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The upper illustrations show conical and fungiform papillae, the lower a circumvallate papilla. Labels: C, corium; E, epithelium of the mucous membrane. The wavy dark line represents arteries.

Papillae of the Tongue

The upper illustrations show conical and fungiform papillae, the lower a circumvallate papilla. Labels:…

The iliac and pelvic colons, from a formalin-hardened male body, aged 30. The pelvic colon was usually long; its course is shown, as well as that of the beginning of the rectum, by dotted lines. It first ran across the upper surface of the bladder to the right pelvic wall, then recrossed the pelvis in a line posterior to is first crossing; finally it returned towards the middle line, and passed into the rectum. As a rule, after crossing to the right side of the pelvis, the pelvic colon turns backwards and inwards to reach the middle line, where it passes into the rectum.

Iliac and Pelvic Colons

The iliac and pelvic colons, from a formalin-hardened male body, aged 30. The pelvic colon was usually…

Diagram to illustrate the development of the great omentum. A, shows the beginning of the great omentum and its independence of the transverse mesocolon; in B, the two come in contact; and in C, they have fused along the line of contact. Labels: A, stomach; B, transverse colon; C, small intestine; D, duodenum; E, pancreas; F, great omentum; G, placed in great sac; H, in small sac of peritoneum.

Development of the Great Omentum

Diagram to illustrate the development of the great omentum. A, shows the beginning of the great omentum…

The Red-eyed Vireo, Vireo olivaceus, is a small American songbird, 13-14 cm in length. It is somewhat warbler-like but not closely related to the New World warblers. Adults are mainly olive-green on the upperparts with white underparts; they have a red iris and a grey crown edged with black. There is a dark blackish line through the eyes and a wide white stripe just above that line. They have thick blue-grey legs and a stout bill. They are yellowish on the flanks and under their tail. This bird, not always seen, may sing for long periods of time; it appears to be endlessly repeating the same question and answer. It holds the record for most songs given in a single day among bird species

Red-eyed Vireo

The Red-eyed Vireo, Vireo olivaceus, is a small American songbird, 13-14 cm in length. It is somewhat…

The White-throated Sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis, is a passerine bird of the American sparrow family Emberizidae. The White-throated Sparrow is 17 cm (6.75 inches) in length with a wingspan of 23 cm (9 inches) Typical weight is 26 grams (0.91 oz). There are two adult plumage variations known as the tan-striped and white-striped forms. On the white-striped form the crown is black with a white central stripe. The supercilium is white as well. The auriculars are gray with the upper edge forming a black eye line.

White-throated Sparrow

The White-throated Sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis, is a passerine bird of the American sparrow family…

The Swamp Sparrow, Melospiza georgiana, is a medium-sized sparrow. Adults have streaked rusty and black upperparts with a grey breast, light belly and a white throat. They have a rust-coloured cap and wings. Their face is grey with a dark line through the eye. They have a short bill and fairly long legs. Their breeding habitat is marshes, including salt marshes, across eastern North America and central Canada. The bulky nest is attached to marsh vegetation, often with leaves arching over the top. On the central Atlantic coast, in the southern parts of their summer range, they are permanent residents. Other birds migrate to the southern United States.

Swamp Sparrow

The Swamp Sparrow, Melospiza georgiana, is a medium-sized sparrow. Adults have streaked rusty and black…

"Nodal Cubic, with four primary lines and their satellite. In the diagram, ABC is the satellite line. From its intersections with the cubic curve tangents are drawn to the latter, AD, AE, BF, BG, CH, CI. The points of tangency lie three by three on four primary lines, FDH, DGI, EGH, FEI." -Whitney, 1911

Satellite

"Nodal Cubic, with four primary lines and their satellite. In the diagram, ABC is the satellite line.…

During the siege, Union gunboats lobbed over 22,000 shells into the town and army artillery fire was even heavier. As the barrages continued, suitable housing in Vicksburg was reduced to a minimum. A ridge, located between the main town and the rebel defense line, provided a diverse citizenry with lodging for the duration. Over 500 caves were dug into the yellow clay hills of Vicksburg. Whether houses were structurally sound or not, it was deemed safer to occupy these dugouts.

