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A simple nerve cell, or neuron. N is the nucleus of the cell, NC is the cytoplasm, D are dendrites which are fine protoplasmic branches that create synapses that connect to another nerve cell. The neuron is connected to muscle (MU) by a nerve fiber (NF). The fiber is covered by a sheath (SH) of fat to protect it. NE is the ending of the fiber that the muscle is connected to. LB is a lateral branch of the nerve fiber.

Nerve Cell

A simple nerve cell, or neuron. N is the nucleus of the cell, NC is the cytoplasm, D are dendrites which…

Illustration of the reflex action of an animal. SE is the sensory nerve-ending. A stimulus passes through the sensory nerve-fiber SF to a nerve-cell SC in the ganglion of a dorsal or afferent (convey towards the center) root (DR) of a spinal nerve. The fiber divides in the spinal cord (SP C) where the message is relayed to an internuncial nerve-cell (A). MO is motor nerve-cell, VR is ventral or efferent nerve, ME is nerve plate, and MU is muscle fiber.

Reflex Action

Illustration of the reflex action of an animal. SE is the sensory nerve-ending. A stimulus passes through…

Diagram of the retina, aka percipient layer of the eye. 1: inner limiting membrane, which is next to the vitreous humor in the eye cavity; 2: a branch of a divided optic nerve; 3: ganglion cell layer; 4: inner nerve-fiber layer; 5: layer of bipolar ("inner granular") cells; 6: outer layer of nerve-cells; 7: layer of visual (outer granular) cells; 8: outer limiting membrane; 9: long and thing rods and short and broad cones; 10: pigment layer; 11: tangential cells; 12: bipolar cells; 13: amacrine cell; 14: centripetal optic nerve fibers; 15: centrifugal optic nerve fibers; 16: Muller's supporting cells. I, II, III: three areas of nerve cells in the retina.

Eye Retina

Diagram of the retina, aka percipient layer of the eye. 1: inner limiting membrane, which is next to…

Diagrams of how an image is displayed with a normal eye (top image), myopic or nearsighted eye (middle image), and a hypermetropic or far-sighted eye. In a human, the retina "sees" an image upside down and the brain rights the image.

Human Eye

Diagrams of how an image is displayed with a normal eye (top image), myopic or nearsighted eye (middle…

Mendelian chart for chickens. P is parent with black dominant and white recessive, F1 is the hybrid generation of "blue" Andalusians, illustrating imperfect dominance, F2 is the second generation with 25% pure black (DD), 50% blues (DR), and 25% pure whites with black spots (RR)

Genetics Chart

Mendelian chart for chickens. P is parent with black dominant and white recessive, F1 is the hybrid…

A skinned hedgehog. This image is supposed to show the muscles of the back which contract to make the animal into a "living ball". Notice how close its extremities are to its nose.

Skinned Hedgehog

A skinned hedgehog. This image is supposed to show the muscles of the back which contract to make the…

A Hancock Coach cross-sectioned in order to display the engine and driving connections. (A) is the exhaust pipe that leads steam to screen (C) and up the flue (D) along with other exhaust from grate (B). (E) is the boiler, (H) is the out-take pipe, (K) is the engine cylinder, (J) is the water-feed pump, (G) is a rotary fan that creates forced drought, and (F) is the flue leading to the grate.

Hancock Coaches

A Hancock Coach cross-sectioned in order to display the engine and driving connections. (A) is the exhaust…

The Notable Coach, Invented around 1829 by a man named James. It was the first practical steam carriage build. This diagram was drawn from an old wood cut.

Notable Coach

The Notable Coach, Invented around 1829 by a man named James. It was the first practical steam carriage…

An image of an old-fashioned wheel. It was most likely used on a steam coach or carriage in the nineteenth century.

