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Leaves - Simple; indeterminate in position because of their closeness; arranged singly up and down the branchlets, at first radiating about equally on every side, afterward flattened into two ranks, as in the Hemlock. Leaf - one half to one inch long, narrow; apex blunt or notched; edge entire; flat, with a grooved line above and a corresponding raised line below; bright green above; silvery white below. Bark - smooth and unbroken (especially when young), and usually covered with "blisters." Cones - two to four inches long, one inch broad, erect, at the sides of the branchlets; violet-colored. Scales - thin and flat, broad and rounded. The thin bracts between the scales are tipped with a slender bristle. The cone falls apart when ripe. Found - from the far North through the Northern States to Pennsylvania, and along the Alleghany Mountains to the high peaks of West Virginia. Common northward in damp forests. General Information - A slender, evergreen tree, twenty to sixty feet high; pyramid-shaped, with regular horizontal branches; its wood is very light and soft. From the "blisters," which form under the bark of the trunk and branches, the valuable Canada balsam is obtained. The tree is short-lived, and therefore of less value in cultivation.

Genus Abies, Link. (Fir)

Leaves - Simple; indeterminate in position because of their closeness; arranged singly up and down the…

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their smallness and closeness. They are scale-like, somewhat egg-shape, overlapping each other, and closely pressed in four rows up and down the very flat branchlets. Each leaf has at its centre a raised gland, easily distinguished if held between the eye and the light. Bark - fibrous. The "spray" (formed from the flat branchlets) is itself flat and of rather a bright green. Cones - about five twelfths of an inch in length, long oval or reverse egg-shape, nodding, yellowish-brown as they ripen, dry and opening to the base when ripe. Scales - pointless, oval or egg-shape, smooth (i. e., not pointed on the edge or near the centre.) Seeds - one to two under each scale, long and narrow (like a small caraway seed); broadly winged all around, with the wing notched at one end. Found - along the Alleghany Mountains from the high peaks of North Carolina to Northern Pennsylvania and Central New York, northward into Southern Canada and westward; along rocky banks of streams and in swamps; very common at the North, where it often occupies large areas of swamp land. It is very widely cultivated, especially in hedges. General Information - A tapering evergreen tree, twenty to fifty feet high, with close, dense branches, and a light and durable wood.

Genus Thuya, L. (Arbor Vitae)

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their smallness and closeness. They are scale-like,…

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their smallness and closeness. They are arranged in four rows up and down the branchlets. In younger or rapidly growing sprouts the leaves are awl-shaped or needle-shaped, somewhat spreading from the branch, very sharp and stiff, placed in pairs (or sometimes in threes), usually about one fourth of an inch long, and with the fine branchlets, which they cover, rounded. In the older and slower-growing trees the leaves are scale-like and overlapping, egg-shape, closely pressed to the branchlets which they cover, and with the branchlets square. As the branchlets grow, the lower scales sometimes lengthen and become dry and chaffy and slightly spreading. Bark - brown and sometimes purplish-tinged, often shredding off with age and leaving the trunk smooth and polished. Berries - about the size of a small pea, closely placed along the branchlets, bluish, and covered with a whitish powder. Found - in Southern Canada, and distributed nearly throughout the United States - more widely than any other of the cone-bearing trees. General information - An evergreen tree, fifteen to thirty feet high (much larger at the South), usually pyramid-shaped, with a rounded base, but varying very greatly, especially near the coast, where it is often twisted and flattened into angular and weird forms. The wood is very valuable, light, straight-grained, durable, fragrant. It is largely used for posts, for cabinet-work, for interior finish, and almost exclusively in the making of lead pencils. The heart-wood is usually a dull red (whence the name), the sap-wood white. Among the most picturesque objects in the Turkish landscape, standing like sentinels, singly or in groups, and slender and upright as a Lombardy Poplar, are the black cypress trees (C. sempervirens). They mark the sites of graves, often of those which have long since disappeared. In America, more than any other northern tree, the red cedar gives the same sombre effect, whether growing wild or planted in cemeteries. The Common Juniper (J. communis, L.), common as a shrub, is occasionally found in tree form, low, with spreading or drooping branches, and with leaves resembling those of a young Red Cedar, awl-shaped and spreading, but arranged in threes instead of opposite.