Cave Life in Vicksburg

During the siege, Union gunboats lobbed over 22,000 shells into the town and army artillery fire was…

The Maria Pia bridge (Ponte Maria Pia) is a railway bridge built in 1877 by Gustave Eiffel in Porto, Portugal. Built of wrought iron, its two-hinged crescent arch carries the railway line to Lisbon for 353m across the River Douro at a height of 60m. Eiffel's design was the least expensive of eight entries into an 1875 competition, being 31% less than the next lowest priced. The bridge was built to avoid a 12 km detour, and started on 5 January 1876 and completed on 4 November 1877. At that time its span of 160m was the longest arch bridge in the world, the previous record holder, at 156m, being the Eads Bridge over the Mississippi at St Louis. The bridge was opened by the king of Portugal and named after his queen Maria Pia.

Maria Pia Bridge

The Maria Pia bridge (Ponte Maria Pia) is a railway bridge built in 1877 by Gustave Eiffel in Porto,…

Coca is a plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to north-western South America. The plant plays a significant role in traditional Andean culture. Coca leaves contain cocaine alkaloids, a basis for the drug cocaine, which is a powerful stimulant. Coca should not be confused with the similarly named South American cocoa bean from which chocolate is made. The plant resembles a blackthorn bush, and grows to a height of 2–3 m (7–10 ft). The branches are straight, and the leaves, which have a green tint, are thin, opaque, oval, and taper at the extremities. A marked characteristic of the leaf is an areolated portion bounded by two longitudinal curved lines, one line on each side of the midrib, and more conspicuous on the under face of the leaf. The flowers are small, and disposed in little clusters on short stalks; the corolla is composed of five yellowish-white petals, the anthers are heart-shaped, and the pistil consists of three carpels united to form a three-chambered ovary. The flowers mature into red berries.

Coca Flower

Coca is a plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to north-western South America. The plant plays…

"Scale-insect. Oyster-shell bark-louse of the apple (Mytilaspis pomorum); male. a, ventral view with wings closed; b, dorsal view with wings expanded; c, scale (line shows natural size); d, leg; f, antennal joint." -Whitney, 1911

Scale Insect

"Scale-insect. Oyster-shell bark-louse of the apple (Mytilaspis pomorum); male. a, ventral view with…

"Diagram of structure of Scopionidae (most of the appendages removed). IV. to XX., fourth to twentieth somite; IV., basis of the pedipalpi or great claws; V., VI., of two succeeding cephalic segments; T, telson of sting; a, mouth; b, alimentary canal; c, anus; d, heart; e, a pulmonary sac; f, line of ventral ganglionated cord; g, cerebroganglia." -Whitney, 1911

Scorpion Diagram

"Diagram of structure of Scopionidae (most of the appendages removed). IV. to XX., fourth to twentieth…

Fort Wayne was established 1839 in Indian Territory by Lt. Col. R.B. Mason of the 1st Dragoons. Named for Gen. "Mad" Anthony Wayne, it was intended as a link in the great line of forts protecting the American West. The army abandoned the fort in 1842 and turned it over to the Cherokee Nation. At the beginning of the Civil War, Stand Watie took over the fort and organized the Cherokee Mounted Rifles. The Union met the Confederates here in 1862 for the Battle of Old Fort Wayne.

Fort Wayne

Fort Wayne was established 1839 in Indian Territory by Lt. Col. R.B. Mason of the 1st Dragoons. Named…

Inferior aspect of horse's skull, the mandible being removed. Above the line A is the posterior region or base between A and B the middle, and below B the anterior or nasal region. Labels: a, occipital condyle; B, foramen magnum; c, styloid process; d, temporal articular surface; e, basioccipital bone; f, basispenoid bone; i, temporal articular surface; k, condyloid foramen; k', condyloid notch; l, foramen lacerum basis cranii; m, pterygoid foramen; n, palatine suture; o, palatine foramen; p, molar teeth; q, incisive opening; r, foramen incisivum.

