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The great spotted cuckoo divides its time between North Africa and Southern Europe, laying its eggs in the nests of other birds for them to rear its offspring as their own.

Great spotted cuckoo

The great spotted cuckoo divides its time between North Africa and Southern Europe, laying its eggs…

Battleground near Fort Anne. This sketch was taken from the rail-road, looking north. The forest upon the left is the 'thick wood' of the Revolution, but on the right cultivated fields have taken the place of the forest to a considerable extent. On the right is seen the Champlain Canal, here occupying the bed of Wood Creek. The fence on the left indicates the place of the public road between Fort Anne and Whitehall. When this sketch was made (1848) the rail-road was unfinished.

Battleground near Fort Anne

Battleground near Fort Anne. This sketch was taken from the rail-road, looking north. The forest upon…

View from Shole's Landing. This is a view from Chipman's Point, or Sholes's Landing, looking north. The high ridge on the right, in the distance, is Mount Independence. The higher and more distant hill on the left, over the cedar, is Mount Defiance, and the elevation beyond is Mount Hope. Fort Ticonderoga is on the other side of Mount Independence, in a line with the highest part.

Sholes's Landing

View from Shole's Landing. This is a view from Chipman's Point, or Sholes's Landing, looking north.…

The Carolina parrot is native to Guiana, but can be found as far north as Virginia. They often travel in flocks of thirty or forty, roosting together inside of hollow trees.

Carolina Parrot

The Carolina parrot is native to Guiana, but can be found as far north as Virginia. They often travel…

View of Point Levi from Durham Terrace, Quebec. This sketch is taken from Durham Terrace, near the north wall of the Castle Garden. In the foreground are the tops of the houses below in Champlain, Notre Dame, and St. Peter's Streets, and in the distance, across the St. Lawrence, is seen Point Levi, with its pretty little village, its church and wharves. On the extreme left, in the distance, is the upper end of the island of Orleans, which divides the channel. The point seen is the place where Wolfe erected batteries.

Point Levi

View of Point Levi from Durham Terrace, Quebec. This sketch is taken from Durham Terrace, near the north…

Cape Diamond, this is a view of the spot where Montgomery was killed. The cliff is Cape Diamond, crowned with the citadel. The street at the foot of it is called Champlain, and is inhabited chiefly by a mixed population of French, Canadians, and Irish. It extends from Mountain Street south almost to Wolfe's Cove. This view is from Champlain Street, a few rods south of <em>Pres de Ville</em>, looking north. High upon the rocks Alfred Hawkins, Esq., of Quebec, has placed a board with this inscription: "Here Major-General Montgomery Fell, December 31st, 1775."

Cape Diamond

Cape Diamond, this is a view of the spot where Montgomery was killed. The cliff is Cape Diamond, crowned…

Place where Arnold was wounded. This view is in a narrow alley near the north end of <em>Sault au Matelot</em> Street, in the rear of St. Paul's Street. At the time in question St. Paul's Street did not exist, and the water, at high tide, came nearly up to the precipice. The first barrier and battery extended from the jutting rock seen in the picture, to the water. The present alley was then the beach. The circular wall on top of the rock is a part of the grand battery, one of the most formidable and commanding defenses in the world.

Arnold Wounded

Place where Arnold was wounded. This view is in a narrow alley near the north end of Sault au Matelot…

Also known as the spotted or spruce grouse, the Canada grouse is found in the northerly latitudes of the North American contitent.

Canada Grouse

Also known as the spotted or spruce grouse, the Canada grouse is found in the northerly latitudes of…

Also known as the <em>hemipode</em>, the Andelusian quail is found in Spain, North Africa, and Sicily.

Andelusian Quail

Also known as the hemipode, the Andelusian quail is found in Spain, North Africa, and Sicily.

Ranging as far north as Scandanavia, Iceland, and Greenland in the summer, the European snipe migrates as far south as Egypt and Asia minor during the winter months.

