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Hand drawing with chalk.

Hand

Hand drawing with chalk.

Bed and table at Pompeii (from wall painting).

Bed and Table

Bed and table at Pompeii (from wall painting).

Line drawing of a large Romanesque church. The illustration is similar to the Imperial Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption and St Stephen in Speyer, Germany, although it differs in some details. The original source <em>(Winston's Encyclopedia)</em> incorrectly identifies the structure as the "Cathedral of Worms."

Romanesque Church

Line drawing of a large Romanesque church. The illustration is similar to the Imperial Cathedral Basilica…

Outline drawing of a house.

House

Outline drawing of a house.

"Second naval battle in Hampton Roads- fight between the Federal ironclad <em>Monitor</em>, of two guns, and the Confederate iron-plated steamers <em>Merrimac, Yorktown</em>, and <em>Jamestown</em>, carrying twenty-four guns, March 9th, 1862. But the gloom that had begun to settle on the fort was greatly dispelled when, toward midnight, an iron marine monster, unlike anything that had ever before been seen on the ocean, made its appearance off the forts. It proved to be the Ericsson iron floating battery of two guns, just from new York. The state of affairs was hastily explained to her commander, and she steamed off to the rescue of the deserted <em>Minnesota</em>. When day dawned the Confederate flotilla, flushed with the success of the previous day, bored down on what was supposed to be an easy prey. the <em>Yorktown</em> and <em>Jamestown</em> drawing least water (The <em>Merrimac</em> evidently afraid of grounding) were ahead, when their course was suddenly stopped by the strange craft, which seemed to have dropped from the clouds. They thought to overcome her easily, and opened fire confidently; but a few of the heavy shot of the <em>Monitor</em>, which battered through and through their iron sides, drove them back in panic behind the gigantic <em>Merrimac</em>, against which the <em>Monitor</em> advanced in turn. And then commenced the most extraordinary naval contest known to history- the first battle between ironclad steamers every fought, and one in which all the appliances of modern skill were brought in conflict. The fight lasted for nearly five hours, when the <em>Yorktown</em> and <em>Jamestown</em> fled up the James River, and the <em>Merrimac</em>, disabled, and in a sinking condition, retreated into Norfolk. The <em>Minnesota</em>, having grounded, was then got off, and the <em>Mintor</em>, a proud proof of the designer's genius and skill, rode undisputed monarch of Hampton waters." — Frank Leslie, 1896

Second Naval Battle

"Second naval battle in Hampton Roads- fight between the Federal ironclad Monitor, of two guns,…

"Federal cavalry covering the escape of Federal prisoners from Libby Prison, Richmond, Va. The feeling of sympathy for the unfortunate Federal officers and men who so long suffered outrage at the hands of the Confederates gave way to a momentary feeling of joy as news came of the escape, at one time, of one hundred and nine officers and men. From time to time a few had escaped, and the narrative of their escapes had been among the most intensely exciting incidents of the war. But when more than a hundred contrived to get out of the Southern dungeon the interest knew no bounds. The method employed was as follows: Having managed to find access to the cellar, they commenced work, relieving one another as opportunity offered. Their instruments were case knives, pocket knives, chisels and files. After getting through the wall they disposed of the excavated soil by drawing it out in a spittoon, which they attached to a cord. This would be filled by the party at work in the tunnel, and pulled out into the cellar by their companions, who disposed of it by spreading it in shallow layers over the floor, concealing it beneath the straw. The tunnel, completed by fifty-one days of patient toil, was about sixty feet long, and opened into an old tobacco shed beyond the line of guards. In order to elude their pursuers, who they knew would soon be on their track, they scattered as much as possible. Many were their hardships and sufferings, and frequent were their narrow escapes from the Confederate cavalry, who the next morning were bushwhacking in every direction for them. The joy which Colonel Streight and four comrades, the pioneers of the band, experienced when they first caught sight of the Federals, sent out to help them and protect them from their pursuers, cannot be expressed."&mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Federal Prisoners

"Federal cavalry covering the escape of Federal prisoners from Libby Prison, Richmond, Va. The feeling…