Genus Juniperus, L. (Red Cedar)

Leaves - simple; indeterminate in position because of their smallness and closeness. They are arranged…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, fifteen to seventeen); alternate; edge of leaflets sharp-toothed. Outline - of leaflet, long egg-shaped or long oval. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - rounded. Leaf/Stem - downy and sticky. Leaf - twelve to twenty inches long. Leaflet - three inches or more in length; downy, especially beneath. Bark - of the branches, light gray and smoothish. Twigs - as well as leaf-stems and fruit, very sticky. Fruit - long (two to three inches), pointed. Husk - very sticky; green at first; brown when ripe, becoming very dark; not splitting in sections. Nut - deeply and roughly furrowed and sharp-ridged, with a sweet oily kernel. September. Found - in Southern Canada, and common in New England and the Middle and Western States. General Information - A tree twenty to fifty feet high, with a short, stout trunk and very wide-reaching, horizontal branches. The heart-wood is reddish or light brown, not as dark nor as hard as in the Black Walnut. It is used for ornamental cabinet-work and interior finish.

Genus Juglans, L. (Walnut)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, fifteen to seventeen); alternate; edge of leaflets sharp-toothed.…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered, leaflets, seven to nine); alternate; edge slightly and rather roundly toothed. Outline - of leaflets, mostly long oval, the lower pairs becoming smaller and more egg-shaped. Apex - long-pointed. Base - of the end leaflet, wedge-shape; of the others, more or less blunted. Leaf/Stem - rough throughout. Buds - large and round and covered with downy, yellowish-brown scales, or, in winter, with hard and grayish-white scales. Leaflet/Stem - lacking (or scarcely noticeable), except the short, roughish stem of the end leaflet. Leaflets - two to seven inches long, rough beneath, especially on the ribs; fragrant when crushed. Bark - rough, becoming cracked across, but not scaly. Fruit - rounded, slightly egg-shaped or oval, one and one half to two inches or more in length. The husk is about one fourth of an inch thick and splits nearly to the base when ripe. Nut - slightly six-angled, light brown, with a very thick and hard shell. Kernel - is sweet, but small. October. Found - common in dry woods, especially southward and westward. It grows in Southern Canada and I all the Atlantic States. General Information - All the Hickories are picturesque trees. Their tendency, even when standing alone, is to grow high, and with heads that, instead of being round, are cylinder-shaped to the very top, with only enough breaks and irregularities to add to the effect. This tendency is more marked in the Hickories than in any other of the leaf-shedding trees of North America. They are worthy of the name sometimes given them of 'the artist's tree." Hicoria, from a Greek word meaning round, in allusion to the shape of the nut.

Genus Hicoria, Raf., Carya, Nutt. (Hickory)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered, leaflets, seven to nine); alternate; edge slightly and rather roundly…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, seven to nine); opposite; edge of leaflets slightly toothed or entire; entire at base. Outline - of leaflet, long oval or long egg-shape. Apex - taper-pointed. Base - somewhat pointed. Leaf/Stem - smooth. Leaflet/Stem - about one fourth of an inch long, or more; smooth. Leaf/Bud - rusty-colored and smooth. Leaflet - two to six inches long; pale beneath; downy when young, but becoming nearly smooth, except on the ribs. Bark - of the trunk, light gray. In very young trees it is nearly smooth, but it soon becomes deeply furrowed - the furrows crossing each other, and so breaking the bark into irregular, somewhat square or lozenge-shaped plates. Then in very old trees it becomes smooth again, from the scaling off of the plates. The branches are smooth and grayish-green. The young shoots have a polished, deep-green bark, marked with white lines or dots. Winged seeds - one and a half to two inches long, with the "wing" about one fourth of an inch wide, hanging in loose clusters from slender stems. The base of the seed it pointed and not winged. Found - in rich woods, from Southern Canada to Northern Florida and westward. It is most common in the Northern States. The finest specimens are seen in the bottom lands of the lower Ohio River basin. General Information - a tree forty to eighty feet high. Often the trunk rises forty feet without branching. Its tough and elastic timer is of very great value, being widely used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, for oars, and the shafts of carriages, and in cabinet-work. Fraxinus from a Greek word meaning "separation," because of the ease with which the wood of the Ash can be split. I find in the notes of an old copy of White's "Natural History of Selborne" this comment: "The Ash, I think, has been termed by Gilpin the Venus of British trees." Gerardes' "Herbal" comments: "The leaves of the Ash are of so great a vertue against serpents, as that the serpents dare not be so bolde as to touch the morning and evening shadowes of the tree, but shunneth them afarre off, as Pliny reporteth in his 16 book, 13 chap. He also affirmeth that the serpent being penned in with boughes laide rounde about, will sooner run into the fire, if any be there, than come neere to the boughes of the Ash." In Scandinavian mythology the great and sacred tree, Yggdrasil, the greatest and most sacred of all trees, which binds together heaven and earth and hell, is an Ash. Its roots spread over the whole earth. Its branches reach above the heavens. Underneath lies a serpent; above is an eagle; a squirrel runs up and down the trunk, trying to breed strife between them.

