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"This image gives a good idea of how these drawf trees are to be manipulated, a showing the first year's development from the maiden tree after being headed back, and b the form assumed a year or two later." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Dwarf-Tree Pruning

"This image gives a good idea of how these drawf trees are to be manipulated, a showing the first year's…

"a shows a young tree with its second year's growth, the upright shoot of the maiden tree having been moderately headed back, being left longer if the buds near the base promise to break freely, or cut shorter if they are weak and wanting in vigour. The winter pruning, carried out with the view to shape the tree into a well-grown pyramid, would be effected at the places marked by a cross line." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pyramid Pruning

"a shows a young tree with its second year's growth, the upright shoot of the maiden tree having been…

"Pruning for a Fan-Shaped Tree." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fan-Shaped Pruning

"Pruning for a Fan-Shaped Tree." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Pruning for a Fan-Shaped Tree, Third Year." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fan-Shaped Pruning

"Pruning for a Fan-Shaped Tree, Third Year." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Pruning for a Fan-Shaped Tree, Fourth Year." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fan-Shaped Pruning

"Pruning for a Fan-Shaped Tree, Fourth Year." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Pruning for Horizontally-Trained Tree." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Horizontal Shaped Pruning

"Pruning for Horizontally-Trained Tree." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Pruning for Horizontally-Trained Tree, Third Year." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Horizontal Shaped Pruning

"Pruning for Horizontally-Trained Tree, Third Year." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Pruning for Horizontally-Trained Tree, Fifth Year." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Horizontal Shaped Pruning

"Pruning for Horizontally-Trained Tree, Fifth Year." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees, than at first signt may appear. The branches should be separated by a clean cut at an angle of abouot 45 degrees, just at the back of a bud, the cut entering on a level with the base of the bud and passing out on a level with its top, for when cut in this way the wound becomes rapidly covered with new wood, as soon as growth recommences, whereas if the cut is too close the bud is starved, or if less close an ugly and awkward snag is left." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pruning

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees,…

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees, than at first signt may appear. The branches should be separated by a clean cut at an angle of abouot 45 degrees, just at the back of a bud, the cut entering on a level with the base of the bud and passing out on a level with its top, for when cut in this way the wound becomes rapidly covered with new wood, as soon as growth recommences, whereas if the cut is too close the bud is starved, or if less close an ugly and awkward snag is left." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pruning

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees,…

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees, than at first signt may appear. The branches should be separated by a clean cut at an angle of abouot 45 degrees, just at the back of a bud, the cut entering on a level with the base of the bud and passing out on a level with its top, for when cut in this way the wound becomes rapidly covered with new wood, as soon as growth recommences, whereas if the cut is too close the bud is starved, or if less close an ugly and awkward snag is left." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pruning

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees,…

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees, than at first signt may appear. The branches should be separated by a clean cut at an angle of abouot 45 degrees, just at the back of a bud, the cut entering on a level with the base of the bud and passing out on a level with its top, for when cut in this way the wound becomes rapidly covered with new wood, as soon as growth recommences, whereas if the cut is too close the bud is starved, or if less close an ugly and awkward snag is left." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pruning

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees,…

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees, than at first signt may appear. The branches should be separated by a clean cut at an angle of abouot 45 degrees, just at the back of a bud, the cut entering on a level with the base of the bud and passing out on a level with its top, for when cut in this way the wound becomes rapidly covered with new wood, as soon as growth recommences, whereas if the cut is too close the bud is starved, or if less close an ugly and awkward snag is left." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pruning

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees,…

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees, than at first signt may appear. The branches should be separated by a clean cut at an angle of abouot 45 degrees, just at the back of a bud, the cut entering on a level with the base of the bud and passing out on a level with its top, for when cut in this way the wound becomes rapidly covered with new wood, as soon as growth recommences, whereas if the cut is too close the bud is starved, or if less close an ugly and awkward snag is left." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pruning

"The nature of the cut itself in pruning is of more consequence, especially in the case of fruit trees,…

"Summer Pruning should be performed while the shoots are yet young and succulent, so that they may be in most cases be nipped off with the thumb-nail. It is very necessary in the case of trees trained to a flat surface, as a wall or espalier rail, to prevent undue crowding. In some cases, as, for example, with peaches, the superfluous shoots are wholly removed, and certain selected shoots reserved to supply bearing wood for the next year." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Summer Pruning

"Summer Pruning should be performed while the shoots are yet young and succulent, so that they may be…

"Summer Pruning should be performed while the shoots are yet young and succulent, so that they may be in most cases be nipped off with the thumb-nail. It is very necessary in the case of trees trained to a flat surface, as a wall or espalier rail, to prevent undue crowding. In some cases, as, for example, with peaches, the superfluous shoots are wholly removed, and certain selected shoots reserved to supply bearing wood for the next year." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Summer Pruning

"Summer Pruning should be performed while the shoots are yet young and succulent, so that they may be…