"Gallant charge of the Sixth Michigan cavalry over the enemy's breastworks, near falling Waters, Md., July 14th, 1863. The exploits of the Federal cavalry in Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania in 1863 would fill a volume in themselves. Among the many gallant charges there are few more brilliant than that of the Sixth Michigan at Falling Waters, where they rode, without drawing rein, right over the Confederate breastworks, scattering all before them. The cavalry were not more than sixty at most, but they charged up a steep hill in the face of a terrific fire; and though they lost in killed and wounded nearly two-thirds of their number, they captured almost the entire force of the enemy, with three regimental battle flags."— Frank Leslie, 1896

Falling Waters

"Gallant charge of the Sixth Michigan cavalry over the enemy's breastworks, near falling Waters, Md.,…

"The War in Texas. Brownsville, occupied by the army under Major General N. P. Banks, in 1863. The sudden movement of General Banks by water, after drawing Magruder into the low grounds of Louisiana, was most successful, and the important line of the Rio Grande was occupied without loss. The importance of this movement cannot be overrated. This great step was looked for by the country after General Banks sailed to New Orleans. We give a fine view of Brownsville, which was immediately occupied, but not before the Confederates retreating from Fort Brown had endeavored to destroy it. The Federals extinguished the fires and a bloody fight ensued. Our sketch shows the ferries busy at work transporting the cotton to the Mexican shore."— Frank Leslie, 1896

War in Texas

"The War in Texas. Brownsville, occupied by the army under Major General N. P. Banks, in 1863. The sudden…

Drawing its name from the widing of its bill towards the tip, the spoonbill frequents coastal and marshy areas, feeding on shellfish, marine animals, small snails, and fish.

Roseate Spoonbill

Drawing its name from the widing of its bill towards the tip, the spoonbill frequents coastal and marshy…

Fort Plain block-house. There is considerable confusion in the accounts concerning Fort Plain, for which there is no necessity. There was a stockade about two miles southwest of Fort Plain, called Fort Clyde, in honor of Colonel Clyde, an officer in the Tryon county militia; and another about the same distance northwest, called Fort Plank, or Blank, from the circumstance that it stood upon land owned by Frederic Blank. The latter and Fort Plain have been confounded. Mr. Stone erroneously considered them as one, and says, in his <em>Life of Brant</em> (ii., 95), "The principal work of defense, then called Fort Plank, and subsequently Fort Plain, was situated upon an elevated plain overlooking the valley, near the site of the village still retaining the name of the fortress." Other writers have regarded the block-house as the fort, when, in fact, it was only a part of the fotifications. The drawing here given is from one published in Stone's Life of Brant, with a description from the Fort Plain Journal of December 26th, 1837. Mr. Lipe considered it a correct view, except the lower story, which, it was his impression, was square instead of octagonal, and had four port-holes for heavy ordinance.

Fort Plain

Fort Plain block-house. There is considerable confusion in the accounts concerning Fort Plain, for which…

The Red House. The "Red House" is situated upon the street in Wilkesbarre next the river, and about seventy-five rods below the bridge. It is the place where John Franklin was arrested. On his return from a political tour down the valley, he came up by the way of Hanover to Wilkesbarre. While standing near the ferry, an acquaintance came up to him and said, "A friend at the Red House wishes to speak to you." Franklin walked to the house, where a person caught him from behind, and attempted to pinion his hands. He was a powerful man, and shook off his captors; but, a noose being thrown over his head, he was secured. They then attempted to get him on horseback, when he cried out, "Help, help! William Slocum! where is William Slocum?" and, drawing his pistols, discharged one, but without effect. He was felled by a blow, and laid almost senseless. It was seeding time, and nearly all the men were in the fields. But the Yankee blood of Mrs. Slocum (the mother of the "lost sister") was up, and, seizing a gun, she ran to the door, exclaiming, "William! Who will call William? Is there no man here? Will nobody rescue him?" Colonel Pickering's dwelling was near the "Red House." It is still standing, but so modernized that its original character is lost.