European Snipe

Ranging as far north as Scandanavia, Iceland, and Greenland in the summer, the European snipe migrates…

Averaging about eight inches in length, the curlew sandpiper can be found in Northern Europe, Asia, parts of Africa, as well as North America. It is an uncommon species.

Curlew Sandpipers

Averaging about eight inches in length, the curlew sandpiper can be found in Northern Europe, Asia,…

Also known as the purre, stint, ox-bird, and the sea-snipe, the dunlin is found throughout Europe and North America.

Dunlin

Also known as the purre, stint, ox-bird, and the sea-snipe, the dunlin is found throughout Europe and…

Measuring approximately twenty-six inches in length, the American bittern is a nocturnal hunter. It can be found throughout North America.

American Bittern

Measuring approximately twenty-six inches in length, the American bittern is a nocturnal hunter. It…

The mallard, also known as the common wild duck averages about twenty-four inches in length. It inhabits Europe and North America.

Mallard Ducks

The mallard, also known as the common wild duck averages about twenty-four inches in length. It inhabits…

The American widgeon (or baldpate) averages about nineteen inches in length. It is common in North America, and accidental in Europe.

American Widgeon

The American widgeon (or baldpate) averages about nineteen inches in length. It is common in North America,…

The eider duck is found throughout the northern regions of Europe and North America. The female lines the nest with down from her breast, which is collected by intrepid hunters.

Eider Ducks

The eider duck is found throughout the northern regions of Europe and North America. The female lines…

Found in the Arctic regions of Europe, Asia, and North America, the king duck strongly resembles the eider in its habits. It os sometimes called the king eider because of this.

King Duck

Found in the Arctic regions of Europe, Asia, and North America, the king duck strongly resembles the…

Common in Europe and North America, the velvet scoter is also known as the white-winged coot.

Velvet Scoter

Common in Europe and North America, the velvet scoter is also known as the white-winged coot.

The American scaup duck is common in North America, accidental in Europe. It is also known as the creek broad-bill.

American Scaup Duck

The American scaup duck is common in North America, accidental in Europe. It is also known as the creek…

"The harlequin duck is a very beautiful but small species, fourteen inches lng; fond of the eddying waters of cascades; common in North America; rare in Europe." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Harlequin Duck

"The harlequin duck is a very beautiful but small species, fourteen inches lng; fond of the eddying…

Measuring about nineteen inches long, the hooded merganser is common in North America, its head adorned with a half-circular crest.

Hooded Merganser

Measuring about nineteen inches long, the hooded merganser is common in North America, its head adorned…

Found in both Europe and North America, the goosander is also known as the buff-breasted sheldrake, saw-bill, and as the dun-diver.

Goosander

Found in both Europe and North America, the goosander is also known as the buff-breasted sheldrake,…

Also known as the horned grebe, dipper, water-witch, and hell-diver, the sclavonian grebe is common to both Europe and North America.

Sclavonian Grebe

Also known as the horned grebe, dipper, water-witch, and hell-diver, the sclavonian grebe is common…

The black cormorant averages about three feet in length, and is found in Greenland, as well as a long the coasts of Asia, Europe, and North America. In some countries it was domesticated, and trained to fish for its masters.

Black cormorant

The black cormorant averages about three feet in length, and is found in Greenland, as well as a long…

Wind-mill Point. This view was sketched from the steam-boat, when a little below the wind-mill, looking west-north-west. The mill is a strong stone structure, and answered a very good purpose for a fort or block-house. Its narrow windows were used by the patriots as loop-holes for their muskets during the action.

Wind-Mill Point

Wind-mill Point. This view was sketched from the steam-boat, when a little below the wind-mill, looking…

Oswego in 1755. This view is looking north toward the lake. It is a reduced copy of the frontispiece to <em>Smith's History of New York</em>, first ediction, London, 1757, and represents the encampment of Shirley there at that time.

