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Bones of the foot (tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges).

Bones of the Foot

Bones of the foot (tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges).

Structure of the human retina, showing the various layers.

Structure of the Retina

Structure of the human retina, showing the various layers.

The tympanic ossicles, which are 3 small bones that form a chain across the tympanic cavity, connecting the membrane with the fenestra vestibuli. The 3 bones are known s the Malleus, the Incus, and the Stapes.

The Tympanic Ossicles

The tympanic ossicles, which are 3 small bones that form a chain across the tympanic cavity, connecting…

Front view of the bones of the thorax, including the ribs, sternum and vertebrae. Labels: 1, first bone of the sternum; 2, second bone of the sternum; 3, third bone or ensiform cartilage; 4, first dorsal vertebra; 5, last or twelfth dorsal vertebra; 6, first rib; 7, its head; 8, its neck; 9, its tubercle; 10, seventh or last true rib; 11, its cartilage; 12, angle of eleventh rib; 13, its body.

The Bones of the Thorax

Front view of the bones of the thorax, including the ribs, sternum and vertebrae. Labels: 1, first bone…

Articulations of bones of the carpus (wrist area). Labels: 1, ulna; 2, radius; 3, inter-articular fibro-cartilage; 4, metacarpal of thumb; 5, metacarpal of first finger; 6, metacarpal of second finger; 7, metacarpal of third finger; 8, metacarpal of fourth finger; S, scaphoid; L, lunar; C, cuneiform; P, pisiform; T, T, trapezium and trapezoid; M, magnum; U, unciform.

Bones of the Carpus

Articulations of bones of the carpus (wrist area). Labels: 1, ulna; 2, radius; 3, inter-articular fibro-cartilage;…

Anterior view of the male pelvis.

Male Pelvis

Anterior view of the male pelvis.

Back view of legs, outlining bones and showing muscles.

Back View of Legs

Back view of legs, outlining bones and showing muscles.

Bones of the upper surface of the left foot. Labels: 1, astragalus; 2, its anterior face; 3, os calcis; 4, navicular, or scaphoid; , internal cuneiform; 6, middle cuneiform; 7, external cuneiform; 8, cuboid bone; 9, 9, metatarsal bones; 10, first phalanx of the big toe; 11, second phalanx of the big toe; 12, the first, 13, second and 14, third phalanges of the other toes.

Upper Surface of the Left Foot

Bones of the upper surface of the left foot. Labels: 1, astragalus; 2, its anterior face; 3, os calcis;…

Ligaments of the acromio-clavicular and scapulo-humeral articulations (joints of the shoulder). Labels: 1, superior acromio-clavicular ligament; 2, caraco-clavicular ligament; 3, coraco-acromial ligament; 4, caracoid ligament; 5, capsular ligament of the shoulder joint; 6, ligamentum adscititium, or coraco-humeral ligament; 7, tendon of long head of the biceps muscle.

Bones and Ligaments of the Shoulder Articulation

Ligaments of the acromio-clavicular and scapulo-humeral articulations (joints of the shoulder). Labels:…

Ligaments and bones of the hip joint and pelvis. Labels: 1, posterior sacro-iliac ligament; 2, greater sacro sciatic ligament; 3, lesser sacro-sciatic ligament; 4, greater sacro-sciatic notch; 5, lesser sacro-sciatic notch; 6, cotyloid ligament around the acetabulum; 7, ligamentum teres; 8, line of attachment of the capsular ligament of the hip-joint, posteriorly; 9, obturator ligament.

Bones and Ligaments of the Hip and Pelvis

Ligaments and bones of the hip joint and pelvis. Labels: 1, posterior sacro-iliac ligament; 2, greater…

Vertical section of the ankle joint and foot. Labels: 1, tibia; 2, astragalus; 3, os calci; 4, scaphoides; 5, cuneiforme internum; 6, metatarsal bone of the great toe; 7, first phalanx of the great toe; 8, second phalanx of the great toe; 9, articular cavity between the tibia and astragalus; 10, synovial capsule between astragalas and calcis; 11, calcaneo-astragaloid interosseous ligament; 12, synovial capsule between astragalas and scaphoides; 13, calcaneo-scaphoid ligament; 14, calcaneo-cuboid ligament; 15, synovial capsule between scaphoides and cuneiforme internum; 16, synovial capsule between cuneiforme internum and first metatarsal bone; 17, metatarso-phalangeal articulation of the great toe, with sesamoid bones below; 18, phalangeal articulation of the great toe.