Red House

The Red House. The "Red House" is situated upon the street in Wilkesbarre next the river, and about…

"American Floating Battery. I am indebted to the kindness of Peter Force, Esq., of Washington city (editor of 'The American Archives'), for this drawing of one of the American floating batteries used in the siege of Boston. It is copied from an English mauscript in his possession, and is now published for the first time. I have never met with a description of those batteries, and can judge of their construction only from the drawing. They appear to have been made of strong planks, pierced, near the water-line, for cars; along the sides, higher up, for the light and musketry. A heavy gun was placed in each end, and upon the top were four swivels."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Floating Battery

"American Floating Battery. I am indebted to the kindness of Peter Force, Esq., of Washington city (editor…

"Society of the Cincinnati, member's certificate. This engraving is a fac simile of a certificate, about one fourth the size of the original, which is thirteen inches and a half in breadth, and twenty inches in length. The originals are printed on fine vellum. The plate was engraved in France by J. J. le Veau, from a drawing by Aug. le Belle. I am indebted to the late James G. Wilson, son of Ensign Wilson, named in the certificate, for the use of the orginal in making this copy. The former was engraved on copper; this is engraved on wood. The design represents American liberty as a strong man armed, bearing in one hand the Union flag, and in the other a naked sword. Beneath his feet are British flags, and a broken spear, shield, and chain. Hovering by his side is the eagle, our national emblem, from whose talons the lightning of destruction is flashing upon the British lion. Britannia, with the crown falling from her head, is hastening toward a boat to escape to a fleet, which denotes the departure of British power from our shore. Upon a cloud, on the right, is an angel blowing a trumpet, from which flutters a loose scroll."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Society of the Cincinnati

"Society of the Cincinnati, member's certificate. This engraving is a fac simile of a certificate, about…

"The Walnut Street Prison. This edifice was erected in 1774, and taken down in 1836. The beautiful new Athenaeum occupies a portion of the ground on Sixth Street, and the remainder is covered by elegant dwellings. It is a singular fact that the architect who constructed it was the first person incarcerated in it. He was a Whig, and, having incurred the displeasure of the British, he was locked up in that prison. The <em>Public Ledger</em> of June 26th, 1837, gives an account of an armorial drawing, representing, in bold relief, a cuirass, casque, gorget, and Roman battle-ax, with radiating spears, which was made upon an arch of one of the second story cells, by Marshall, an English engraver, who was confined there for many years for counterfeiting the notes of the United States Bank. He was the son of the notorious 'Bag and Hatchet Woman,' of St. Giles's, London, who followed the British army in its Continental campaigns, and gathered spoils from the slain and wounded on the field of battle. Those who were dead, were readily plundered, and the wounded as readily dispatched. This woman and son were master-spirits in the purlieus of St. Giles's, among robbers and counterfeiters. The gang were at length betrayed, and the parent and child fled to this country, bringing with them considerable wealth in money and jewels. They lived in splendid style in Philadelphia, riding in a gorgeous cream-colored phaeton, drawn by richly-caparisoned horses, driven tandem. Their means were soon exhausted, when the son married, and commenced business as an engraver. He counterfeited notes of the United States Bank, was detected, and in 1803 was sentenced to eighteen years' confinement and hard labor in the Walnut Street Prison, then the State Penitentiary. While he was in prison, his mother, who had wondered away from Philadelphia in poverty and destitution, was executed in another state for a foul murder and arson."—Lossing, 1851

Walnut Street Prison

"The Walnut Street Prison. This edifice was erected in 1774, and taken down in 1836. The beautiful new…

"Boone's Fort. This sketch is from a drawing by Colonel Henderson, and published in Collin's <em>Historical Collections of Kentucky</em>, page 417. It was composed of a number of long-houses disposed in the form of an oblong square. Those at each corner, intended particularly for block-houses, were larger and stronger than the others. The length of the fort was about two hundred and fifty feet, and the width about one hundred and fifty feet."—Lossing, 1851

Boone's Fort

"Boone's Fort. This sketch is from a drawing by Colonel Henderson, and published in Collin's Historical…

"An optical toy consisting of a vertical cylindrical mirror which gives a correct image of a distorted picture drawn at the base on a plane at right angles to axis of the mirror."-Whitney, 1902

Anamorphoscope

"An optical toy consisting of a vertical cylindrical mirror which gives a correct image of a distorted…

"A method of drawing which gives a distorted image of the object represented when it is viewed from directly or nearly so, but a natural image when it is viewed from a certain point, is reflected by a curved mirror, or is seen through a polyhedron."-Whitney, 1902

Anamorphosis

"A method of drawing which gives a distorted image of the object represented when it is viewed from…

An abacus is denoted primarily a square tablet of any description, and was hence employed in the following significations: 1. A table, or side-board, chiefly used for the display of gold and silver cups, and other kinds of caluable and ornamental utensils. The use of abaci was first introduced at Rome from Asia Minor after the victories of Cn. Manlius Vulso, B.C. 187, and their introduction was regarded as one of the marks of the growing luxury of the age; 2. A draught-board or chess-board; 3. A board used by mathematicians for drawing diagrams, and by arithmeticians for the purposes of calculation; 4. In architecture, the flat square stone which constituted the highest member of a column, being placed immediately under te architrave.

