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"The machine itself is sufficiently simple, and will be comprehended at once, by those who have made electro-magnetic experiments, by the annexed diagram and description. The temporary magnet a, enveloped with its insulated copper wire, is fastened to the wooden frame b, g, by means of cords or otherwise. The frame also supports the standard h, which sustains the revolving drum f, on which the paper to receive the emblematical alphabet is fixed, m being the edge of the paper. To the arm g, is appended the lever c, of wood, which has a slight vertical motion, in one direction by the steel spring d, and in the other, by the armature of soft iron e." —Comstock, 1850

Morses Telegraph

"The machine itself is sufficiently simple, and will be comprehended at once, by those who have made…

"It is worthy of note that, owing to the oblique direction in which the muscles are commonly inserted into the bones, much of their force is lost so far as producing movement is concerned. Suppose the log of wood in the diagram to be raised by pulling on the rope in the direction a; it is clear at first that the rope will act at a great disadvantage; most of the pull transmitted by it will be exerted against the pivot on which the log hinges, and only a small fraction be available for elevating the latter. But the more the log is lifted, as for example into the position indicated by the dotted lines, the more useful will be the direction of the pull, and the more of it will be spend on the log and the less lost unavailingly in merely increasing the pressure at the hinge." —Martin, 1917

Oblique Pull

"It is worthy of note that, owing to the oblique direction in which the muscles are commonly inserted…

"An egg, four larvae, and two pupae of the honey bee in their cells." —Davison, 1906

Bee Larva

"An egg, four larvae, and two pupae of the honey bee in their cells." —Davison, 1906

"The European lute is derived in form and name from the Arabic "el ud," "the wood," the consonant of the article "el" having been retained in the European languages for the initial of the name. The Arab instrument, with convex sound-body, pointing to the resonance board or membrane having been originally placed upon a gourd, was strung with silk and played with a plectrum of shell or quill. It was adopted by the Arabs from Persia." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Lute

"The European lute is derived in form and name from the Arabic "el ud," "the wood," the consonant of…

"The ordinary self-acting planing machine. Its action bears no resemblance to the familiar process of wood planing, but is analogous to that by which the successive cuts of a narrow tool produce a cylindrical surface in a slide lathe. A transverse table carries the work and forces it against the tool, which is stationary while making its cut, but between the cuts has a slight "feed" motion along its horizontal slide." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Planning Machine

"The ordinary self-acting planing machine. Its action bears no resemblance to the familiar process of…

"The slotting machine also cuts grooves and slots, but in an entirely different manner. Those who are acquainted with the wood mortising machine, from which the idea of this tool was derived by Roberts of Manchester, will at once understand its principle, and will appreciate the good service which can be rendered by this principle, and will appreciate the good service which can be rendered by this powerful pairing tool." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Slotting Machine

"The slotting machine also cuts grooves and slots, but in an entirely different manner. Those who are…

Cluster of air-cells. 1: End of Bronchial Tube; 2: Air cell.

Air-Cells

Cluster of air-cells. 1: End of Bronchial Tube; 2: Air cell.

"Stevenson's louvre-boarded box for the thermometers, which is now very widely used for temperature observations. The box is made of wood, and louvred all round so as to protect the thermometers inside from radiation, and at the same time secure as free a circulation of air as is consistent with a satisfactory protection from radiation. The box is painted white, both inside and outside, and screwed to four stout wooden posts, also painted white, firmly fixed in the ground. The posts are of such a length that when the thermometers are hung in position the bulbs of the minimum thermometer and hygrometer are exactly at the same height of 4 feet above the ground, the maximum thermometer being hung immediately above the minimum thermometer." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Thermometer Box

"Stevenson's louvre-boarded box for the thermometers, which is now very widely used for temperature…

"No part of the equatorial mounting is shown in the figure, as it resembles every respect that usual Fraunhofer mounting. An adapted h is fixed on a telescope-tube, made of wood, in Fraunhofer's usual fashion. To this adapter is attached a flat circular flange h. The slides carrying the segments of the divided object-glass are mounted on a plate, which is fitted and ground to rotate smoothly on the flange h. Rotation is communicated by a pinion, turned by the handle c, which works in teeth cut on the edge of the flange h. The counterpoise w balances the head about its axis of rotation. The slides are moved by the screws a and b the divided heads of which serve to measure the separation of the segments. These screws are turned from the eye-end by bevelled wheels and pinions, the latter connected with the handles a', b'." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Heliometer