Genus Fraxinus, L. (Ash)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, seven to nine); opposite; edge of leaflets slightly toothed…

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, seven to eleven, usually nine); opposite; edge of leaflet toothed. Outline - of leaflet, narrow, long oval or long egg-shaped Apex - taper-pointed. Base - rounded. Leaf/Stem - lacking. Leaf/Bud - deep blue or blackish. Leaflet - three to five inches long, smooth and green on both sides, excepting where it is slightly hairy along the lower part of the middle rib. When crushed it has an Elder-like odor. Bark - of trunk, dark granite-gray, somewhat furrowed and broken up and down with roughness, which continue in the old tree. The young branches are smooth and grayish and marked with black and white dots and warts. Winged seeds - nearly one and one half inches long, with the wing three eighths of an inch wide and extending around the seed. Ripe in July. Found - along low river-banks and in swamps, which it sometimes fills; in Delaware, the mountains of Virginia, Northwestern Arkansas, through the Northern States to Canada. It is the most Northern of the American Ashes. General Information - Usually a small or medium-sized tree. The wood is largely used for barrel-hoops, baskets, in cabinet-work, and interior finish. Fraxinus from a Greek word meaning "separation," because of the ease with which the wood of the Ash can be split. I find in the notes of an old copy of White's "Natural History of Selborne" this comment: "The Ash, I think, has been termed by Gilpin the Venus of British trees." Gerardes' "Herbal" comments: "The leaves of the Ash are of so great a vertue against serpents, as that the serpents dare not be so bolde as to touch the morning and evening shadowes of the tree, but shunneth them afarre off, as Pliny reporteth in his 16 book, 13 chap. He also affirmeth that the serpent being penned in with boughes laide rounde about, will sooner run into the fire, if any be there, than come neere to the boughes of the Ash." In Scandinavian mythology the great and sacred tree, Yggdrasil, the greatest and most sacred of all trees, which binds together heaven and earth and hell, is an Ash. Its roots spread over the whole earth. Its branches reach above the heavens. Underneath lies a serpent; above is an eagle; a squirrel runs up and down the trunk, trying to breed strife between them.

Genus Fraxinus, L. (Ash)

Leaves - compound (odd-feathered; leaflets, seven to eleven, usually nine); opposite; edge of leaflet…

The Public Building in Vancouver, Canada.

Public Building

The Public Building in Vancouver, Canada.

Winnipeg City Hall in Canada.

Winnipeg City Hall

Winnipeg City Hall in Canada.

The coat of arms of Nova Scotia.

Nova Scotia Coat of Arms

The coat of arms of Nova Scotia.

The first parliament buildings in Toronto, Canada (1796-1813).

First Parliament Buildings

The first parliament buildings in Toronto, Canada (1796-1813).

The grain elevator of Port Arthur in Canada.

Port Arthur

The grain elevator of Port Arthur in Canada.

The Coat of Arms for Prince Edward Island in Canada.

Prince Edward Island Coat of Arms

The Coat of Arms for Prince Edward Island in Canada.

The Coat of Arms of Quebec, Canada.

Quebec Coat of Arm

The Coat of Arms of Quebec, Canada.

An old picture of Quebec, Canada where the French were colonizing.

Quebec

An old picture of Quebec, Canada where the French were colonizing.

"La Salle's house (Canada) in 1900." -Perry Jr., 1913

La Salle's House

"La Salle's house (Canada) in 1900." -Perry Jr., 1913

Canada Stamp (1/2 cent) from 1868-1869

Canada Half Cent Stamp, 1868-1869

Canada Stamp (1/2 cent) from 1868-1869

Two species of the lily family (Liliaceae): left, Canada Mayflower (Maianthemum canadense); right, lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis).

M. Canadense and C. Majalis

Two species of the lily family (Liliaceae): left, Canada Mayflower (Maianthemum canadense); right, lily…

Of the violet family (Violaceae), the Canada violet or Violaa canadensis.

Canada Violet

Of the violet family (Violaceae), the Canada violet or Violaa canadensis.

The butterfly weed or Asclepias tuberosa is a milkweed plant used for medicinal purposes.

Butterfly Weed

The butterfly weed or Asclepias tuberosa is a milkweed plant used for medicinal purposes.

Of the Composite family (Compositae), the Canada golden-rod (Solidago Canadensis).

Canada Golden-Rod

Of the Composite family (Compositae), the Canada golden-rod (Solidago Canadensis).