Oswego

Oswego in 1755. This view is looking north toward the lake. It is a reduced copy of the frontispiece…

This was the residence of Colonel Guy Johnson, and is still standing, on the north side of the Mohawk, about a mile from the village of Amsterdam, in Montgomery county. It is substantially built of stone, and may stand a century yet. Embowered in trees, it is a beautiful summer residence.

Guy Park

This was the residence of Colonel Guy Johnson, and is still standing, on the north side of the Mohawk,…

The battle-ground of Oriskany. This sketch was made from the eastern side of the ravine, looking west. The marsh in the bottom of the ravine, mentioned in the text, is partially drained by a rivulet. When I visited the spot (August, 1848), many logs of the old causeway were still visible, and afforded a crossing-place for cattle. These logs are seen in the picture. The road on the left is the present highway between Oriskany and Rome. The barn stands upon the road southeasterly, the ambush was placed. The hottest of the battle occurred upon the high plain between the ravine is the foreground and another beyond the most distant trees in the picture. The hills seen in the xtreme distance, on the right, are those upon the north side of the Mohawk. The frame-work in the ravine is the remains of the scaffolding erected for the speakers at the celebration alluded to, in 1844.

Oriskany

The battle-ground of Oriskany. This sketch was made from the eastern side of the ravine, looking west.…

Old Parsonage and Church. This view is from the high plain on the right of the block-house, looking north. The building upon the hill across the ravine is the old parsonage, which was immediately built upon the ruins of the one that was burned. On the left I have placed a church in its proper relative position to the parsonage, as indicated by Mr. Lipe. It was about half a mile northwest of the fort. On the right are seen the Mohawk River and Plain, a train of cars in the distance, and the hills that bound the view on the north side of the Mohawk Valley, in the direction of Stone Arabia and Klock's Field, where two battles were fought in 1780. These will be hereafter noticed.

Old Parsonage and Church

Old Parsonage and Church. This view is from the high plain on the right of the block-house, looking…

North point of Johnson Hall.

Johnson Hall

North point of Johnson Hall.

Brant's Rock. This rock, which is about four feet high, lies in a field on the left of the road leading from Cherry Valley to the Mohawk, about a mile and a half north of the residence of Judge Campbell. It is a fossiliferous mass, composed chiefly of shells. Behind this rock the body of Lieutenant Wormwood, lifeless and the head scalped, was found by the villagers, who had heard the firing on the previous evening. Judge campbell, who accompanied us to the spot, pointed out the stump of a large tree by the road side, as the place where Lieutenant Wormwood fell.

Brant's Rock

Brant's Rock. This rock, which is about four feet high, lies in a field on the left of the road leading…

Caldwell's monument. The following are the inscriptions upon the Caldwell monument: East Side: "This monument is erected to the memory of the Rev. James Caldwell, the pious and fervent Christian, the zealous and faithful minister, the eloquent preacher, and a prominent leader among the worthies who secured the independence of his country. His name will be cherished in the church and in the state so long as Virtue is esteemed and Patriotism honored." West Side: "Hannah, wife of the Rev. James Caldwell, and daughter of Johnathan Ogden, of Newark, was killed at Connecticut Farms by a shot from a British soldier, June 25th, 1780, cruelty sacrificed by the enemies of her husband and of her country." North Side: "The memory of the just is blessed. Be of good courage- and let us behave ourselves valiant for our people, and for the cities of our God, and let the Lord do that which is good in his sight. The glory of children are their fathers." South Side: "James Caldwell. Born in Charlotte county, in Virginia, April, 1734. Graduated at Princeton College, 1759. Ordained pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Elizabethtown, 1762. After serving as chaplain in the army of the Revolution, and acting as commissary to the troops in New Jersey, he was killed by a shot from a sentinel at Elizabethtown Point, November 24th, 1781."

Caldwell's Monument

Caldwell's monument. The following are the inscriptions upon the Caldwell monument: East Side: "This…

Steuben's head-quarters. This view is from the field in front of the house, looking north. The dwelling is at the end of a lane several rods from the main road leading to Middlebrook from New Brunswick. It is on the western side of the Raritan, and about a mile from the bridge near Middlebrook. Only the center building was in existence at the time in question, and that seems to have been enlarged. Each wing has since been added. The interior of the old part is kept in the same condition as it was when Steuben occupied it, being, like most of the better dwellings of that time, neatly wainscoted with pine, wrought into moldings and panels.