Ankle Joint and Foot

Vertical section of the ankle joint and foot. Labels: 1, tibia; 2, astragalus; 3, os calci; 4, scaphoides;…

Showing relations of the muscles and bones of the arms from the inner side.

Bones and Muscles of the Arms

Showing relations of the muscles and bones of the arms from the inner side.

Showing relations of the muscles and bones of the arms from the outer side

Bones and Muscles of the Arms

Showing relations of the muscles and bones of the arms from the outer side

Superficial veins of the legs. Labels: 1, saphena major; 2, collateral branch; 3, anastomosis of veins; 4, internal saphena; 5, origin of the saphena vein; 6, anastomosing branch; 7, branches on the back of the leg; 8, the great internal vein of the foot; 9, arch of veins on the metatarsal bones; 10, branch from the heel; 11, branches on the sole of the foot.

Veins of the Legs

Superficial veins of the legs. Labels: 1, saphena major; 2, collateral branch; 3, anastomosis of veins;…

Cross-section of the external and internal ear. <em>a, b, and c</em>: External ear. <em>d</em>: Entrance to the tube of the ear <em>(f)</em>. <em>g</em>: Drum of the ear. <em>h</em>: Cavity beyond the drum where the chain of bones is, the bones being left out that the arrangement of the apparatus may be more clear to you. <em>k</em>: Tube which comes from the back part of the throat to this cavity. If you shut your mouth and close the nostrils with your fingers, and then force the air strongly from your chest into the mouth, you can feel the air pass through this tube into the ear where the little bones are. <em>l</em>: is the vestibule of the labyrinth. <em>m</em>: Semi-circular canals. <em>n</em>: Cochlea. <em>o</em>: Trunk of the nerve of hearing as it goes to branch out in the labyrinth. <em>e</em>: Bone in which the labyrinth is enclosed.

A Cross-Section of the Ear

Cross-section of the external and internal ear. a, b, and c: External ear. d: Entrance…

This figure shows a thigh bone that has been softened by exposing it to acid, then twisted in a knot to demonstrate it's flexibility. Bones are composed of a "mineral" or hard substance and an "animal" or soft substance. The animal component can be removed by exposing the bone to extreme heat, causing the bone to become brittle and break easily. Similarly, the mineral component can be removed by exposing the bone to acid. Once the brittle mineral part is removed by the acid, the bone is soft and flexible.

Bone Exposed to Acid and Twisted

This figure shows a thigh bone that has been softened by exposing it to acid, then twisted in a knot…

Teeth of an herbivore, showing the rough surface of some of these teeth. Herbivores have no tearing teeth. Instead they have two kinds of teeth, cutting teeth in the front and grinding teeth in the back. This figure shows a peculiar arrangement of the enamel, which admirably fits them to grind up the fibers of the grass in the back grinding teeth of an herbivore. The enamel is not only on the outside as it is in human teeth, rather there are ridges on it standing up in the middle of each tooth.

Teeth of an Herbivore

Teeth of an herbivore, showing the rough surface of some of these teeth. Herbivores have no tearing…

Structure of the chest, showing the framework of the bones which are connected together chiefly by muscles. It is important to understand the structure of the chest in order to understand how the movements of the chest are made in inspiration and expiration. The spinal column <em>b,b</em> is the grand pillar that supports this barrel-shaped framework. The ribs <em>c, c, c</em> are fastened very strongly by ligaments to the spinal column. They are 2 in number, 12 on each side and extend round towards the breast bone (sternum) <em>a</em> in front.

Structure of the Chest

Structure of the chest, showing the framework of the bones which are connected together chiefly by muscles.…

Diagram of the human nervous system showing the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Nervous System

Diagram of the human nervous system showing the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

The human skeleton.

Human Skeleton

The human skeleton.

The human skull, showing the bones of the head. <em>a</em>is the large bone of the forehead known as the frontal bone; <em>b</em> is known as the parietal bone, and <em>c</em> is the temporal bone.