Of the Composite family (Compositae), the Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense).

Canada Thistle

Of the Composite family (Compositae), the Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense).

Of the Composite family (Compositae), the Canada hawkweed (Hieracium Canadense).

Canada Hawkweed

Of the Composite family (Compositae), the Canada hawkweed (Hieracium Canadense).

Legislative buildings in British Columbia, Canada.

British Columbia Legislative Buildings

Legislative buildings in British Columbia, Canada.

(1818-1880) A Canadian statesman.

George Brown

(1818-1880) A Canadian statesman.

Three sister mountains in Canmore, Alberta.

Three Sisters

Three sister mountains in Canmore, Alberta.

"The American Blue Jay is a beautiful bird that is common near all sections of the United States, from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada."

American Blue Jay

"The American Blue Jay is a beautiful bird that is common near all sections of the United States, from…

"Old bishop's palace, Quebec, where first parliament of lower Canada met in 1792." -Foster, 1921

Bishop's Palace

"Old bishop's palace, Quebec, where first parliament of lower Canada met in 1792." -Foster, 1921

(1814-1873) Canadian statesman known as a Father of Confederation.

Sir Georges Etienne Cartier

(1814-1873) Canadian statesman known as a Father of Confederation.

"(1841-1919), a distinguished Canadian statesman and orator, Premier of the Dominion from 1896 to 1911. He was the firs French-Canadian to head the national Cabinet, and his administration of fifteen years was a period of progress for Canada." -Foster, 1921

Sir Wilfrid Laurier

"(1841-1919), a distinguished Canadian statesman and orator, Premier of the Dominion from 1896 to 1911.…

The coat of arms of Manitoba, a Canadian province.

Manitoba Coat of Arms

The coat of arms of Manitoba, a Canadian province.

The coat of arms for New Brunswick, a province of Canada.

New Brunswick Coat of Arms

The coat of arms for New Brunswick, a province of Canada.

The coat of arms of Alberta, a province of Canada.

Alberta Coat of Arms

The coat of arms of Alberta, a province of Canada.

(1804-1858) Canadian statesman and Deputy Premier.

Robert Baldwin

(1804-1858) Canadian statesman and Deputy Premier.

(1727-1759) British military officer famous for his victory over the French in Canada.

General James Wolfe

(1727-1759) British military officer famous for his victory over the French in Canada.

(1833-1912) Canadian statesman, privy council and queen's council member, and Premier of Ontario, Canada.

Edward Blake

(1833-1912) Canadian statesman, privy council and queen's council member, and Premier of Ontario, Canada.

(1817-1893) English Canadian statesman and one of the fathers of the Canadian Confederation.

Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt

(1817-1893) English Canadian statesman and one of the fathers of the Canadian Confederation.

"The Canadian Goose is a handsome bird. They are not so large as the graylag goose, and are very abundant in this country, where they are migratory."

Canada Goose

"The Canadian Goose is a handsome bird. They are not so large as the graylag goose, and are very abundant…

"The Hawk-Owl is especially well known in Canada. This bird goes as far south as Louisiana."

The Hawk or Canada Owl

"The Hawk-Owl is especially well known in Canada. This bird goes as far south as Louisiana."

Illustration of a red Canadian apple.

Red Canada apple

Illustration of a red Canadian apple.

Illustration of a cross section of a red Canadian apple.

Red Canada apple

Illustration of a cross section of a red Canadian apple.

John Brant was a Mohawk chief and government official in Upper Canada, and he was the son of Joseph Brant

John Brant

John Brant was a Mohawk chief and government official in Upper Canada, and he was the son of Joseph…

A drawing of the barracks at Sandwich in Canada.

Barracks at Sandwich

A drawing of the barracks at Sandwich in Canada.

Jacques Cartier (1491 – September 1, 1557) claimed what is now Canada for France. He was the first who described and mapped the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River.

Jacques Cartier

Jacques Cartier (1491 – September 1, 1557) claimed what is now Canada for France. He was the first…

Fort Chambly at the foot of the Chambly rapids on the Richelieu River in Quebec, Canada, was built by the French in 1711.

Fort Chambly

Fort Chambly at the foot of the Chambly rapids on the Richelieu River in Quebec, Canada, was built by…

Samuel de Champlain, "The Father of New France", was a French navigator, geographer, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer, ethnologist, diplomat, chronicler, and the founder of Quebec City on July 3, 1608, of which he was the administrator for the rest of his life.

Samuel de Champlain

Samuel de Champlain, "The Father of New France", was a French navigator, geographer, cartographer, draughtsman,…

The fortified residence of Samuel de Champlain at Quebec, Canada.