Steuben's Head-Quarters

Steuben's head-quarters. This view is from the field in front of the house, looking north. The dwelling…

The Yeoman House. This view is from the road, looking north. An attempt was made by a soldier to burn the house, but so rapid was the march of the invaders that the flames had made but little progress before the troops were far on their road to the village. An [African American] woman, who was concealed under some corn-stalks near, extinguished the flames. The house is about half a mile from the river, on the right side of the road from the landing to Kingston village.

Yeoman House

The Yeoman House. This view is from the road, looking north. An attempt was made by a soldier to burn…

The Bennington battle-ground. This view is from the hill on the southwest bank of the Walloomscoick, a little west of the road from the bridge to Starkville, looking northeast. The road over this hill existed at the time of the battle. The river, which here makes a sudden bend, is seen at two points- near the cattle, and at the bridge, in the distance, on the right. The house on the left, near the bridge, is Mr. Barnet's, and the road that crosses the center of the picture from right to left is the road from Bennington to Van Schaick's or North Hoosick. It passes along the river flat, at the foot of the hills where the battle occurred. The highest point on the distant hills, covered with woods, is the place where the Hessians were intrenched. From that point, along the hills to the left, for about two miles, the conflict was carried on; and upon the slopes, now cultivated, musket-balls and other relics of the battle have been plowed up.

Bennington Battle-ground

The Bennington battle-ground. This view is from the hill on the southwest bank of the Walloomscoick,…

Head-quarters of Agnew and Erskine. This house is on the south bank of Still River, at the north end of the main street. It was built by Benjamind Knapp, in 1770, and was owned by him at the time of the invasion. His birth-place is also standing, on the north side of the river. They were among the few houses not burned. At the bridge seen on the right the British planted a cannon, and kept a strong guard there until their departure. This house is now (1848) owned by Noah Knapp.

Agnew and Erskine

Head-quarters of Agnew and Erskine. This house is on the south bank of Still River, at the north end…

Place of the barricade, Ridgefield. This view is at the north end of the main street. It was taken from the spot where, traditions asserts, Arnold's horse was killed, which is on the west side of the street, near a maple-tree, about one hundred yards southwest of the house of Samuel Stebbins, Esq., seen on the right in the picture. While making this sketch an old man came along, and informed me that on the day after the battle himself and some other boys skinned Arnold's horse, and discovered nine bullet-holes in his side. The escape of the rider seemed miraculous.

Ridgefield

Place of the barricade, Ridgefield. This view is at the north end of the main street. It was taken from…

Fitch's Point, the landing-place of the British. This view is from the west side of Gregory's Point, looking north-northwest. The promontory toward the left, covered with dark trees, is called Fort Point. There was an Indian fortification when the first settlers arrived at Norwalk. Further to the left, on the extreme edge of the picture, is seen one end of the rail-road bridge, which crosses Norwalk River. The New York and New Haven Rail-road was then in progress of construction. The point derives its name from its former proprietor, Governor Thomas Fitch, whose residence was Norwalk. He was Governor of the colony of Connecticut, and his name is among the beloved of his generation. He died July 18th, 1774, in the seventy-fifth year of his age.

Fitch's Point

Fitch's Point, the landing-place of the British. This view is from the west side of Gregory's Point,…

The old Colony Seal.

Colony Seal

The old Colony Seal.

"Colonel Barrett's House. This sketch is from the road leading to the village of Concord by the way of the North Bridge. The home was erected about eighty yeras ago, by Colonel Barrett, and is now owned by his kinsman, Prescott Barrett."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Barrett's House

"Colonel Barrett's House. This sketch is from the road leading to the village of Concord by the way…

"New London Harbor, looking north. This little sketch shows the relative position of the forts. Fort Trumbull is seen on the left of the picture, and Fort Griswold, with the Groton Monument, is on the extreme right."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

New London Harbor

"New London Harbor, looking north. This little sketch shows the relative position of the forts. Fort…

Rhode Island Governor Nicholas Cooke's Monument.