"No part of the equatorial mounting is shown in the figure, as it resembles every respect that usual…

"For a laboratory microscope, the pattern represented here has been found very convienient, —the framework being of mahogany or other hard wood, the stage being large enough to admit a dissection or carry a water-trough of considerable size, and the bent armthat carries the "powers" being made capable of reversion, so as to permit the use of lenses of very long as well as of very short focus." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Microscope

"For a laboratory microscope, the pattern represented here has been found very convienient, —the…

Nerve cell from the brain; <em>a</em>, processes by which it communicates with other cells near by; <em>ax</em>, long process or axis cylinder terminating in the tail end of the spinal cord; <em>n</em>, nucleus.

Nerve Cell

Nerve cell from the brain; a, processes by which it communicates with other cells near by;…

Mature but unopened archegonium. e, Ovum; b, ventral-canal cell; d, lid-cells of neck

Archegonia

Mature but unopened archegonium. e, Ovum; b, ventral-canal cell; d, lid-cells of neck

soft-bodied insects that devour wood as their main source of food.

Termite

soft-bodied insects that devour wood as their main source of food.

Very short filament bearing a single anther-cell; it is open from top to bottom, showing the pollen within.

Stamen of Globe Amaranth

Very short filament bearing a single anther-cell; it is open from top to bottom, showing the pollen…

Stamens of the mint family. Of a Monarda: the two anther-cells with bases divergent so that they are transverse to the filament, and their contiguous tips confluent, so as to form one cell opening by a continuous line. Fig 301; Of a Calamintha: the broad connective separating the two cells. Fig 302; Of a Sage (Salvia Texana; with long and slender connective resembling forks of the filament, one bearing a good anther-cell wholly wanting. Fig 304; Of a White Sage, Audibertia grandiflora; the lower fork of connective a mere vestige. Fig. 305; Of another White Sage (A. stachyoides), the lower fork of connective suppressed.

Stamens

Stamens of the mint family. Of a Monarda: the two anther-cells with bases divergent so that they are…

A tree whose wood is soft and red. It is a wetland tree that grows throughout the Americas, Europe and Asia.

Alder

A tree whose wood is soft and red. It is a wetland tree that grows throughout the Americas, Europe and…

Diagram of a vegetable cell, such as it would be if when spherical it were equally pressed by similar surrounding cells in a heap.

Vegetable Cell

Diagram of a vegetable cell, such as it would be if when spherical it were equally pressed by similar…

Rhaphides in a cell, from Arisaema, with small cells surrounding.

Rhaphides

Rhaphides in a cell, from Arisaema, with small cells surrounding.

Glomerate crystal in a cell, from Beet-root.

Glomerate crystal

Glomerate crystal in a cell, from Beet-root.

A detached cell, with rhaphides being forced out, as happens when put in water.

Detached Cell

A detached cell, with rhaphides being forced out, as happens when put in water.

Short piece of stem of Flax, magnified, showing the bark, wood, and pith in a cross section.

Stem of Flax

Short piece of stem of Flax, magnified, showing the bark, wood, and pith in a cross section.

Magnified view of surface of a bit of young Maple wood from which the bark has been torn away, showing the wood-cells and the bark-ends of medullary rays.

Bit of Young Maple Wood

Magnified view of surface of a bit of young Maple wood from which the bark has been torn away, showing…

The growing end of a branching Conferva (Cladophora glomerata), showing how, by a kind of budding growth, a new cell is formed by a cross partition separating the newer tip from the older part below; also, how the branches arise.

Conferva

The growing end of a branching Conferva (Cladophora glomerata), showing how, by a kind of budding growth,…

From the well known nocturnal habits of moths, and the certainty of their being destroyed by a light, a cheap and effective mode of destroying them, shown in the annexed figure. It consists of a pan of viscid matter placed upon a stake, which is set in the field of cotton at suitable distances. A block of wood is placed in the center of the pan, upon which is placed a lighted glass lantern. The moths, being attracted by the light, dash against it and fall into the pan, and are thus destroyed before depositing their eggs upon the tender leaves of the growing plant.

Moth Lantern

From the well known nocturnal habits of moths, and the certainty of their being destroyed by a light,…

This painting is by Andrea Mantegna is a good example of the oil paint on wood technique that he used. The piece can now be found in the Louvre in Paris, Italy.

