Pyramid in Egypt.

"Supposed portrait of one of the overseers of the work on the Great Pyramid. This is one of the masterpieces of Egyptian sculpture."—Myers, 1904

The Sheikh-El-Beled

"Supposed portrait of one of the overseers of the work on the Great Pyramid. This is one of the masterpieces…

"Brick-making in Ancient Egypt."—Myers, 1904

Brick-Making

"Brick-making in Ancient Egypt."—Myers, 1904

A statue depiction of the servant for the Underworld.

Servant for the Underworld

A statue depiction of the servant for the Underworld.

"Showing the weighing of the heart of the deceased in the scales of truth."—Myers, 1904

The Judgment of the Dead

"Showing the weighing of the heart of the deceased in the scales of truth."—Myers, 1904

Canals used during ancient Babylonian times.

Ancient Babylonian Canals

Canals used during ancient Babylonian times.

Tablets used by children for writing exercises.

Writing Exercise Tablets

Tablets used by children for writing exercises.

Also known as a Lamassu. An ancient tutelary deity, often considered to be female.

An Assyrian Winged Bull

Also known as a Lamassu. An ancient tutelary deity, often considered to be female.

Assyrians flaying prisoners alive.

Assyrians Flaying Prisoners Alive

Assyrians flaying prisoners alive.

An ancient Greek boat with 50 oars.

Fifty-Oared Greek Boat

An ancient Greek boat with 50 oars.

Ancient Greek runners in the Olympic games.

Greek Runners

Ancient Greek runners in the Olympic games.

The coin of the ancient Greek city of Corinth.

Coin of Corinth

The coin of the ancient Greek city of Corinth.

A citizen-soldier of Ancient Greece.

Hoplite

A citizen-soldier of Ancient Greece.

A prominent Athenian statesman and member of the aristocratic family of the Alcmaeonidae.

Alcibiades

A prominent Athenian statesman and member of the aristocratic family of the Alcmaeonidae.

A Roman copy of an ancient Greek sculpture. The copy is made of marble, while the lost original sculpture is thought to have been bronze.

The Dying Gaul

A Roman copy of an ancient Greek sculpture. The copy is made of marble, while the lost original sculpture…

"The symbolic fasces borne by these officers were probably of Ertuscan origin. The Tarquins are said to have brought them to Rome along with other insignia of the kingly office."—Myers, 1904

Lictors with Fasces

"The symbolic fasces borne by these officers were probably of Ertuscan origin. The Tarquins are said…