Old-Fashioned Wheel

An image of an old-fashioned wheel. It was most likely used on a steam coach or carriage in the nineteenth…

A form of gears that used to be employed for tricycles. The studs (AA) are set into the sprockets and turn on their own axes. They turn only when either of the wheels causes rotating (the other wheels are attached to B and C).

Differential Gear

A form of gears that used to be employed for tricycles. The studs (AA) are set into the sprockets and…

Gears used in an older model car. The sprocket gear (far left) carries three bevel pinions on its three radii. The pinions connect to wheels on either side with the wheels attached at the inner ends of the divided axle shaft (middle).

Gear Differentials

Gears used in an older model car. The sprocket gear (far left) carries three bevel pinions on its three…

As its name entails, this gear is useful at balancing out automobiles. This gear was employed often at the turn of the twentieth century. The upper image shows a cross section of the gear, the lower a top-down view.

Balance Gear

As its name entails, this gear is useful at balancing out automobiles. This gear was employed often…

A universal joint differential. The sprocket is used to twist the sleeve that is holding the gear in place. As long as the travel is straight, the pinions don't move on their axes. When an axis is turned however, rotation begins, which causes the two big wheels of the wagon to move.

Joint Differential

A universal joint differential. The sprocket is used to twist the sleeve that is holding the gear in…

A wheel of a car fitted with a double-chain drive from a jack-shaft that is parallel to the rear axis.

Power Transmission

A wheel of a car fitted with a double-chain drive from a jack-shaft that is parallel to the rear axis.

Two views of a cross-sectioned car, one from the side, one from above.

Car Cross-Section

Two views of a cross-sectioned car, one from the side, one from above.

The manner in which the wheels of a railway car orient themselves around a curve. The outer and inner wheels turn on different diameters.

Wheel Position

The manner in which the wheels of a railway car orient themselves around a curve. The outer and inner…

A Worm and sector steering device, cross-sectioned. It was developed by Panhard-Levassor. The spindle of the steering wheel carries a worm gear at the base of the head.

Steering Device

A Worm and sector steering device, cross-sectioned. It was developed by Panhard-Levassor. The spindle…

Two types of steering devices. The image on the left is a combined nut and rack steering gear. It is resistant to backlash and has almost perfect irreversibility. The image on the right is a typical irreversible steering device with a spirally grooved gear plate operating a sector.

Steering Devices

Two types of steering devices. The image on the left is a combined nut and rack steering gear. It is…

<p>A cartoon of a Vampire as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Vampire

A cartoon of a Vampire as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of…

<p>A cartoon of the Bride of Frankenstein as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Bride of Frankenstein

A cartoon of the Bride of Frankenstein as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of…

<p>A cartoon of the Wolfman as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Wolfman

A cartoon of the Wolfman as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half…

<p>A cartoon of the Mummy as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Mummy

A cartoon of the Mummy as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of…

<p>A cartoon of the Invisible Man as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Invisible Man

A cartoon of the Invisible Man as depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first…

<p>A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Bride of Frankenstein depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Bride of Frankenstein (Black and White)

A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Bride of Frankenstein depicted in the classic black…

<p>A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Invisible Man depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Invisible Man (Black and White)

A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Invisible Man depicted in the classic black and white…

<p>A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Mummy depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Mummy (Black and White)

A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Mummy depicted in the classic black and white monster…

<p>A simple black and white line art cartoon of a Vampire depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Vampire (Black and White)

A simple black and white line art cartoon of a Vampire depicted in the classic black and white monster…

<p>A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Wolfman depicted in the classic black and white monster movies of the first half of the 20th Century.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Wolfman (Black and White)

A simple black and white line art cartoon of the Wolfman depicted in the classic black and white monster…

<p>A black and white line art version of a brother (the spaceman) and his friend (the dinosaur) taking his little sister (the alien) trick-r-treating.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Trick-R-Treaters (Black and White)

A black and white line art version of a brother (the spaceman) and his friend (the dinosaur) taking…