Inferior Aspect of Horse Skull

Inferior aspect of horse's skull, the mandible being removed. Above the line A is the posterior region…

Robert Livingston Stevens applied the wave line, concave waterlines on a steamboat hull, in 1808.

Stevens's Ironclad Floating Battery

Robert Livingston Stevens applied the wave line, concave waterlines on a steamboat hull, in 1808.

An illustration of an Egyptian hieroglyphic panel with a cartouche. In Egyptian hieroglyphs, a cartouche is an oblong enclosure with a horizontal line at one end, indicating that the text enclosed is a royal name, coming into use during the beginning of the Fourth Dynasty under Pharaoh Sneferu.

Hieroglyphic Panel

An illustration of an Egyptian hieroglyphic panel with a cartouche. In Egyptian hieroglyphs, a cartouche…

A: Penetrations by small semi-circular vaults sprung from same level. B: Intersection by small semicircular vault sprung from higher level; groins form wavy line. C: Intersection by narrow pointed vault sprung from same level; groins are plane curves.

Vaults, Penetrations and Intersections

A: Penetrations by small semi-circular vaults sprung from same level. B: Intersection by small semicircular…

"Turk's Head -- With fine line (very dry) make a clove hitch round the rope; cross the bights twice, passing an end the reverse way (up or down) each time; then keeping the whole spread flat, let each end follow it own part round and round till it is too tight to received any more." -Britannica, 1910

Turk's Head

"Turk's Head -- With fine line (very dry) make a clove hitch round the rope; cross the bights twice,…

In the common vertical dial, the shadow-receiving plane is aligned vertically; as usual, the gnomon's style is aligned with the Earth's axis of rotation. As in the horizontal dial, the line of shadow does not move uniformly on the face; the sundial is not equiangular.

Vertical South Dial

In the common vertical dial, the shadow-receiving plane is aligned vertically; as usual, the gnomon's…

A front view of a diving helmet. A, Helmet; B, Breastplate; F, Emergency cock; G, Glasses in frame; H, Metal screws and bands; I, Metal tabs; J, Hooks for keeping weight ropes into position; and L, Eyes to which air pipe and life line are secured.

Diving Helmet (Front)

A front view of a diving helmet. A, Helmet; B, Breastplate; F, Emergency cock; G, Glasses in frame;…

Top view of diving helmet. C, Air inlet valve; E, Regulating outlet valve; G, Glasses in frames; L, Eyes to which air pipe and life line are secured; and P, Connection for telephone cable.

Diving Helmet (Top)

Top view of diving helmet. C, Air inlet valve; E, Regulating outlet valve; G, Glasses in frames; L,…

"A semicylindrical piece of wood, fitted with a handle...used for convenience in serving ropes...to prevent chafing. a, serving-mallet; b, 'wormed' rope 'parceled' with canvas; c, serving-yarn." -Whitney, 1911

Serving Mallet

"A semicylindrical piece of wood, fitted with a handle...used for convenience in serving ropes...to…

A man on a ship "paying out" the cable.

"Paying Out" the Cable

A man on a ship "paying out" the cable.

Internal aspect of a horse stomach, opened from below. Labels: a, cuticular mucous membrane; b, villous mucous membrane; c, line of demarcation between the two portions; d, cardiac orifice; e, pyloric orifice and valve.

Horse Stomach

Internal aspect of a horse stomach, opened from below. Labels: a, cuticular mucous membrane; b, villous…

Illustration of a female green spoonworm. A, Proboscis cut short; B, bristle passing though the mouth into the pharynx; C, coiled intestine; D, anal tufts or vesicles; E, ventral nerve cord; F, ovary borne on ventral vessel running parallel with e; G, position of anus; H,, position of external opening of; I, nephridium --- the line points towards, but does not reach, the internal opening.

Bonellia Viridis (Female)

Illustration of a female green spoonworm. A, Proboscis cut short; B, bristle passing though the mouth…

"The principle of proving a mineral field by boring is illustrated in [the illustration], which represents a line direct from the dip to the rise of the field, the inclination of the strata being one in eight." -Britannica, 1910

Proving Mineral Field

"The principle of proving a mineral field by boring is illustrated in [the illustration], which represents…

An illustration of a clean-cut fault.