Skull

The human skull, showing the bones of the head. ais the large bone of the forehead known as…

The bones of the top of the head are fastened together by what are called sutures which are locked together by little teeth of bone that shoot by each other, as shown in the figure. <em>b</em> is the suture at the top of the head between the two parietal bones; <em>a a</em> is that between the two parietal bones and the frontal bone in front; and <em>c c </em> is that between the parietal bones and the bone at the back part of the cranium. These bones are not completely formed in the newborn infant.

Cranial Sutures

The bones of the top of the head are fastened together by what are called sutures which are locked together…

The vertebra of a fish, which is very different from that of a human. It has but two processes, <em> f f </em>. In humans there is a single short spinous process behind, while the vertebra is round in front. But in the fish there are two quite long spinous processes, one in front and the other in the rear (which is above and below, respectively, when the fish is in water).

Vertebra of a Fish

The vertebra of a fish, which is very different from that of a human. It has but two processes, …

Bones of the arm and hand. Labels: a, large end of ulna; b, radius; c, small end of the ulna; d, carpal bones; e, metacarpal bones; f, first row of the bones of the fingers.

Bones of the Arm and Hand

Bones of the arm and hand. Labels: a, large end of ulna; b, radius; c, small end of the ulna; d, carpal…

Bones and ligaments of the hand. There are 27 bones in all, including 8 small bones called the carpal bones (d). These are tightly packed together, and lie next to the bones of the forearm. The metacarpal bones (e) make the framework of the flat part of the hand and are very much like the first row of the bones of the fingers (f) but they are firmly bound together by ligaments. Ligaments (d d) bind the metacarpal bones together at their beginning and other ligaments bind them at their ends (e e) where the bones of the fingers are jointed with them. Other ligaments bind the carpal bones together (a,b,c,g).

Bones and Ligaments of the Hand

Bones and ligaments of the hand. There are 27 bones in all, including 8 small bones called the carpal…

Bones of the foot. At <em>e d f g h</em> are the 7 bones of the tarsus; at <em>a</em> are the 5 bones of the metatarsus; and at <em>b c</em> are the 14 bones of the toes (26 in all).

Bones of the Foot

Bones of the foot. At e d f g h are the 7 bones of the tarsus; at a are the 5 bones…

Bones of the foot, side view. In this figure the bones of the tarsus extend from the heel to <em>a</em>; the metatarsal bones are at <em>b</em>; and the bones of the toes are at <em>c</em>. In every movement of the foot there is some little motion between all these bones, and it is this that gives ease and grace to its motions.

Side View of the Bone of the Foot

Bones of the foot, side view. In this figure the bones of the tarsus extend from the heel to a;…

A joint between two bones (a and b). The ends of all bones are tipped with cartilage so that they may move easily upon each other. And besides this, the ends are lined with a very fine membrane, so arranged as to make a closed sac (c).

Joint

A joint between two bones (a and b). The ends of all bones are tipped with cartilage so that they may…

Two of the principal muscles f the arm (4 and 7). Between these is the bone of the arm (1) and the bones of the forearm (2).

Arm Muscles

Two of the principal muscles f the arm (4 and 7). Between these is the bone of the arm (1) and the bones…

The arrangement of the tendons of a finger. At <em>a b c </em> are the 3 bones of the finger. At <em>f</em> is the tendon that bends the second bone, <em>b</em>. This is divided into two parts, just at its end, where it is fastened to the bone. Through this division the tendon <em>e</em> passes, to go to the last bone, <em>c</em>.

Tendons of a Finger

The arrangement of the tendons of a finger. At a b c are the 3 bones of the finger. At f…

Bones of the ear, including the hammer (m), the anvil (i), and the stirrup (s).

Bones of the Ear

Bones of the ear, including the hammer (m), the anvil (i), and the stirrup (s).

Bones of the ear together with the ear drum.

Bones of the Ear

Bones of the ear together with the ear drum.