<p>A black and white line art version of the Mummy, Frankenstein's Monster, and a zombie discuss things of great import.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

The New Guy (Black and White)

A black and white line art version of the Mummy, Frankenstein's Monster, and a zombie discuss things…

<p>A simple black and white illustration of Christopher Columbus' ships at sea.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria (Black and White)

A simple black and white illustration of Christopher Columbus' ships at sea. Illustrated by James Basom…

<p>A black and white decorative border for Halloween featuring a jolly Jack-O-Lantern.</p> <p>Illustrated by James Basom Seaman II</p>

Jack-O-Lantern Corner (Black and White)

A black and white decorative border for Halloween featuring a jolly Jack-O-Lantern. Illustrated by James…

The Demoiselle, or Numidian crane.

Demoiselle

The Demoiselle, or Numidian crane.

The Pennon is a flag of Great Britain.

Pennon

The Pennon is a flag of Great Britain.

The Banner is a flag of Great Britain.

Banner

The Banner is a flag of Great Britain.

The Pennoncel is a flag of Great Britain.

Pennoncel

The Pennoncel is a flag of Great Britain.

The Flag of St. George is a flag of Great Britain. It shows the red cross of St. George on a white field, and survives only as a flag of command in the royal navy.

Flag of St. George

The Flag of St. George is a flag of Great Britain. It shows the red cross of St. George on a white field,…

The Royal Standard is a flag of Great Britain.

Royal Standard

The Royal Standard is a flag of Great Britain.

The White Ensign is a flag of Great Britain. It is the peculiar flag of the royal navy.

White Ensign

The White Ensign is a flag of Great Britain. It is the peculiar flag of the royal navy.

The Blue Ensign is a flag of Great Britain. It is the distinctive ensign of the royal naval reserve.

Blue Ensign

The Blue Ensign is a flag of Great Britain. It is the distinctive ensign of the royal naval reserve.

The Union Flag is the national flag of Great Britain. It is more properly called the 'Great Union', established by royal proclamation of April 12, 1606. It was formed by a combination of the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew; at the union with Ireland in 1801, the cross of St. Patrick was added. It is essentially the military flag of England. It is flown as the war jack on the jackstaff of English warships.

Union (National) Flag of Great Britain

The Union Flag is the national flag of Great Britain. It is more properly called the 'Great Union',…

The Admiralty Flag is a flag of Great Britain.

Admiralty Flag

The Admiralty Flag is a flag of Great Britain.

The Union Flag after the Union of Ireland and Great Britain, and the addition of the cross of St. Patrick.

Union Flag: Crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St Patrick

The Union Flag after the Union of Ireland and Great Britain, and the addition of the cross of St. Patrick.

This is a flag of Great Britain.

Blazon of Union Flag

This is a flag of Great Britain.

Fig plant.

Fig plant

Fig plant.

Frankincense (Olibanum) is a gum resin obtained from Boswellia Carterii, of the order Burseraceae, and grows chiefly in Somali land. It occurs in roundish tears, about half an inch in diameter, colorless to reddish and covered with a white powder. its odor is balsamic, and it tastes bitter. It burns with a fragrant odor, and is used in incense. The illustration shows 1) the flower, 2) a cross section with petals removed, and 3) fruit.

Frankincense

Frankincense (Olibanum) is a gum resin obtained from Boswellia Carterii, of the order Burseraceae, and…

The common European Cleg is a large, black/blue-black blood-sucking 'horsefly' of the family Tabanidae. It is commonly referred to as a Gadfly in the United States. They are powerful flyers, and the females are furnished with a lancet-like proboscis which can pierce the thickest skin.

Common European Cleg (Gadfly)

The common European Cleg is a large, black/blue-black blood-sucking 'horsefly' of the family Tabanidae.…

The Gadwall (Chaulelasmus streperus) is a widely distributed duck, appearing throughout Europe and N. America, as well as in Asia and the north of Africa. It is a freshwater species, remarkable for the great development of the comb-like 'teeth' at the margin of the bill. It is 19-20 inches long, generally grayish, finely mottled, with chestnut wing coverts. The underside of the wing pure white, while the speculum of the drake is blue.