Clean-cut Fault

An illustration of a clean-cut fault.

An illustration of strata bent at a line of fault. In geology and related fields, a stratum (plural: strata) is a layer of rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguishes it from contiguous layers. Each layer is generally one of a number of parallel layers that lie one upon another, laid down by natural forces.

Strata with Fault Line

An illustration of strata bent at a line of fault. In geology and related fields, a stratum (plural:…

A reverse fault is the opposite of a normal fault — the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall. Reverse faults are indicative of shortening of the crust. The dip of a reverse fault is relatively steep, greater than 45°.

Reverse Fault

A reverse fault is the opposite of a normal fault — the hanging wall moves up relative to the…

An illustration of undulating strata cut by a fault with alternate throw in opposite directions.

Diagram of Undulating Strata Cut by a Fault

An illustration of undulating strata cut by a fault with alternate throw in opposite directions.

An illustration of the plan of a strike fault. The fault surface is usually near vertical and the footwall moves either left or right or laterally with very little vertical motion. Strike-slip faults with left-lateral motion are also known as sinistral faults. Those with right-lateral motion are also known as dextral faults. A special class of strike-slip faults is the transform faults which are a plate tectonics feature related to spreading centers such as mid-ocean ridges.

Plan of a Strike Fault

An illustration of the plan of a strike fault. The fault surface is usually near vertical and the footwall…

An illustration of a trough fault.

Trough Fault

An illustration of a trough fault.

"Riding-boom. A boat-boom or long spar working in a hinge or goose-neck, designed to be lowered from abreast the fore-rigging to a horizontal position at right angles with the keel of the vessel ... a, life-line; b, lift; c, riding-boom; d, rope ladder; e, outhaul; f, after-boom guy." -Whitney, 1911

Riding Boom

"Riding-boom. A boat-boom or long spar working in a hinge or goose-neck, designed to be lowered…

Solar aspect of the hoof. Labels: a, bars; b, solar border of wall; c, line of union between wall and sole; d, inferior aspect of sole; d', d, posterior branches of sole; e, cleft of the frog; f, bulbs of the frog; g, point of the frog.

Hoof of a Horse

Solar aspect of the hoof. Labels: a, bars; b, solar border of wall; c, line of union between wall and…

These volutes, or scrolls, when viewed from the side, appear to meet in the middle, and form a wavy line over the echinus. The intervals of the spiral coils are slightly hollowed, in order to bring them into more relief, and in this way the so-called channel is formed, which is continued in the horizontal portion which connects the volutes.

Side View of the Ionic Capital from the Temple of Minerva Polias at Priene

These volutes, or scrolls, when viewed from the side, appear to meet in the middle, and form a wavy…

These volutes, or scrolls, when viewed from the side, appear to meet in the middle, and form a wavy line over the echinus. The intervals of the spiral coils are slightly hollowed, in order to bring them into more relief, and in this way the so-called channel is formed, which is continued in the horizontal portion which connects the volutes.

Section of a Volute of an Ionic Capital

These volutes, or scrolls, when viewed from the side, appear to meet in the middle, and form a wavy…

These volutes, or scrolls, when viewed from the side, appear to meet in the middle, and form a wavy line over the echinus. The intervals of the spiral coils are slightly hollowed, in order to bring them into more relief, and in this way the so-called channel is formed, which is continued in the horizontal portion which connects the volutes.

Top View of the Ionic Capital from the Temple of Minerva Polias at Priene

These volutes, or scrolls, when viewed from the side, appear to meet in the middle, and form a wavy…

The Greek antefix is found in the lower roof line, in front of the imbrices (overlapping roof tiles). Its located in the Pathenon, Athens.

Greek Antefix

The Greek antefix is found in the lower roof line, in front of the imbrices (overlapping roof tiles).…

This Greek antefix is found in the propylaea which is the entrance to the Acropolis of Athens. This design is found on the lower roof line in front of the imbrices (overlapping roof tiles).