Governor Nicholas Cooke's Monument

Rhode Island Governor Nicholas Cooke's Monument.

"Old Tavern in Providence. This view is from the market, looking north. The building stands on the east side of the square and parallel with its front commences North Main Street. In the yard on the right is venerable horse-chestnut tree, standing between the house and the Roger Williams' Bank. In former times, a balcony extended across the front. The door that opend upon it is still there, but the balcony is gone. The roof is completely overgrown with moss, and every appearance of age marks it."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Providence Tavern

"Old Tavern in Providence. This view is from the market, looking north. The building stands on the east…

"Hubbard's House and Mill. The inscriptions upon the monument are as follows: East Side: "Oliver Hazard Perry. At the age of 27 years he achieved the victory of Lake Erie September 10, 1813.' North Side: 'Born in South Kingston, R. I., August 23rd, 1785. Died at Fort Spain, Trinidad, August 23d, 1819, aged 34 years.' West Side: 'His remains were conveyed to his native land in a ship of war, according to a resolution of Congress, and were here interred, December 4, 1826.' South Side: 'Erected by the State of Rhode Island.'"—Lossing, 1851

Hubbard's House and Mill

"Hubbard's House and Mill. The inscriptions upon the monument are as follows: East Side: "Oliver Hazard…

"Monument at Goshen. During the battle, Major Wood, of Goshen, made a masonic sign, by accident, which Brant, who was a Free-mason, perceived and heeded. Wood's life was spared, and as a prisoner he was treated kindly, until the Mohawk chief perceived that he was not a Mason. Then, with withering scorn, Brant looked upon Wood, believing that he had obtained the masonic sign which he used, by deception. It was purely an accident on the part of Wood. When released, he hastened to become a member of the fraternity by whose instrumentality his life had been spared. The house in which Major Wood lived is yet standing (though much altered), at the foot of the hill north of the rail-way station at Goshen. The house of Roger Townsend, who was among the slain, is also standing, and well preserved. It is in the southern part of the village."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Goshen Monument

"Monument at Goshen. During the battle, Major Wood, of Goshen, made a masonic sign, by accident, which…

"West Point in 1780. This view is from a print published in the <em>New York Magazine</em> for 1790. It was taken from Constitution Island. On the left is seen a portion of old Fort Constitution. The great chain, four hundred and fifty yards in length, and covered by a strong battery, is seen stretched across the river, immediately below Fort Clinton, the structure on the high point. In the distance, on the left, two mountain summits are seen, crowned with fortifications. These were the North and Middle Redoubts. Upon the range of the Sugar Loaf Mountain, higher than these, and hidden, in the view, by Fort Clinton, was another redoubt, called the South Battery."—Lossing, 1851

West Point

"West Point in 1780. This view is from a print published in the New York Magazine for 1790.…

"View at Beverly Dock. This view is taken from the Hudson River rail-road, looking north. The dock, covered with cord wood, is seen near the point on the left. It is at the termination of a marsh, near the point of a bold, rocky promontory, through which is a deep rock cutting for the road. The distant hills on the extreme left are on the west side of the Hudson; and through the gorge formed for the road may be seen the military edifices of West Point."—Lossing, 1851

Beverly Dock

"View at Beverly Dock. This view is taken from the Hudson River rail-road, looking north. The dock,…

"Rear view at Stony Point. This sketch presents a rear view of the old embankments of the fort, and of the light-house, which is seen by all travelers upon the river, just before entering the Highlands. The beacon stands exactly in the center of the fort, upon the site of the magazine. There was a covered way toward the water on the north side of the hill, and about twenty yards in the rear are some prominent remains of the ravelins which extended across the point."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Stony Point

