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"A, side view of American club-skate; B, bottom of the skate with the runner removed. a, runner; b, heel-plate; c, sole-plate; d, riveting by which the runner is attached to the heel- and sole-plates; e, e, clamps which grasp the sole when they are drawn rearward by the action of the curved slots f upon pins fixed firmly in the sole plate. Both these clamps are pivoted at their rear extremities to a bar g, connected by a winged adjusting screw h, to a collar i, which is pivoted to the heel-clamp j; k, spur which engages the front part of the heel when the heel-clamp is drawn foward; l, toggle-lever, by which the sole-clamps are drawn rear-ward and the heel-clamp forward simultaneously. In B this lever is shown turned out; to clamp the skate to the shoe, it is pressed inward under the sole out of sight." —Whitney, 1889

American Club Ice Skate - View from Side and Bottom

"A, side view of American club-skate; B, bottom of the skate with the runner removed. a, runner; b,…

Adrift on a berg

Antarctica

Adrift on a berg

A collage of different types of atmospheres including auroras, snow, and rain.

Collage of Different Atmospheres

A collage of different types of atmospheres including auroras, snow, and rain.

"Different Kinds of Milk Bacteria. It is not uncommon for a large number of person to be poisoned from eating ice cream at some public gathering. This is caused by a change in the milk brought about by the presence of bacteria. The poisonous product of their action called "tyrotoxicon", may also be found in other foods which have milk as their basis, such as cheese, custard, and so on. There are vomiting and purging within a few hours after eating the food, succeeded by a great nervous prostration, from which recovery follows slowly." — Blaisedell, 1904

Milk bacteria

"Different Kinds of Milk Bacteria. It is not uncommon for a large number of person to be poisoned from…

Polar Bear going after baby seals.

Polar Bear

Polar Bear going after baby seals.

An illustration of two polar bears standing on icebergs with large icebergs surrounding them.

Polar Bears on Iceberg

An illustration of two polar bears standing on icebergs with large icebergs surrounding them.

"A pair of runners connected by a framework, used (sometimes with another pair) to carry loads or support the body of a vehicle, or, when of lighter build and supporting a light platform or seat, in the sport of coasting and for drawing light loads by hand. A, bob-sled, composed of two short sleds a, a1 connected by a perch b, which is attached to the sled a1 by a king bolt c, on which the sled a1 turns freely, thereby enabling it to be turned around in a space a little wider than its own length: the box or body of the sled, when one is used, is supported on the bolsters d, d1." —Whitney, 1889

Bobsled - Side View

"A pair of runners connected by a framework, used (sometimes with another pair) to carry loads or support…

This carburetor is a device that blends air and fuel for an internal combustion engine.

Carburetor

This carburetor is a device that blends air and fuel for an internal combustion engine.

"Curling is a game of Scotch origin, played on ice with various shaped stones, fitted with handles or grips."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Curling Iron

"Curling is a game of Scotch origin, played on ice with various shaped stones, fitted with handles or…

"Curling is a game of Scotch origin, played on ice with various shaped stones, fitted with handles or grips."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Curling Iron

"Curling is a game of Scotch origin, played on ice with various shaped stones, fitted with handles or…

The curling stone, or rock, weighs a maximum of 44 lb (20 kg). It has a maximum allowable circumference of 36 inches (0.9 m). A stone may be a maximum of 4.5 inches (11.43 cm) in height not including the handle. The handle is attached to the stone by means of a bolt, which runs vertically through a hole in the center of the stone. The handle allows the rock to be gripped and rotated upon release

Curling Stone

The curling stone, or rock, weighs a maximum of 44 lb (20 kg). It has a maximum allowable circumference…

When the atmosphere is highly charged with electricity, faint tinges of fire are often seen on the ends of bodies in connection with the earth, like the masts of ship, steeples, etc., due to an electric charge, known as the <em>brush-discharge</em>.

Elmo's Fire

When the atmosphere is highly charged with electricity, faint tinges of fire are often seen on the ends…

This motor vehicle engine, is an internal combustion engine in which high temperature and pressure gases produce a combustion which directly applies force t a moveable component of the engine.

Motor Vehicle Engine

This motor vehicle engine, is an internal combustion engine in which high temperature and pressure gases…

"Faraday's ice pail experiment. An ice pail P connected with gold leaves of an electroscope C, is placed on an insulating stand S. A charged conductor K, carried by a silk thread, is lowered into the pail, and finally touches it at the bottom. While it is being lowered the leaves of the electroscope diverge farther and farther, until K is well within the pail, after which they diverge no more, even when K touches the pail or is afterwards withdrawn by the insulation thread. After withdrawal, K is found to be completely discharged." -Hawkins, 1917

Faraday's Ice Pail Experiment

"Faraday's ice pail experiment. An ice pail P connected with gold leaves of an electroscope C, is placed…

"Explamation of Faraday's ice pail experiment." -Hawkins, 1917

Faraday's Ice Pail Experiment Explanation

"Explamation of Faraday's ice pail experiment." -Hawkins, 1917

A skater demonstrating a figure eight.

Figure Eight

A skater demonstrating a figure eight.