The Crucifixion

This painting is by Andrea Mantegna is a good example of the oil paint on wood technique that he used.…

A small seagull standing on a piece of wood.

Seagull

A small seagull standing on a piece of wood.

A little girl collecting berries while her dog watches, and her parents chop wood in the background.

Camping

A little girl collecting berries while her dog watches, and her parents chop wood in the background.

A West Indian tree that is used for its lustrous red wood

Logwood

A West Indian tree that is used for its lustrous red wood

"And they came to the place which God had told him of. And Abraham built the altar there, and laid the wood in order, and bound Isaac his son, and laid him on the altar, upon the wood. And Abraham stretched forth his hand, and took the knife to slay his son. And the angel of Jehovah called unto him out of heaven, and said, Abraham, Abraham. And he said, Here I am. And he said, Lay not thy hand upon the lad, neither do thou anything unto him. For now I know that thou fearest God, seeing thou hast not withheld thy son, thine only son, from me." Genesis 22:9-12 <p>This sculpture is a Bronze-relief by Brunellesco. There is a similar sculpture done by Ghiberti. It can now be found in the National Museum in Florence, Italy.

Offering of Isaac

"And they came to the place which God had told him of. And Abraham built the altar there, and laid the…

A scene where loggers are cutting down a pine tree forest in the United States.

Loggers

A scene where loggers are cutting down a pine tree forest in the United States.

A scene where loggers are binding the logs into giant rafts to be floated down river.

Rafting

A scene where loggers are binding the logs into giant rafts to be floated down river.

Stamen with the usual dehiscence of anther down the side of each cell.

Stamen

Stamen with the usual dehiscence of anther down the side of each cell.

Magnified wood-cells of the bark (bast-cells) of Basswood, one and part of another.

Basswood

Magnified wood-cells of the bark (bast-cells) of Basswood, one and part of another.

Magnified wood-cells of the bark (bast-cells) of Basswood, one and part of another.

Basswood

Magnified wood-cells of the bark (bast-cells) of Basswood, one and part of another.

Some wood-cells from Buttonwood, Platanus, a whole cell and lower end of another on the left; a cell cut half away lengthwise, and half of another on the right; some pores or pits (a) seen on the left; while <em>b b</em> mark sections through these on the cut surface. When lving and young the protoplasm extends into these and by minuter perforations connects across them. In age the pits become open passages, facilitating the passage of sap and air.

Buttonwood

Some wood-cells from Buttonwood, Platanus, a whole cell and lower end of another on the left; a cell…

Separate whole wood-cell

Wood-cell

Separate whole wood-cell

Separate whole wood-cell with both sections repesented: <em>a</em>, disks in section, <em>b</em>, in face.

Wood-cell

Separate whole wood-cell with both sections repesented: a, disks in section, b, in…

Surface of a young Maple wood from which the bark has been torn away, showing the bark (on the left) to beginning of pith (on the right), and a medullary ray extending from one to the other.

Maple

Surface of a young Maple wood from which the bark has been torn away, showing the bark (on the left)…

Outlines of a portion of the stem in section, showing the central cell and the outer or cortical cells.

Chara

Outlines of a portion of the stem in section, showing the central cell and the outer or cortical cells.

Closterium acutum, a common Desmid. It is a single firm-walled cell, filled with green protoplasmic matter.

Desmid

Closterium acutum, a common Desmid. It is a single firm-walled cell, filled with green protoplasmic…

Stage of a species of Botrydium, a globose cell.

Botrydium

Stage of a species of Botrydium, a globose cell.

A Vaucheria; single cell grown on into a much-branched thread; the end of some branches enlarging, and the green contents in one (a) there condensed into a spore.

Vaucheria

A Vaucheria; single cell grown on into a much-branched thread; the end of some branches enlarging, and…

Bryopsis plumosa; apex of a stem with its branchlets; all the extension of one cell.

Bryopsis Plumosa

Bryopsis plumosa; apex of a stem with its branchlets; all the extension of one cell.

Wood-boring wirer-worm, from side. Also known as Click Beetle larva.

Wire Worm

Wood-boring wirer-worm, from side. Also known as Click Beetle larva.

Fire-fly, Photinus pyralis species; pupa in cell.

Firefly

Fire-fly, Photinus pyralis species; pupa in cell.

A "tumble-bug" of the Copris carolina species; the cell in which it lived.