"Rear view at Stony Point. This sketch presents a rear view of the old embankments of the fort, and…

"Resembles the tuna in form, but is seldom more than thirty inches long. It is extensively distributed, being most common i nthe tropical seas, but is still met with on the coasts of Europe and North America. It is said to rival the dorado in its perpetual chase of flying-fish." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Bonito

"Resembles the tuna in form, but is seldom more than thirty inches long. It is extensively distributed,…

"Four to six feet long, breadth eight inches, thickness one inch; found in the North Atlantic, and has been taken on the British coast." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Dealfish

"Four to six feet long, breadth eight inches, thickness one inch; found in the North Atlantic, and has…

"Weighing six to twelve pounds; it feeds on mollusca, crustacea, and young fish; inhabits sandy banks and muddy grounds in the seal is sometime staken with hooks and sometimes with spears, though more generally with trawl-nets." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Plaice

"Weighing six to twelve pounds; it feeds on mollusca, crustacea, and young fish; inhabits sandy banks…

"Colonel Jameson's head-quarters. This is a view of the out-buildings of Mr. Sands, at North Castle, situated a few yards from his residence. The lowest building, on the left, is the dwelling, now attached to the barn of Mr. Sands, which Jameson used as his head-quarters. In that building Andre was kept guarded until sent to West Point."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Jameson's Head-quarters

"Colonel Jameson's head-quarters. This is a view of the out-buildings of Mr. Sands, at North Castle,…

"Van Wart's monument. The following are the inscriptions upon this monument: North Side: 'Here repose the mortal remains of Isaac Van Wart, an elder in the Greenburgh church, who died on the 23d of May, 1828, in the 69th year of his age. Having lived the life, he died the death, of the Christian. South Side: 'The citizens of the county of West Chester erected this tomb in testimony of the high sense they entertained for the virtuous and patriotic conduct of their fellow-citizen, as a memorial sacred to public graditute.' East Side: 'Vincent, Amor Patriae. Nearly half a century before this monument was built, the conscript fathers of America had, in the Senate chamber, voted that Isaac Van Wart was a faithful patriot, one in whom the love of country was invincible, and this tomb bears testimony that the record is true.' West Side: 'Fidelity. On the 23d of September, 1780, Isaac Van Wart, accompanied by John Paulding and David Williams, all farmers of the county of West Chester, intercepted Major Andre, on his return from the American lines in the character of a spy, and, notwithstanding the large bribes offered them for his release, nobly disclaimed to sacrifice their country for gold, secured and carried him to the commanding officer of the district, whereby the dangerous and traitorous conspiracy of Arnold was brought to light, the insiduous designs of the enemy, baffled, the American army saved, and our beloved country free.'"—Lossing, 1851

Van Wart's Monument

"Van Wart's monument. The following are the inscriptions upon this monument: North Side: 'Here repose…

"The Livingston Mansion. This is a view from the lawn on the north side. It is embowerd in trees and shrubbery, and is one of the most pleasantly-located mansions in the country, overlooking interesting portios of the Hudson River. Within its walls many of the leading men of the Revolution were entertained. It was the head-quarters of Washington, when he abandoned an attempt to capture Cornwallis. There, at the close of the war, Washington, Governor Clinton, and General Sir Guy Carleton, and their respective suites, met to make arrangements for the evacuation of the city of New York by the British. Washington and Clinton came down the river from West Point in a barge; Carleton ascended in a frigate. Four companies of American Infantry performed the duty of guards on that occasion."—Lossing, 1851

Livingston Mansion

"The Livingston Mansion. This is a view from the lawn on the north side. It is embowerd in trees and…

"Remains of intrenchments the Ramapo Pass. This view is from the road, looking north toward the village of Ramapo. The remains of the intrenchments are seen along the right in the foreground. On the left, in the distance, is seen a glimpse of the hills on the other side of the narrow valley."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Ramapo Pass

"Remains of intrenchments the Ramapo Pass. This view is from the road, looking north toward the village…