"Some plants, like pelargoniums, can only be kept handsomely formed and well furnished by cutting them down severely every season, after the blooming is over. The plants should be prepared for this by keeping them rather dry at the root, and after cutting they must stand with little or no water till the stems heal over, and produce yound shoots, or "break," as it is technically termed." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pelargoniums

"Some plants, like pelargoniums, can only be kept handsomely formed and well furnished by cutting them…

"Pyramidal Training." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Pyramidal Training

"Pyramidal Training." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Training en quenouille." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

En Quenouille

"Training en quenouille." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Horizontal Training." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Horizontal Training

"Horizontal Training." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Forms of Horizontal Training." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Horizontal Training

"Forms of Horizontal Training." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Fan Training." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Fan Training

"Fan Training." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"Modified Fan Training." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Modified Fan Training

"Modified Fan Training." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"The form of Dumoutier is merely a refinement on the Montreuil method. The formation of the tree commences with the inferior limbs and proceeds towards the center, he branches being lowered from time to time as the tree acquires strength. What is most worthy of notice in this method is the management of the subordinates in the pruning for fruit." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Dumontier's Fan

"The form of Dumoutier is merely a refinement on the Montreuil method. The formation of the tree commences…

"A genus of the natural orer Rosaceae, sub-order Amygdaleae or Drupaceae, consisting of trees or shrubs, distinguished by the coarsely furrowed and wrinkled shell of the drupe, and by the young leaves being conduplicate, or having their sides folded together." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Almond Tree

"A genus of the natural orer Rosaceae, sub-order Amygdaleae or Drupaceae, consisting of trees or shrubs,…

The fruit of the small, deciduous almond tree.

Almond

The fruit of the small, deciduous almond tree.

The blossom of the well-known apple tree.

Apple-blossom

The blossom of the well-known apple tree.

"A genus of plants of the natural order Coniferae, allied to the cypress, and consisting of evergreen trees and shrubs with compressed or flattened branchlets-small, scale-like, imbricated leaves-and monaecious flowers, which have 4-celled anthers, and the scales of the strobiles with two upright ovules." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Arbor Vitae

"A genus of plants of the natural order Coniferae, allied to the cypress, and consisting of evergreen…

"A genus of trees belonging to the natural order Oleaceae, and distinguished by very imperfect flowers, in which the calyx is obsolete, and the corolla either wanting or 3-4 partite; the fruit is a samara, a seed-vessel foliaceous at the extremity." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Common Ash

"A genus of trees belonging to the natural order Oleaceae, and distinguished by very imperfect flowers,…

"Common Ash. a, a branch with leaves; b, flowers; c, fruit (on a considerably larger scale than the leaves and flowers)." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Common Ash

"Common Ash. a, a branch with leaves; b, flowers; c, fruit (on a considerably larger scale than the…

"A tree which grows plentifully in Europe and in Siberia. It is a native of Britain, and is frequent in Scotland, where it is found even at an elevation of 1500 feet above the sea. It has recieved the specific name tremula, from the readiness with which its leaves are thrown into a tremulous motion by the slightest breath of wind. a, a portion of a branch with catkins; b, do., with leaves." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Aspen

"A tree which grows plentifully in Europe and in Siberia. It is a native of Britain, and is frequent…

"A genus of Palms, of which about sixeen species are known, natives of tropical America, remarkable for the abundance of acute and formidable spines, in some cases, a foot long, with which almost every part- stem, leaves, spathe, and fruit-stalk-is armed." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Astrocaryum

"A genus of Palms, of which about sixeen species are known, natives of tropical America, remarkable…

"A genus of grasses, of which most of the species attain a great size, many of them 20 or 30 feet, some 70 or 100 feet in height. The species are numerous, and are found in tropical and subtropical regions, both of the eastern and western hemispheres. They are of great importance to the inhabitants of the countries in which they grow." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Bamboo

"A genus of grasses, of which most of the species attain a great size, many of them 20 or 30 feet, some…

"A tree cultivated in the south of Europe, and other warm, temperate, or sub-tropical countries for its fruit; a native of the forests of the north of India. By many botanists, it is regarded as a more variety (or perhaps the original type) of the species which produces also the lemon, sweet lemon, lime, and sweet lime; by others, these, or some of them, are regarded as distinct species." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Citron

"A tree cultivated in the south of Europe, and other warm, temperate, or sub-tropical countries for…

"Cloves are the flower-buds of the Clove-tree. The genus to which this tree belongs is of the natural order Myrtaceae; the calyx has a cylindrical tube and 4-cleft border; the corolla consists of four petals united by their tips; the stamens are in four clusters; and the fruit is an oblong dry berry with one or two cells and as many seeds." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Cloves

"Cloves are the flower-buds of the Clove-tree. The genus to which this tree belongs is of the natural…

"The different kinds of cocoa either consist of, or are prepared from, the seeds of trees of the genus Theobroma." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Cocao

"The different kinds of cocoa either consist of, or are prepared from, the seeds of trees of the genus…