A figure skater demonstrating a maneuver with the outside edge of his skate forward.

Figure skater

A figure skater demonstrating a maneuver with the outside edge of his skate forward.

A figure skater demonstrating a maneuver with the outside edge of his skate backward.

Figure skater

A figure skater demonstrating a maneuver with the outside edge of his skate backward.

A figure skater executing a figure three turn.

Figure three

A figure skater executing a figure three turn.

Geirrod the giant spies a bird on the chimney of his castle. It is really Loki wearing Freya's eagle feather coat. Geirrod keeps him and gives him no food or water since he will not talk.

Geirrod and Loki

Geirrod the giant spies a bird on the chimney of his castle. It is really Loki wearing Freya's eagle…

A glacier is a large, slow-moving mass of ice, formed from compacted layers of snow. Glacier ice is the largest reservoir of fresh water on Earth, and second only to oceans as the largest reservoir of total water.

Glacier

A glacier is a large, slow-moving mass of ice, formed from compacted layers of snow. Glacier ice is…

"Glacier Tables," ice-pillars protected by slabs of rock.

Glacier Tables

"Glacier Tables," ice-pillars protected by slabs of rock.

An icehouse is a building where ice is stored. Ice houses originally invented in Persia were buildings used to store ice throughout the year, prior to the invention of the refrigerator.

Ice House

An icehouse is a building where ice is stored. Ice houses originally invented in Persia were buildings…

An illustration of a group of men climbing a wall of ice.

Ice Climbing

An illustration of a group of men climbing a wall of ice.

The ice-barrier by Captain Wilkes

Ice-Barrier

The ice-barrier by Captain Wilkes

When the glacier extends into the sea, the base is undermined by the warmer waters of the ocean, and great fragments are broken off by the waves, forming floating mountains of ice, called <em>icebergs</em>. Icebergs are particularly numerous in the North Atlantic, into which they descend from the extensive Arctic glacial region already described.

Icebergs

When the glacier extends into the sea, the base is undermined by the warmer waters of the ocean, and…

Floating iceburg, showing the proportion of visible to submerged ice.

Iceburg

Floating iceburg, showing the proportion of visible to submerged ice.

Insects working as a team to collect ice cubes from a well.

Insect Ice

Insects working as a team to collect ice cubes from a well.

This is the ICE or internal combustion engine for an automobile, featuring a mixture of fuel and oxidizer in the combustion chamber

Internal Combustion Engine

This is the ICE or internal combustion engine for an automobile, featuring a mixture of fuel and oxidizer…

One of the best known of the European glaciers is that of <em>Mer de Glace</em> (Sea of Ice). It descends from the slopes of the range of Mont Blanc, and is formed by the confluence of three large glaciers: <em>the Glacier du Geant</em>, <em>the Glacier de Lechaud</em>, and <em>the Glacier du Talefre</em>.

The Mer de Glace

One of the best known of the European glaciers is that of Mer de Glace (Sea of Ice). It descends…

A figure skater demonstrating the "pig's ears" maneuver.

Pig's Ears

A figure skater demonstrating the "pig's ears" maneuver.

"In the manufacture of artificial ice, ammonia is liquefied by being compressed by powerful pumps; then the liquid ammonia is cooled by passing cold water over the pipes containing it. the liquid ammonia is distributed through pipes, where it evaporates rapidly. The gas is drawn back by the pump, condensed to a liquid, and used again. The pipes in which the evaporation takes place are immersed in a strong salt solution, which, by furnishing heat for evaporation, is cooled to a point below the freezing-point of water." -Brownlee 1907

Refrigerating Plant

"In the manufacture of artificial ice, ammonia is liquefied by being compressed by powerful pumps; then…

The wind is supposed to rotate as in a cyclone, only the axis of the whirl is horizontal instead of vertical. Two horizontal layers of cloud exist-the upper layer of snow, the lower, or rain. The snowflakes, which form the nuclei of the hailstones, are caught in the whirl, are dipped in rapid succession into the two clouds, thus receiving alternate coatings of ice and snow, until at last they are hurried to the ground.

Rotary Theory of Hail

The wind is supposed to rotate as in a cyclone, only the axis of the whirl is horizontal instead of…

Illustration of the entrance of an igloo, built out of ice, partially underwater. A seal is swimming under the water, headed for the entrance.

Seal Swimming up to an Igloo

Illustration of the entrance of an igloo, built out of ice, partially underwater. A seal is swimming…

Scene from the story, "Simple Simon."

Simple Simon in Ice

Scene from the story, "Simple Simon."

Man skate sailing.

Skate sailing

Man skate sailing.

"A wooden runner, of tough wood, from five to ten feet long, an or an inch and a half thick at the middle, but thinner toward the ends, an inch wider than the shoe of the user, and turned up in a curve at the front." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Ski - Side and Bottom View

"A wooden runner, of tough wood, from five to ten feet long, an or an inch and a half thick at the middle,…

"1. A drag or dray without wheels, but mounted on runners, for the conveyance of loads over frozen snow or ice, or over mud or the bare ground, as in transporting logs and heavy stones. Also sledge. 2. A pair of runners connected by a framework, used (sometimes with another pair) to carry loads or support the body of a vehicle, or, when of lighter build and supporting a light platform or seat, in the sport of coasting and for drawing light loads by hand." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>Illustration of a hand sled with a platform atop it and a rope with which to be pulled by a human or animal. Traditionally, these are not meant to be ridden, but used to convey materials.