Tumblebug

A "tumble-bug" of the Copris carolina species; the cell in which it lived.

Heliothis armiger species; pupa in its under-ground cell.

Moth

Heliothis armiger species; pupa in its under-ground cell.

A carpenter measuring wood.

Carpenter

A carpenter measuring wood.

Men cutting down trees.

Tree-Cutters

Men cutting down trees.

Gall made by the larva of Cynips q. spongifica. a, larve in its cell; b, point of exit of adult.

Cynips Spongifica

Gall made by the larva of Cynips q. spongifica. a, larve in its cell; b, point of exit of adult.

Fraternal potter-wasp, Eumenes fraterna, wasp's cell.

Potter Wasp

Fraternal potter-wasp, Eumenes fraterna, wasp's cell.

Fraternal potter-wasp, Eumenes fraterna, wasp's cell broken up to show the caterpillars stored in it.

Potter Wasp

Fraternal potter-wasp, Eumenes fraterna, wasp's cell broken up to show the caterpillars stored in it.

A French wood carved door head from the 18th century.

Door Ornament

A French wood carved door head from the 18th century.

"When rock is reached, a curb or crib of either wood or iron is inserted."&mdash;Finley, 1917

Mining crib

"When rock is reached, a curb or crib of either wood or iron is inserted."—Finley, 1917

"The targe of the Scottish Highlands, composed of wood and leather, and studded with brass decoratively applied, is a reversion to the early circular form."&mdash;Finley, 1917

Highland targe

"The targe of the Scottish Highlands, composed of wood and leather, and studded with brass decoratively…

Diagram of a neuron. Labels: A, axon arising from the cell-body and branching at its termination; D, dendrites; C and N, cell-body composed of C, cytoplasm, and N, nucleus.

Diagram of a Neuron

Diagram of a neuron. Labels: A, axon arising from the cell-body and branching at its termination; D,…

Diagram showing relation of neurons composing the spinal nerve roots with adjacent nervous structures. Labels: S.E., sensory epithelium connected by a sensory neuron with spinal cord; S.M., striated muscle receiving the axon from a motor-cell in the ventral horn of the gray matter in the cord; Sp. F., spinal fibers, medullated, sensory, and the motor, passing to the sympathetic ganglion where they connect with sympathetic neurons; S.F., S.F., non-medullated fibers from the sympathetic neurons passing to the viscera, the axons going to the plain muscle (P.M.), the dendrites to the sensory endings (S.E.).

Spinal Nerve Roots

Diagram showing relation of neurons composing the spinal nerve roots with adjacent nervous structures.…

Reflex arc, as it is approximately in man. Labels: 1, nerve terminal, or sensory epithelium; 2, dendrite of sensory neuron; 3, cell body in dorsal root ganglion; 4, axon of sensory neuron; 5, dendrite of motor neuron; 6, cell body in ventral horn; 7, axon of motor neuron; 8, end organ (e.g., muscle-cell, gland-cell, etc.).

Nerve Reflex Arc

Reflex arc, as it is approximately in man. Labels: 1, nerve terminal, or sensory epithelium; 2, dendrite…

Diagram of nervous system. Labels: a, a, cortex of cerebral hemispheres; b, b, cell body and dendrites of upper motor neuron, situated in cerebral cortex; b', axon of upper motor neuron, branching at its termination near the dendrites of lower motor neuron, situated in the ventral horn of gray matter in the spinal cord; B', axon of lower motor neuron passing to its termination in a voluntary muscle fiber B"; C, cell body and dendrites of supper sensory neuron, situated in the medulla oblongata; C'C', axons of upper sensory neurons, terminating in cortex; c, cell body of lower sensory neuron situated in the dorsal root ganglion; c''', dendrite of lower motor neuron, conducting impulses from the periphery to the central nervous system; c", long axon of lower sensory neuron, conducting impulses toward the brain; c', short axon of lower sensory neuron, conducting impulses direct to ventral horn. (For the sake of simplicity the connection with the cerebellum are omitted.)

Nervous System Diagram

Diagram of nervous system. Labels: a, a, cortex of cerebral hemispheres; b, b, cell body and dendrites…

Isolated capillary network formed by the junction of several hallowed-out cells, and containing colored blood-corpuscles in a clear fluid. Labels: p, p, pointed cell-processes extending in different directions for union with neighboring capillaries.

Capillary Network

Isolated capillary network formed by the junction of several hallowed-out cells, and containing colored…