"A valuable medicinal substance, consisting chiefly of a resin (Resin of Copaiva) and a volatile oil (Oil of Copaiva). It flows from incisions made in the stems of trees of the genus Copaifera, trees with pinnate leaves, of the natural order Leguminosae, sub-order Caesalpinisae, natives of the topical parts of America." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Copaiva Tree

"A valuable medicinal substance, consisting chiefly of a resin (Resin of Copaiva) and a volatile oil…

"A name given to a number of species of tree of different natural orders, the bland milky juice of which is used instead of milk. They are all natives of tropical countries, and mostly belong to natural orders in which acidity is the general characteristic of the milky juice." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Cow Tree

"A name given to a number of species of tree of different natural orders, the bland milky juice of which…

"A name given to a number of species of tree of different natural orders, the bland milky juice of which is used instead of milk. They are all natives of tropical countries, and mostly belong to natural orders in which acidity is the general characteristic of the milky juice." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Cow Tree

"A name given to a number of species of tree of different natural orders, the bland milky juice of which…

"The name commonly given in the West Indies and other tropical countries to the fruits of certain species of Anona, a genus of trees of the natural order Anonaceae. Some of the fruits of this genus are among the most delicious produced in tropical countries, as the Charimoyer, and even the common custard apple, which is regarded as a native of America, but is now very superior even to the West Indian." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Custard Apple

"The name commonly given in the West Indies and other tropical countries to the fruits of certain species…

"A genus of palms, the most important species of which is the common Date Palm, the Palm Tree of Scripture, a native of the northern half of Aftica, the south-west of Asia, and some parts of India, and which has also been brought into cultivation in the south of Europe, and might certainly be intruduced with advantage into the south of the United States, and many warm parts of America and Australia." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Date Palm

"A genus of palms, the most important species of which is the common Date Palm, the Palm Tree of Scripture,…

"A tree of the natural order Liliaceae, remarkable for the size which it sometimes attains, rivalling even the baobab, and of which a celebrated specimen near Orotava, in the island of Tenerife, was found by Humboldt in 1799 to have a stem about 45 feet in circumference, and is described as having been of similar gigantic size in the beginning of the 15th century." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Dragon Tree

"A tree of the natural order Liliaceae, remarkable for the size which it sometimes attains, rivalling…

"A wood remarkable for its hardness, heaviness, and deep black color, is the heart-wood of different species of Diospyros, of the natural order Ebenaceae, the same genus which produces the Date Plum, Kaki, and other fruits." — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Ebony

"A wood remarkable for its hardness, heaviness, and deep black color, is the heart-wood of different…

"A modification of the simple kaleidoscope was introduced by Sir David Brewster, whereby the images of large and distant objects can be introduced into the picture. This is effected by removing the object box and replacing it by a tube carrying at its outer end a double convex lens, represented by LL. By a screw adjustment the lens can be so placed as to focus the distant object exactly in the plane of the sector AOB, and so bring its image into the very best position for producing symmetrical patterns. When this instrument is directed towards a tree in full bloom, a very beautiful effect is produced, which can be varied by gradually moving the instrument. This form was called by Brewster the telescopic kaleidoscope." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Convex Lens

"A modification of the simple kaleidoscope was introduced by Sir David Brewster, whereby the images…

A tree native to Central America and Mexico. Ranges from 1 to 2 pounds in weights and is mostly purple in color when ripe.

Avocado

A tree native to Central America and Mexico. Ranges from 1 to 2 pounds in weights and is mostly purple…

"Peach tree borer, female moth." —Davison, 1906

Peach Tree Borer

"Peach tree borer, female moth." —Davison, 1906

"Peach tree borer, pupae." —Davison, 1906

Peach Tree Borer

"Peach tree borer, pupae." —Davison, 1906

"Peach tree borer, pupae." —Davison, 1906

Peach Tree Borer

"Peach tree borer, pupae." —Davison, 1906

"Peach tree borer, larva." —Davison, 1906

Peach Tree Borer

"Peach tree borer, larva." —Davison, 1906

"Peach tree borer, chip cocoon with extruded pupa skin." —Davison, 1906

Peach Tree Borer

"Peach tree borer, chip cocoon with extruded pupa skin." —Davison, 1906

"Galleries of the spruce-destroying beetle beneath the bark of a spruce tree." —Davison, 1906

Spruce Beetle

"Galleries of the spruce-destroying beetle beneath the bark of a spruce tree." —Davison, 1906

Landscape, house and soldier walking by tree on path

Landscape

Landscape, house and soldier walking by tree on path

A slender palm, found in rivers and marshy places in American within the tropics.

Slender Palm

A slender palm, found in rivers and marshy places in American within the tropics.

A tree bearing bananas.

Banana

A tree bearing bananas.

An African tree. Six of the nine species of boabab are native to Madagascar.

Baobab

An African tree. Six of the nine species of boabab are native to Madagascar.

Moving a large tree.

Tree Moving

Moving a large tree.

The tree ready to lift to be moved.

Tree Moving

The tree ready to lift to be moved.

The tree ready to be moved

Tree Moving

The tree ready to be moved

A tree well planted.

Tree

A tree well planted.

A tree not well planted.

Tree

A tree not well planted.