Hand Sled or Sledge

"1. A drag or dray without wheels, but mounted on runners, for the conveyance of loads over frozen snow…

"A pair of runners connected by a framework, used (sometimes with another pair) to carry loads or support the body of a vehicle, or, when of lighter build and supporting a light platform or seat, in the sport of coasting and for drawing light loads by hand." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>This illustration is of a hand sled. Unlike bobsleds, these sleds are not meant to be ridden. Instead, they are pulled by a person or animal, using the rope. The sleds transport materials.

Hand Sled

"A pair of runners connected by a framework, used (sometimes with another pair) to carry loads or support…

"A vehicle, mounted on runners, for transporting persons on the snow or ice; sled. a, runners; b, shoes; c, shafts or thills; d, braces; e, body; f, cushioned seat; g, dashboard; h, raves." —Whitney, 1889

A Single-Horse Sleigh or Cutter

"A vehicle, mounted on runners, for transporting persons on the snow or ice; sled. a, runners; b, shoes;…

"See o'er this icy pathway pictured here, / Three sturdy travelers on foot appear; / One of them slips - he breaks his bones - / 'So much for hurrying,' thus he inward groans: / The man more wise and careful goes more slow, / Looks where he steps, and doth more surely go."&mdash;Barber, 1857

Slow but Sure

"See o'er this icy pathway pictured here, / Three sturdy travelers on foot appear; / One of them slips…

"An implement for clearing away snow from roads, railways, etc. a, body of plow; b, caboose for implements and workmen; c, movable wings for widening the cuttings; c1, doors which give access to leading truck for oiling, etc.; d, cupola; e, headlight; f, iron plates, scrapers, or shoes which remove snow from the outer margins of the track; f, adjustable aprons which clean out the snow from between the tracks flush with the wheel flanges; g, intermediate apron; h, draw-bar for hauling the plow when not in use; i, adjustable scraper for removing hard-packed snow or ice from the inner side of the rails." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Wing Snow Plow

"An implement for clearing away snow from roads, railways, etc. a, body of plow; b, caboose for implements…

"The aqueous vapor of the atmosphere precipitated in a crystalline form, and falling to the earth in flakes, each flake consisting of a distinct crystal, or more commonly combinations of separate crystals. The crystals belong to the hexagonal system, and are generally in the form of thin plates and long needles or spiculae; by their different modes of union they present uncounted varieties of very beautiful figures." —Whitney, 1889

Snowflakes as Described by William Scoresby

"The aqueous vapor of the atmosphere precipitated in a crystalline form, and falling to the earth in…

This ice spoon is used to assist the ice tongs in removing carrying ice. The handle terminates with a figure and the bowl of the spoon has a leaf design.

Ice Spoon

This ice spoon is used to assist the ice tongs in removing carrying ice. The handle terminates with…

Concentric layers, similar to those of an onion, will be noticed, arranged around a central nucleus, sometimes of ice and sometimes of snow, through generally the latter. The stones are more or less oblately spheroidal in shape. Their general weight varies from a few grains to several ounces, but they have been known to way several pounds.

Structure of a Hailstone

Concentric layers, similar to those of an onion, will be noticed, arranged around a central nucleus,…

The USS <em>Advance</em> was a brigantine in the United States Navy which participated in an arctic rescue expedition.

The Advance in the Ice

The USS Advance was a brigantine in the United States Navy which participated in an arctic…

A figure skater demonstrating "the loop".

The loop

A figure skater demonstrating "the loop".

A figure skater executing a figure "s" maneuver.

The Serpentine

A figure skater executing a figure "s" maneuver.

"Three children sliding on the ice, All on a summer's day. As it fell out they all fell in. The rest they ran away."

Three Children

"Three children sliding on the ice, All on a summer's day. As it fell out they all fell in. The rest…

"With caution due the man is crossing o'er, / And with a pole he tries the ice before, / O'er the deep current he finds the ice is thin; / He shuns the place; he's saved from plunging in."&mdash;Barber, 1857

Try the Ice Before You Venture on It

"With caution due the man is crossing o'er, / And with a pole he tries the ice before, / O'er the deep…

The American ice velocipede is a sensible contrivance, literally skating by means of machinery. The machine is intended to be used on ice. The driving wheel is armed with sharp points to prevent the possibility of slipping

Ice Velocipede

The American ice velocipede is a sensible contrivance, literally skating by means of machinery. The…

Velocipedes are an umbrella term for any human-powered land vehicle with one or more wheels. The most common type of velocipede today is the bicycle. The term velocipede is today, however, mainly used as a collective term for the different forerunners of the monowheel, the bicycle, the dicycle, the tricycle and the quadcycle that were developed between 1817 and 1880.

Ice Velocipede

Velocipedes are an umbrella term for any human-powered land vehicle with one or more wheels. The most…