Greek Antefix

This Greek antefix is found in the propylaea which is the entrance to the Acropolis of Athens. This…

The Roman antefix is is found in the temple of Jupiter Stator in Rome, Italy. This design is found on the lower roof line in front of the imbrices (overlapping roof tiles).

Roman Antefix

The Roman antefix is is found in the temple of Jupiter Stator in Rome, Italy. This design is found on…

The modern French antefix is found in the theater of Celestines in Lyons, France by Architect Renaud. This design is found on the lower roof line in front of the imbrices (overlapping roof tiles).

Modern French Antefix

The modern French antefix is found in the theater of Celestines in Lyons, France by Architect Renaud.…

An illustration of a sectional view of a Acanthobdella, a member of the annelid family. "c, Coelom; c.ch, Coelomic epithelium (yellow cells); cg, glandular cells; cl, Muscle cells of lateral line; cp, Pigment cells; ep, Ectoderm; g, Nerve cord; m, Intestine; mc, Circular muscle; ml, Longitudinal muscle; vd, Dorsal vessel; ww, Ventral vessel." (Britannic, 1910)

Sectional View of Acanthobdella

An illustration of a sectional view of a Acanthobdella, a member of the annelid family. "c, Coelom;…

An illustration of a sectional view of a Acanthobdella, a member of the annelid family. "c, Coelom; c.ch, Coelomic epithelium (yellow cells); cg, glandular cells; cl, Muscle cells of lateral line; cp, Pigment cells; ep, Ectoderm; g, Nerve cord; m, Intestine; mc, Circular muscle; ml, Longitudinal muscle; vd, Dorsal vessel; ww, Ventral vessel; cn, nerve cord; nf, parts of nephridium; on, external opening of nephridium; ov, ova; t, testis." (Britannica, 1910)

Sectional View of Acanthobdella

An illustration of a sectional view of a Acanthobdella, a member of the annelid family. "c, Coelom;…

"Suppose we have a pipe A B laid in a horizontal position so that the centre line is exactly at the same level all along the pope, and differences of level may be neglected. Let water be delivered b this pipe at a steady from a reservoir provided with a constant supply which keeps the free surface level always the same. If the pipe A B is of uniform sectional area throughout, and is at all points offers a uniform frictional resistance to the flow of the water, the pressure will gradually become less at points along it more and more distanct from the reservoir. This is no lonfer the case when the pipe is larger at one place than another, as shown in the [figure]." (Britannica, 1891)

Water Flow in Pipes

"Suppose we have a pipe A B laid in a horizontal position so that the centre line is exactly at the…

"Brain of Skate (Raia batis), an elasmobranchiate fish. A, from above; s, olfactory bulbs; a, cerebral hemispheres, united in the middle line; b, thalamencephalon; c, mesencephalon; d, cerebellum; aa, plaited bands formed by the restiform bodies; I, II, IV, V, first (olfactory), second (optic), fourth, and fifth pairs of cerebral nerves; f, medulla oblongata; w, a blood-vessel. " -Whitney, 1911

Skate Brain

"Brain of Skate (Raia batis), an elasmobranchiate fish. A, from above; s, olfactory bulbs; a, cerebral…

"Strawberry False-worm (Emphytus maculatus). 1, 2 pupa, ventral and lateral views (line shows natural size); 3, fly, enlarged (wings on one side detached); 4, larva; 5, fly with wings closed; 6, larva curled up; 7, coccoon; 8, antenna; 9, egg. (4, 5, 6, and 7 natural size; 8 and 9 enlarged.)" -Whitney, 1911

Strawberry Sawfly

"Strawberry False-worm (Emphytus maculatus). 1, 2 pupa, ventral and lateral views (line shows natural…

Illustration showing a section of the rolling surfaces by a plane perpendicular to their straight line of contact.

Section of Rolling Surfaces

Illustration showing a section of the rolling surfaces by a plane perpendicular to their straight line…

Illustration showing the periodic center of motion as it often happens when two positions of a line are known and they are moving in the same plane and we wish to find an axis about which this line could revolve to occupy the two given positions.