Views of the stomach. Labels: A. stomach (human). B. Same, anterior wall removed. C. Portion of stomach, pylorus and duodenum. D. Section through coats of stomach. E. Fundus of a cardiac gland. F. Epithelium from surface of stomach. G. Arterie sand veins of mucous membrane. w. Esophagus. 2. Duodenum. 3. Pylorus. $. Cardia. 5. Lesser curvature. 6. Greater curvature. 7. Anterior surface. 8. Pyloric valve. 9. Mucous membrane, with rugae. 10. Inner surface of gastric mucous membrane. 11. Mucous membrane of duodenum with villi. 12. Pyloric gastric glands. 13. Circular or deep muscular fibers. 17. Mucous membrane. 18. Muscularis mucosae. 19. Submucous coat. 20. Circular muscular layer. 21. Longitudinal muscular layer. 22. Serous coat. 23. Orifice of gland. 24. Fundus of gland.

Views of the Stomach

Views of the stomach. Labels: A. stomach (human). B. Same, anterior wall removed. C. Portion of stomach,…

1. Dentition (teeth) of man. 2. Dentition of hyena. 3. Dentition of pig. 4. Dentition of Patagonian cavy (type of rodent). 5. Section of skull of Indian elephant, showing dentition of right side. 6. Crown of upper molar of horse, showing enamal folds. 7. Grinding surface of molar of African elephant, with enamal folds. 8. Single tooth of blue shark. 9. Longitudinal section of human tooth. 1. Incisors (human); C, canines; P, premolars; M, molars. a, enamel; b, dentine; c, cement (crusta petrosa); d, pulp cavity.

Teeth of Man and Several Animal Species

1. Dentition (teeth) of man. 2. Dentition of hyena. 3. Dentition of pig. 4. Dentition of Patagonian…

A section across the forearm a short distance below the elbow-joint. R and U, its two supporting bones, the radius and ulna; e, the epidermis, and d, the dermis of the skin; the latter is continuous below with bands of connective tissue, s, which penetrate between and invest the muscles, which are indicated by numbers; n, n, nerves and vessels.

Forearm, Section of

A section across the forearm a short distance below the elbow-joint. R and U, its two supporting bones,…

Every human body begin as a single nucleated cell. This cell, known as the ovum, divides or segments and gives rise to a mass consisting of a number of similar units known as the morula. At this stage there are no distinguishable tissues.

Cell Development

Every human body begin as a single nucleated cell. This cell, known as the ovum, divides or segments…

The bony and cartilaginous skeleton.

The Bony and Cartilaginous Skeleton

The bony and cartilaginous skeleton.

The bones of the foot. Labels: Ca, calcaneum, or os calcis; Ta, articular surface for tibia on the astragalus; N, scaphoid bone; CI, CII, first and second cuneiform bones; Cb, cuboid bone; M1, metatarsal bone of great toe.

Bones of the Foot

The bones of the foot. Labels: Ca, calcaneum, or os calcis; Ta, articular surface for tibia on the astragalus;…

Bones of the arm. Labels: A, arm in supination; B, arm in pronation. H, humerus; R, radius; U, ulna.

Bones of the Arm

Bones of the arm. Labels: A, arm in supination; B, arm in pronation. H, humerus; R, radius; U, ulna.

The biceps muscle and arm bones, to illustrate how, under ordinary circumstances, the elbow-joint is flexed when the muscle contracts.

The Biceps Muscle and Arm Bones

The biceps muscle and arm bones, to illustrate how, under ordinary circumstances, the elbow-joint is…

Portion of a human muscle fiber.

Portion of a Muscle Fiber

Portion of a human muscle fiber.

The human skeleton.

The Human Skeleton

The human skeleton.

The muscles of the human body.

Muscles of the Human Body

The muscles of the human body.

The auditory ossicles of the right ear, seen from the front. Labels: M, malleus; J, incus; S, stapes; Mcp, head of the malleus; Mc, neck of the malleus; Ml, long process; Mm, handle; Jc, boy; Jb, short, and Jl, long process of incus; Jpl, os orbiculare; Scp, head of stapes.

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the right ear, seen from the front. Labels: M, malleus; J, incus; S, stapes;…

Diagram of the structure of the human retina. Labels: I, pigment layer; II, rod and cone layer; R, rods; C, cones; III-IX, intraretinal nerve-elements; X, axons which pass to optic nerve.