Gadwall Duck

The Gadwall (Chaulelasmus streperus) is a widely distributed duck, appearing throughout Europe and N.…

Also known as a Solan Goose (Sula bassana), the Gannet is a large marine bird which nests in scattered localities in most parts of the world. Its specific name refers to the fact that it has long been a denizen of Bass Rock -- a famous craggy islet on the coast of England. This bird also nests on Bird Rock in the gulf of St. Lawrence, and other species exist in the tropics. It belongs to the same sub-order as the cormorant, and may be recognized by the fact that, as in the latter, all four toes are united by a web. Its bill is long, strong, and compressed to a point. In adult life, the plumage is white, save for the black primaries and a buff patch on the head or neck; the young are dusky, and do not acquire the white plumage until their sixth year. Their nests contain only one egg.

Gannet

Also known as a Solan Goose (Sula bassana), the Gannet is a large marine bird which nests in scattered…

A genus of hardy plants, Gentians belong to the order Gentianaceae. They have a bitter taste, and one species, G. lutea, is largely used as a bitter tonic in medicine. Gentians are not easy plants to establish in a garden, on account of their need of root moisture and their dislike of root disturbance. It is best to raise them from seed, although slow to germinate. The most commonly cultivated Gentian is the Alpine G. acaulis, with large, deep-blue flowers on a dwarfed plant.

Gentian

A genus of hardy plants, Gentians belong to the order Gentianaceae. They have a bitter taste, and one…

Geum urbanum is a member of the genus Geum, a genus of hardy plants (Rosaceae). Not usually used decoratively, their five-parted flowers being borne singly at the ends of much-branching stems. The leaves are generally odd-pinnate, often with small leaflets scattered among larger ones. The style is persistent in the fruit and is often plumose, as in the purple avens (G. ciliatum), which has violet flowers. The white avens (G. canadense) has a prickly receptacle, as has the G. flavum. Among the most common species are the yellow G. strictum and the G. vernum, both found in shady, damp places.

Geum Urbanum

Geum urbanum is a member of the genus Geum, a genus of hardy plants (Rosaceae). Not usually used decoratively,…

Also known as the Kinglet, the Golden-Crested Wren (Regulus cristatus) is the smallest of European birds. In America, only the hummingbird is less in size. It is one of the warblers (Sylviidæ). The length of the body is from three to six inches, there is a bright yellow crest, the back is yellowish olive green, the wings and tail ash brown with black and white markings. The Golden-Crested Wren is generally distributed over Europe. In spring it utters a sweet and surprisingly loud song.

Golden-Crested Wren

Also known as the Kinglet, the Golden-Crested Wren (Regulus cristatus) is the smallest of European birds.…

British Golden-rod is a member of the large composite genus Solidago, which is chiefly North American. The golden-rods are erect plants, little branched, and often somewhat woody at the base. The foliage is various, usually somewhat lanceolate in shape, and sometimes conspicuously veined. The tiny heads have one series of white or yellow ray-flowers, and are gathered into various forms of inflorescence, often of a massive character; they appear in late summer and early autumn. Although of no commercial value (except as forage for sheep) the golden-rods are conspicuous for their bright color, especially as they are apt to grow in huge colonies in fields and along roadsides.

British Golden-rod

British Golden-rod is a member of the large composite genus Solidago, which is chiefly North American.…

Gooseberry Caterpillar is the name applied to the larvæ of two different insects, both injurious to gooseberry and currant bushes. (1) the Magpie Moth (Abraxas grossulariata), appearing about midsummer, has usually a black head, yellow body, and white wings spotted with black. (2) More destructive than the above is the larva of the Gooseberry Sawfly (Nematus ribesii), which plays havoc with the leaves of bushes. The larva is bluish green, with lack head, feet, tail, and spots, with twenty feet, and a length of about 3/4 of an inch when full grown.