Periodic Center of Motion

Illustration showing the periodic center of motion as it often happens when two positions of a line…

Illustration showing that the rolling of non-cylindrical surfaces. "If the angular velocity ratio of two rolling bodies is not a constant, the pitch lines take, the conditions of pure rolling contact should be fulfilled, namely, the point of contact must be on the line of centres, and the rolling arcs must be of equal length.

Rolling of Non-cylindrical Surfaces

Illustration showing that the rolling of non-cylindrical surfaces. "If the angular velocity ratio of…

In this illustration, "the driven surface of the slide coincides with the tangent to the spiral, the line of centres being from o through c to infinity and perpendicular to the direction of motion of the slide.""

Logarithmic Spiral Sector

In this illustration, "the driven surface of the slide coincides with the tangent to the spiral, the…

"Diagram of Vertebrate Encephalon ... in longitudinal vertical section. Mb, mid-brain; in front of it all is forebrain, behind it all is hind-brain; laminaterminalis, represented by the heavy black line in upper figure; Olf, olfactory lobes; Hmp, cerebral hemispheres; ThE, thalamencephalon; Py, pituitary body; FM, foramen of Monro; CS, corpus striatum; Th, optic thalamus; CQ, corpora quadrigemina; CC, crura cerebri; Cb, cerebellum; PV, pons Varolii; MO, medulla oblongata; I, olfactory nerves; II, optic nerves; III, point of ext from brain of the oculimotores; IV, of the pathetici; VI, of the abducentes; V-XII, origins of other cerebral nerves; 1, olfactory ventricle; 2, lateral ventricle; 3, third ventricle; 4, fourth ventricle." -Whitney, 1911

Encephalon

"Diagram of Vertebrate Encephalon ... in longitudinal vertical section. Mb, mid-brain; in front of it…

"If two equal ellipses, each turning about one of its foci, are placed in contact in such a way that the distance between the axes O<SUB>1</SUB> and O<SUB>2</SUB> is equal to the major axis of the ellipses, we shall find that they will be in contact on the line of centres and that the rolling arcs are of equal length."

Rolling of Equal Ellipses

"If two equal ellipses, each turning about one of its foci, are placed in contact in such a way that…

Diagrammatic section of Florida along the line N.S. showing the relative position of the shore.

Florida Shore

Diagrammatic section of Florida along the line N.S. showing the relative position of the shore.

A Paleozoic brachiopod shell partly broken to show the internal spiral arm-supports. Mississippian limestones. Note the symmetrical character of the shell with reference to a median line drawn through the apex of beak.

Brachiopod

A Paleozoic brachiopod shell partly broken to show the internal spiral arm-supports. Mississippian limestones.…

Ammonite, side view. Where the shell has been partly worn away near the aperture, the complex "suture line" is shown.

Ammonite

Ammonite, side view. Where the shell has been partly worn away near the aperture, the complex "suture…

Illustration used to show how to bisect a straight line.

Bisect A Straight Line

Illustration used to show how to bisect a straight line.

Illustration used to show how to draw a perpendicular to a straight line from a given point on the line when the point is at or near the center of the line.

Perpendicular To Straight Line Construction

Illustration used to show how to draw a perpendicular to a straight line from a given point on the line…

Illustration used to show how to draw a perpendicular to a straight line from a given point on the line when the point is near the end of the line.

Perpendicular To Straight Line Construction

Illustration used to show how to draw a perpendicular to a straight line from a given point on the line…

Illustration used to show how to draw a perpendicular to a straight line from a given point that is not on the line and which lies nearly over the center of the line.

Perpendicular To Straight Line Construction

Illustration used to show how to draw a perpendicular to a straight line from a given point that is…

Illustration used to show how to draw a perpendicular to a straight line from a given point that is not on the line and which lies nearly over one end of the line.

Perpendicular To Straight Line Construction

Illustration used to show how to draw a perpendicular to a straight line from a given point that is…