Retinal Structure

Diagram of the structure of the human retina. Labels: I, pigment layer; II, rod and cone layer; R, rods;…

Veins of the leg. Labels: 1, saphenous; 2, collateral branch; 3, anastomosis; 4, internal saphenous; 5, original of saphenous; 6, anastomosing branch; 7, branches on back leg; 8, internal vein of foot; 9, arch veins on metatarsal bones; 10, branch from heel; 11, branches on sole of foot.

Veins of the Leg

Veins of the leg. Labels: 1, saphenous; 2, collateral branch; 3, anastomosis; 4, internal saphenous;…

General view of the human body - front view.

The Human Body - Front View

General view of the human body - front view.

General view of the human body - back view.

The Human Body - Back View

General view of the human body - back view.

Human liver cells.

Liver Cells

Human liver cells.

Examples of bone fractures.

Bone Fractures

Examples of bone fractures.

The human skeleton.

Human Skeleton

The human skeleton.

Image of teeth in a human jaw. "1, incisors; 2, canine; 3, bicuspids; 4, molars (the molar at the left is the "wisdom tooth); 5, a blood vessel; 6, a nerve." -Foster, 1921

Teeth

Image of teeth in a human jaw. "1, incisors; 2, canine; 3, bicuspids; 4, molars (the molar at the left…

If we divide any of the long bones longitudinally, we find two kinds of structure, the hard or compact, and the alveolar or spongy. Indeed there is no bone that does not exhibit to some extend both of these structures; the compact forming its external, and the spongy its internal part. These two formations are clearly seen in the bones which compose the skull, as in the following cut, with the spongy or cancellated structure between them. This serves to illustrate the structure of all of the flat bones.

Bone Structure

If we divide any of the long bones longitudinally, we find two kinds of structure, the hard or compact,…

Transverse section of the human kidney: "(a) cortex; (b) medulla; (c) small branch of the renal artery; (d) renal artery; (e) ureter; (f) pelvis." -Foster, 1921

Kidney

Transverse section of the human kidney: "(a) cortex; (b) medulla; (c) small branch of the renal artery;…

A covered human-powered wagon used in Eastern countries where passengers were inside while two men would carry the poles of the palanquin on their shoulders.

Palanquin

A covered human-powered wagon used in Eastern countries where passengers were inside while two men would…

The skeleton of a pterodactyl, the prehistoric winged dinosaur.

Pterodactyl Skeleton

The skeleton of a pterodactyl, the prehistoric winged dinosaur.

Front view of the human skeleton.

Skeleton, Front View

Front view of the human skeleton.

Sutures of the skull. Labels: a,a, the coronal suture, from the Latin corona, crown, so called from its situation on that part of the head, upon which the ancients placed the laurel, or olive crown, given to the victors in their games. It connects the frontal to the parietal bones; b, the sagittal suture, from a Latin word, signifying arrow, from its straight course. It runs from the middle of the frontal to the angle of the occipital bone, connecting the two parietals; c, the lambdoidal suture, extending from the sagittal suture down to the base of the brain on each side; e,e, the scaly overlapping of the temporal upon the parietal bones; hence called squamous suture.

Skull Sutures

Sutures of the skull. Labels: a,a, the coronal suture, from the Latin corona, crown, so called from…

A vertebra of the neck. Labels: a, body of the bone; b, the spinal process; c, d, the transverse processes double, showing circular holes for the passage of the vertebral artery; e,e,. the superior; f,f, the articular of oblique processes; g, the spinal hole for the spinal marrow. The roots of the articular processes are hallowed out above and below into notches; and these, when the bones are fitted together, form apertures on each side of the spine, through which the nerves pass out from the spinal canal.

Vertebra of the Neck

A vertebra of the neck. Labels: a, body of the bone; b, the spinal process; c, d, the transverse processes…

The sternum in this cut consists of two bones. The first is broad and thick above, and contracts as it descends. It is convex before and concave behind. At the upper angle a, the collarbone is articulated; b, the articular surface for the cartilage of the first rib; b, for the second rib; c,d,e,f,g, mark the articular surfaces of the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th ribs; h, the ensiform cartilage, terminates the lower extremity of the sternum. In older people, this cartilages is often changed into bone.

Sternum

The sternum in this cut consists of two bones. The first is broad and thick above, and contracts as…