Abacus

An abacus is denoted primarily a square tablet of any description, and was hence employed in the following…

"The bow used for shooting arrows, is one of the most ancient of all weapons, but is characteristic of Asia rather than of Europe. In the Roman armies it was scarcely ever employed except by auxiliaries; and these auxiliaries, called sagittarii, were chiefly Cretans and Arabians. When not used the bow was put into a case which was made of leather, and sometimes ornamented. This image shows a drawing the bow." &mdash; Smith, 1873

Arcus

"The bow used for shooting arrows, is one of the most ancient of all weapons, but is characteristic…

A game which consits of figure of a sailor cast in metal and a number of colored balls, and three drawing-pins.

Jack's Alive

A game which consits of figure of a sailor cast in metal and a number of colored balls, and three drawing-pins.

"When publishing orderes, calling the roll, etc., the saber is held suspended from the right wrist by the saber knot, when the saber knot is used it is placed on the wrist before drawing saber and taken off after returning saber." — Moss, 1914

Drawn Saber

"When publishing orderes, calling the roll, etc., the saber is held suspended from the right wrist by…

Act of drawing

Draw

Act of drawing

The frame of wood by which two oxen are fastened together for drawing.

Yoke

The frame of wood by which two oxen are fastened together for drawing.

A frame or last used by boot-makers for drawing and shaping the body of a boot.

Bootcrimp

A frame or last used by boot-makers for drawing and shaping the body of a boot.

A kind of screw used for drawing corks from bottles.

Corkscrew

A kind of screw used for drawing corks from bottles.

A fixture for drawing liquor from a cask or vessel, consisting of a tube stoped with a peg, spigot, or slide.

Faucet

A fixture for drawing liquor from a cask or vessel, consisting of a tube stoped with a peg, spigot,…

An instrument used for writing and drawing; a lead-pencil.

Pencil

An instrument used for writing and drawing; a lead-pencil.

An instrument for various uses, as drawing nails and the like, griping things to be held fast, etc.; pinchers.

Pincers

An instrument for various uses, as drawing nails and the like, griping things to be held fast, etc.;…

An instrument with straight edges or sides, for drawing lines; a rule.

Ruler

An instrument with straight edges or sides, for drawing lines; a rule.

An instrument used for writing and drawing.

Lead-pencil

An instrument used for writing and drawing.

A hand drawing a violin-bow across the edge of a goblet half-filled with water.

Hand with bow and glass

A hand drawing a violin-bow across the edge of a goblet half-filled with water.

A drawing bench used to make coins.

Drawing Bench

A drawing bench used to make coins.

"As he sang these tender strains, the very ghosts shed tears. Tantalus, in spite of his thirst, stopped for a moment his efforts for water, Ixion's wheel stood still, the vulture ceased to tear the giant's liver, the daightrs of Danaus rested from their task of drawing water in a sieve, and Sisyphus sat on his rock to listen." &mdash;Bulfinch, 1897

Tantalus, Sisyphus, and Ixion

"As he sang these tender strains, the very ghosts shed tears. Tantalus, in spite of his thirst, stopped…

"Plait the ribbon a distance from the end to allow for a streamer or bow end. Hold the plaits with the thumb and first finger of the right hand; with the left hand measure the length of the first loop; plait, and hold all plaits by twisting the second end of ribbon around them, drawing it through this twist or loop you have just made, from the direction it was taking when it formed the last loop. If you put this end through the twist from the opposite direction, no knot will be made and your bow will tumble." &mdash;Kinne, 1920

Cravat bow

"Plait the ribbon a distance from the end to allow for a streamer or bow end. Hold the plaits with the…

"A prophetic birds eye view of Ruhleben Prison Camp when the war ends."-1916; Drawing by Hobart Egremont, one of the interned.

Ruhleben Prison Camp

"A prophetic birds eye view of Ruhleben Prison Camp when the war ends."-1916; Drawing by Hobart Egremont,…

A bent tube with limbs of unequal length, used for drawing liquids from one vessel into another.