Gooseberry Caterpillar (Nematus ribesii) and Sawfly

Gooseberry Caterpillar is the name applied to the larvæ of two different insects, both injurious to…

The Goshawk (Astur palumbarius) is a hawk abundant in the forest regions of northern Europe and Canada, but rarely seen southward, except occasionally in winter. The upper part of the body is ash-brown, with four broad dark bands on the tail; the under part white, barred with black. The bird is bold and rapacious, and remarkable for the skillful turns by means of which it follows every movement of the quarry. It was one of the favorite hawks in falconry.

Goshawk

The Goshawk (Astur palumbarius) is a hawk abundant in the forest regions of northern Europe and Canada,…

A grass of Parnassus is any member of the genus Parnassia, of the Saxifrage family, growing in damp places, having white or pale yellow flowers marked with pronounced. There are five sepals, five petals, and five stamens, with five fringed scales between.

Grass of Parnassus

A grass of Parnassus is any member of the genus Parnassia, of the Saxifrage family, growing in damp…

Its color is olive-gray or brown above, with black bands and spots, and checkered black and white beneath. The usual length is three feet. It is nearly related to the American water-snake, and haunts moist places, feeding on frogs, fish, and insects. The soft eggs are about one inch long, and are laid in manure heaps, in rich soil, or on heaps of weeds.

Grass Snake

Its color is olive-gray or brown above, with black bands and spots, and checkered black and white beneath.…

The Great Dane is a dog which has at different times been called the 'boar-hound', the 'German Mastiff', and the 'Ulmer dog'. It first began to attract attention about 1870. The grand figure, the bold outlook, and the commanding appearance of the type commended it to certain enthusiasts; and when it was found to be faithful, and intelligent, and of unfailing courage, it soon came into favor. The latest development of the breed is a harlequin-colored or black and white dog, sometimes with a wall eye and mottled nose. The Great Dane stands 34 in. high, and weighs as much as 180 lbs.; though the bitch is considerably smaller and lighter.

Great Dane

The Great Dane is a dog which has at different times been called the 'boar-hound', the 'German Mastiff',…

The Great Crested Grebe (Lophæthyia cristata) is a fresh-water, migratory, diving bird of the family Podicipidæ. It has a duck-like body, brownish and white plumage, long neck, short wings, no tail, and large, flattened toes furnished with lobate membranes serving the purpose of webs. Most of its life is spent in fresh water lakes and ponds, but in winter and during migration, it often resorts to the sea. It is an excellent diver. The nest is made of rushes and other aquatic plants and usually floats on the water, being loosely anchored to weeds and grass. It is found in nearly all parts of Europe and Asia.

Great Crested Grebe

The Great Crested Grebe (Lophæthyia cristata) is a fresh-water, migratory, diving bird of the family…

The Greyhound as a show dog is judged as follows: height and weight, ranging from 23 to 27 in. and from 40 to 70 lbs.; skull rather wide between the ears and flat on the top, with powerful, though not clumsy, jaws, and very strong teeth; eyes dark in color, and full of fire; ears rather small, and fine in texture; neck long and powerful (to enable it to reach the hare) yet graceful looking; chest of fair width, and very deep; body rather long, extremely powerful, especially at the loins, and slightly arched -- the back ribs being short, make the body appear tucked up; shoulders sloping; fore legs set in well under the dog, straight and powerful, with round, compact feet, the knuckles of the toes being well developed; hind quarters very powerful, with muscular thighs and well-bent stifles; tail long, and carried low; colors black, red, fawn, brindled, blue, white, either whole-colored or marked.

Greyhound

The Greyhound as a show dog is judged as follows: height and weight, ranging from 23 to 27 in. and from…