"Trenton Bridge and vicinity. This view is from the north side of the Assanpink, a few rods above the bridge, looking south. The bridge, seen upon the right, is built of stone, and very strong, and is upon the site of the old one. The creek is curbed by a dam near the bridge, and forms the sheet of water seen in the picture. The old 'Stacey Mill' of the Revolution, the largest building in the sketch, was quite dilapidated from the effects of fire and flood, when I was there. The two old houses on the left of it are of stone, covered with stucco, and were there at the time in question. On the bank, between them and the house of Mr. Timothy Abbott, seen on the extreme left, was a building used as a tavern, in the Revolution. It was demolished a few years ago. Along the high bank, from the mill eastward to the rail-way, now covered with houses and gardens, and also westward, some distance toward the Delaware, the Americans were encamped. The bank was being terraced when I visited Trenton, and will, in time, be a beautiful spot."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Trenton

"Trenton Bridge and vicinity. This view is from the north side of the Assanpink, a few rods above the…

"View of the battle-ground near Princeton. This view, looking north, is from the carriage gate of Mr. John Clarke, owner of the house in which General Mercer died, which is situated about seventy rods from the Trenton turnpike. That dwelling is represented in the foreground of the picture, on the extreme right. The distant view includes almost the whole field of action. Near the center of the picture, over the head of the dark figure, is seen the house of William Clark, and his out-buildings. The barn, a little more to the left, with a tree in front, is upon the spot from whence Mercer rushed forward to the hedge-fence. That fence was upon the line of the present turnpike, denoted in the sketch by the fence passing down the slope beyond the large tree on the extreme left. The 'high ground' for which both parties were aiming, to secure advantage, is seen in the extreme distance. The dark spot between the tree in the second field and the barn denotes the spot where Mercer fell. The house of William Clark, in the distance, is about a quarter of a mile from the one in the foreground, where Mercer died. The hollow between the two houses was the space between the belligerents when Washington advanced to the support of Mercer. The place of conflict is about a mile and a quarter south of Princeton. The turnpike passes directly through it."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Princeton battle-ground

"View of the battle-ground near Princeton. This view, looking north, is from the carriage gate of Mr.…

"Treaty Monument. This monument stands near the intersection of Hanover and Beach Streets, Kensington, on the spot where the celebrated <em>Treaty Tree</em> stood. The tree was blown down in 1810, when it was ascertained to be 283 years old. When the British were in possession of Philadelphia, during the winter of 1778, their foraging parties were out in every direction for fuel. To protect this tree from the ax, Colonel Simcoe, of the Queen's Rangers, placed a sentinel under it. Of its remains, many chairs, vases, work-stands, and other articles have been made. The commemorative monument was erected by the Penn Society. Upon it are the following inscriptions: North Side: 'Treaty ground of William Penn and the indian nation, 1682. Unbroken Faith.' South Side: 'William Penn, born 1644. Died, 1718.' West Side: 'Placed by the Penn Society, A. D. 1827, to mark the site of the great Elm Tree.' East Side: 'Pennsylvania founded, 1681, by deeds of Peace.'"&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Treaty Monument

"Treaty Monument. This monument stands near the intersection of Hanover and Beach Streets, Kensington,…

"Penn's Seal and Signature. This is a representation of the seal and signature of William Penn attached to the Pennsylvania charter. The names of the subscribing witnesses to the instrument are James Claypoole, Francis Plumsted, Thomas Barker, Philip Ford, Edward Pritchard, Andrew Soule, Christopher Taylor, Charles Lloyd, William Gibson, U. More, George Rudyard, Harbt. Springett."—Lossing, 1851

Penn's seal and signature

"Penn's Seal and Signature. This is a representation of the seal and signature of William Penn attached…

"The observatory. This view is from the field, looking north. On the left is seen the winding Schuylkill, and the rolling country beyond; and on the right, the distant hills of Montgomery county."—Lossing, 1851

Observatory

"The observatory. This view is from the field, looking north. On the left is seen the winding Schuylkill,…