Siphon

A bent tube with limbs of unequal length, used for drawing liquids from one vessel into another.

This illustration shows a jointed structure. In this drawing, there are two systems of joints or divisional planes in the same region, crossing one another, and the undermining of a bluff of jointed beds and tumbling down of masses leads to the production of forms like those of fortifications or broken walls.

Jointed Rock

This illustration shows a jointed structure. In this drawing, there are two systems of joints or divisional…

The Triumph of Columbus. A fac-simile of the original sketch by Columbus himsef, was sent by him from Seville in 1502, and is preserved in the city hall at Genoa. The figure sitting beside Columbus is Providence; Envy and Ignorance are hinted at as monsters following in his wake; while Constancy, Tolerance, the Christian Religion, Victory, and Hope attend him. Above all is the floating figure of Fame blowing two trumpets, one marked "Genoa," the other "Fama Columbi." Harrisse says that good judges assign this picture to Columbus' own hand, though none of the drawings ascribed to him are authentic beyond doubt; while it is very true that he had the reputation of being a good draughtsman.

Triumph of Columbus

The Triumph of Columbus. A fac-simile of the original sketch by Columbus himsef, was sent by him from…

Enlarged drawing of the bas-relief on the broken doorway. Details that show Tiahuanacu existed.

Tiahuanacu Image

Enlarged drawing of the bas-relief on the broken doorway. Details that show Tiahuanacu existed.

A drawing of the newly hatched larva, viewed from beneath, with enlargements of anal extremity viewed from above.

Black Scale

A drawing of the newly hatched larva, viewed from beneath, with enlargements of anal extremity viewed…

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil and pen point are provided, either of which may be inserted into a socket in one leg of the instrument, for the drawing of circles in pencil or ink." &mdash; Hallock, 1905

Compasses

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil…

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil and pen point are provided, either of which may be inserted into a socket in one leg of the instrument, for the drawing of circles in pencil or ink." &mdash; Hallock, 1905

Compasses

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil…

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil and pen point are provided, either of which may be inserted into a socket in one leg of the instrument, for the drawing of circles in pencil or ink." &mdash; Hallock, 1905

Compasses

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil…

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil and pen point are provided, either of which may be inserted into a socket in one leg of the instrument, for the drawing of circles in pencil or ink." &mdash; Hallock, 1905

Compasses

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil…

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil and pen point are provided, either of which may be inserted into a socket in one leg of the instrument, for the drawing of circles in pencil or ink." &mdash; Hallock, 1905

Compasses

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil…

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil and pen point are provided, either of which may be inserted into a socket in one leg of the instrument, for the drawing of circles in pencil or ink." &mdash; Hallock, 1905

Compasses

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil…

"For drawing ink lines other than arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. It should be held as nearly perpendicular to the board as possible, bearing lightly against the T square or triangle, along the edge of which the line is drawn. After a little practice, this position will become natural, and no difficulty will be experienced." &mdash; Hallock, 1905

Ruling Pen

"For drawing ink lines other than arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. It should be held as nearly…

"For drawing ink lines other than arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. It should be held as nearly perpendicular to the board as possible, bearing lightly against the T square or triangle, along the edge of which the line is drawn. After a little practice, this position will become natural, and no difficulty will be experienced." &mdash; Hallock, 1905

Ruling Pen

"For drawing ink lines other than arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. It should be held as nearly…

"The usual form of paddle-wheel, that is called the radial, in which the floats are fixed. It will be seen that a certain loss of power is involved, as the full force of the engine on the water is only experienced when the float is vertical, and as on entering and leaving the water the power is mainly devoted to respectively lifting and drawing down the vessel." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Ordinary Paddle-wheel

"The usual form of paddle-wheel, that is called the radial, in which the floats are fixed. It will be…

"Drawing Frame." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Drawing Frame

"Drawing Frame." — Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

"The operation which succeeds that of the drawing frame is slubbing, where the sliver has a certain amount of twist imparted to it, and is wound on a bobbin. In this process the end or sliver from the last head of the drawing frame is drawn out by means of three pairs of rollers, and this is twisted as it emerges from the front line of rollers by the action of vertical spindles and flyers, which at the same time wind the ends upon bobbins in successive layers." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Slubbing Frame

"The operation which succeeds that of the drawing frame is slubbing, where the sliver has a certain…