Champlain's Fortified Residence at Quebec

The fortified residence of Samuel de Champlain at Quebec, Canada.

William Henry Draper (March 11, 1801 – November 3, 1877) was a lawyer, judge and political figure in Upper Canada and Canada West.

William Henry Drayton

William Henry Draper (March 11, 1801 – November 3, 1877) was a lawyer, judge and political figure…

Fort Erie was captured and destroyed during the War of 1812.

Ruins of Fort Erie, 1860

Fort Erie was captured and destroyed during the War of 1812.

Sir Martin Frobisher (c. 1535 or 1539 – November 22, 1594) was an English seaman (from Wakefield, Yorkshire) who made three voyages to the New World to look for the Northwest Passage.

Martin Frobisher

Sir Martin Frobisher (c. 1535 or 1539 – November 22, 1594) was an English seaman (from Wakefield,…

Originally named Rivière aux Canards ("Duck River"), the River Canard community is home to one of the last vestiges of the French-speaking inhabitants of the Detroit River region, settled from France and Quebec in the 18th century. At St. Joseph's parish, one can still today (2007) hear the mass in French.

View from Rivière Aux Canards

Originally named Rivière aux Canards ("Duck River"), the River Canard community is home to one…

Newspapers and speakers especially condemned the "land embargo" — the cutting-off trade with Canada. The trade so suddenly thrown into confusion by it was represented in a caricature by a bewildered serpent which had been suddenly stopped in its movements by two trees, marked, respectively, "Embargo" and "Non-Importation Act." The wondering snake is puzzled to know what has happened, and the head cries out, "What's the matter, tail?" The latter answers, "I can't get out." A cock, representing France, stands by, joyfully.

Non Importation Act

Newspapers and speakers especially condemned the "land embargo" — the cutting-off trade with Canada.…

The Battle of the Thames, also known as the Battle of Moraviantown, was a decisive American victory in the War of 1812. It took place on October 5, 1813, near present-day Chatham, Ontario in Upper Canada. It resulted in the death of the Shawnee chief Tecumseh, and the destruction of the Native American coalition that he led. The American victory led to the re-establishment of American control over the Northwest frontier

Appearance of the Thames Battle Ground in 1860

The Battle of the Thames, also known as the Battle of Moraviantown, was a decisive American victory…

York is a community in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Formerly a separate city, it was one of six municipalities that amalgamated in 1998 to form the current city of Toronto. York Township was incorporated by Canada West in 1850 (Canada West later became Ontario in 1867).

York (Toronto) in 1813, From the Block House East of the Don

York is a community in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Formerly a separate city, it was one of six municipalities…

The fort was built by the British Army and Canadian militia troops in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, to defend the settlement and the new capital of the Upper Canada region from the threat of a military attack, principally from the newly independent United States.

Fort York

The fort was built by the British Army and Canadian militia troops in the late eighteenth and early…

William Johnston was born in Canada in 1780 and was an American spy on the Canada frontier during the War of 1812.

William Johnston

William Johnston was born in Canada in 1780 and was an American spy on the Canada frontier during the…

The Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) is a member of the family Bombycillidae or waxwing family of passerine birds. It breeds in open wooded areas in North America, principally southern Canada and the northern United States.

Cedar Waxwing Hatchling

The Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) is a member of the family Bombycillidae or waxwing family of…

The Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) is a member of the family Bombycillidae or waxwing family of passerine birds. It breeds in open wooded areas in North America, principally southern Canada and the northern United States.

Cedar Waxwing (3 Weeks)

The Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) is a member of the family Bombycillidae or waxwing family of…

The American Robin, Turdus migratorius, is a migratory songbird of the thrush family. It is named after the European Robin because of the male's bright red breast, though the two species are not related. The American Robin is widely distributed throughout North America, wintering south of Canada from Florida to central Mexico and along the Pacific Coast. It is the state bird of Connecticut, Michigan and Wisconsin. It has seven subspecies, but only T. m. confinis in the southwest is particularly distinctive, with pale gray-brown underparts.

Young American Robins

The American Robin, Turdus migratorius, is a migratory songbird of the thrush family. It is named after…

The Yellow-throated Vireo, Vireo flavifrons, is a small American songbird. Adults are mainly olive on the head and upperparts with a yellow throat and white belly; they have dark eyes with yellow "spectacles". The tail and wings are dark with white wing bars. They have thick blue-grey legs and a stout bill. Their breeding habitat is open deciduous woods in southern Canada and the eastern United States

Yellow-throated Vireo

The Yellow-throated Vireo, Vireo flavifrons, is a small American songbird. Adults are mainly olive on…