"The spinning frame, or throstle, is made with two sets of drawing rollers, one on each side. Between these the roving bobbins are placed, and the rove is drawn through them to the requisite fineness, and formed into thread by the action of the spindles and flyers, which are placed in front of each set of rollers, at such distances apart from one another as may be required for the different-sized bobbins and counts of yarn to be spun." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Throstle

"The spinning frame, or throstle, is made with two sets of drawing rollers, one on each side. Between…

"The spinning frame, or throstle, is made with two sets of drawing rollers, one on each side. Between these the roving bobbins are placed, and the rove is drawn through them to the requisite fineness, and formed into thread by the action of the spindles and flyers, which are placed in front of each set of rollers, at such distances apart from one another as may be required for the different-sized bobbins and counts of yarn to be spun." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Throstle

"The spinning frame, or throstle, is made with two sets of drawing rollers, one on each side. Between…

"Tentaculocyst and marginal lappets of Aurelia aurita. In the lefthand figure-ML, marginal lappets; T, tentaculocyst; A, superior or aboral surface, magnified about 50 diameters. In the right-hand figure-A, superior or aboral olfactory pit; B, inferior or adoral olfactory pit; H, bridge between the two marginal lappets forming the hood; T, tentaculocyst; End, endoderm; Ent, canal of the enteric system continued into the tentaculocyst; Concendodermal concretion; oc, ectodermal pigment (ocellus). The drawing represents a section, taken in a radial vertical plane so as to pass through the long axis of the tentaculocyst." &mdash; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Aurelia Aurita

"Tentaculocyst and marginal lappets of Aurelia aurita. In the lefthand figure-ML, marginal lappets;…

"Drawing from life of the desert scorpion, Buthusaustralis." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Scorpion

"Drawing from life of the desert scorpion, Buthusaustralis." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

"Drawing from tlife of the Italian scorpion Euscorpius italicus, Herbst, holding a blue-bottle fly with its left chela, and carefully piercing it between head and thorax with its string. Two insertions of the string are effected and the fly is instantly paralysed by the poison so introduced into its body." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Scorpion

"Drawing from tlife of the Italian scorpion Euscorpius italicus, Herbst, holding a blue-bottle fly with…

"One end of the cup-adjusting hub, with inward bearings. The cones are formed of one piece with the spindles, and the adjusting cp C is screwed in the end of the hub shell, and locked in position by the screwed locking-ring R. The figure also illustrates a divided spindle for facilitating the removal of the tire for repair when required without disturbing the wheel, bearings, chain or gear-case. The chain side of the hub-spindle, not shown in the figure, is secured to the frame in the usual way; on the left side the spindle S projects very little beyond the adjusting cup. A distance washer W is placed between the end of the spindle S and the fork-end F. A detachable screw-pin, or the footstep, P, passes through the washer W, and is screwed into the end of the spindle S, the hexagod head of the detachable pin drawing all the parts securely together." &mdash; The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Cup-adjusting Hub

"One end of the cup-adjusting hub, with inward bearings. The cones are formed of one piece with the…

"Professor Swan's Designs.—Among several ingenious arrangements and new forms of agents proposed by Professor Swan is the mode of sending rays from prisms through interstices left between other prisms placed in front, and also a form of agent which he termed the triesoptric prism, in which the rays would undergo two refractions and three reflexions. a are the front and b the triesoptric prisms. The two upper and lower prisms a are constructed of flint glass of high refractive power. It will be observed from the drawing that this ingenious arrangement is nevertheless open to objection, for cones of light of 30 degrees in front and of 65 degrees at the back are lost through the interstices." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Swans Designs

"Professor Swan's Designs.—Among several ingenious arrangements and new forms of agents proposed by…

A form of pen used for drawing lines of even thickness. It commonly consists of two blades which hold ink between them. The distance apart of the points being adjusted by a screw to conform to the desired width of the line.

Ruling Pen

A form of pen used for drawing lines of even thickness. It commonly consists of two blades which hold…

"Windlass.&mdash;The common windlass for drawing water is another modification of the wheel and axle. The winch, or crank, by which it is turned, is moved around by the hand, and there is no difference in the principle, whether a whole wheel is turned, or a single spoke. The winch, therefore, answers to the wheel, while the rope is taken up, and the weight raised by the axle, as already described." &mdash;Comstock, 1850

Windlass

"Windlass.—The common windlass for drawing water is another modification of the wheel and axle.…