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Isaac Rice was the name of our octegenarian guide. Like scores of those who fought our battles for freedom, and lived the allotted term of human life, he is left in his evening twilight to depend upon the cold friendship of the world for sustenance, and to feel the practical ingratitude of a people reveling in the enjoyment which is privations in early manhood contributed to secure.

Isaac Rice

Isaac Rice was the name of our octegenarian guide. Like scores of those who fought our battles for freedom,…

Native to South America, the parakeet macaw is renowned for its powers to imitate human speech.

Parakeet Macaw

Native to South America, the parakeet macaw is renowned for its powers to imitate human speech.

"The bones of fishes are of a less dense and compact nature than in the higher order of animals; in some, indeed, they are wholly cartilaginous. The skeleton may in general be divided into four chief parts - the Vertical Column, the Head, the Repiratory Apparatus, and the Limbs" — Goodrich, 1859

Perch skeleton

"The bones of fishes are of a less dense and compact nature than in the higher order of animals; in…

"Bridge over Sleepy Hollow Creek. Ichabod, according to Irving, in the <em>Legend</em>, returning from a late evening tarry with Katrina Van Tassel, on his lean steed Gunpowder, was chased by a huge horseman, without a head, from the Andre tree to the bridge. 'He saw the walls of the church dimly gleaming under the trees beyond. He recollected the place where Brom Bones' ghostly competitor had disappeared. "If I can reach that bridge," thought Ichabod, "I am safe." Just then he heard the black steed panting and blowing close behind him; he even fancied that he felt his hot breath. Another compulsive kick in the ribs, and old Gunpowder sprang upon the bridge; he thundered over the resounding planks; he gained the opposite side; and now Ichabod cast a look behind, to see if his pursuer should vanish, according to rule, in a flash of fire and brimstone. Just then he saw the goblin rising in his stirrups, and in the very act of hurling his head at him. Ichabod endeavored to dodge the horrible missile, but too late; it encountered his cranium with a terrible crash; he was tumbled headlong into the dust, and Gunpowder, the black steed, and the goblin rider, passed like a whirlwind.' A shattered pumpkin was found on the road the next day, but Ichabod had gone to parts unknown. Brom Bones, his rival, soon afterward let the pretty Katrina to the altar. The good country people always maintained that Ichabod was spirited away by the <em>headless horseman</em>, who was the ghost of a Hessian soldier, whose body, deprived of its caput by a cannon-ball, ws sleeping in the church-yard near."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Sleepy Hollow

"Bridge over Sleepy Hollow Creek. Ichabod, according to Irving, in the Legend, returning from…

"Camp Zagonyi, encampment of Fremont's army on the prairie, near Wheatland, Mo., October 14th, 1861. This spot, where Fremont's army rested after their first day's march from Tipton, is on the vast prairies of Missouri, about fifteen miles from Tipton and two miles from Wheatland. The Grand Army of the West here pitched their tents on the afternoon of the 14th of October, 1861. A brilliant sunset fell over the whole, which looked more like a monster picnic than the advanced corps of an army bent on the destruction of traitorous brothers. The rapidity with which the evening's meal for a marching regiment is prepared has something of the marvelous in it. Appetite quickens practice, and the air is soon filled with the savory aromas of culinary processes. Then comes the hearty enjoyment of food which at another time would be passed by, but which now, under the appetizing provocative of hunger, is thankfully received. Not the least of a soldier's trials is the inroad a long march and privation makes upon that fastidiousness which plenty to eat engenders in the human diaphragm. The camp was called after the colonel of General Fremont's bodyguard, whose gallant achievements at Springfield on the 25th of October we have recorded." &mdash;Leslie, 1896

Camp Zagonyi

"Camp Zagonyi, encampment of Fremont's army on the prairie, near Wheatland, Mo., October 14th, 1861.…

"Camp Zagonyi, encampment of Fremont's army on the prairie, near Wheatland, Mo., October 14th, 1861. This spot, where Fremont's army rested after their first day's march from Tipton, is on the vast prairies of Missouri, about fifteen miles from Tipton and two miles from Wheatland. The Grand Army of the West here pitched their tents on the afternoon of the 14th of October, 1861. A brilliant sunset fell over the whole, which looked more like a monster picnic than the advanced corps of an army bent on the destruction of traitorous brothers. The rapidity with which the evening's meal for a marching regiment is prepared has something of the marvelous in it. Appetite quickens practice, and the air is soon filled with the savory aromas of culinary processes. Then comes the hearty enjoyment of food which at another time would be passed by, but which now, under the appetizing provocative of hunger, is thankfully received. Not the least of a soldier's trials is the inroad a long march and privation makes upon that fastidiousness which plenty to eat engenders in the human diaphragm. The camp was called after the colonel of General Fremont's bodyguard, whose gallant achievements at Springfield on the 25th of October we have recorded." &mdash;Leslie, 1896

Camp Zagonyi

"Camp Zagonyi, encampment of Fremont's army on the prairie, near Wheatland, Mo., October 14th, 1861.…

"Camp Zagonyi, encampment of Fremont's army on the prairie, near Wheatland, Mo., October 14th, 1861. This spot, where Fremont's army rested after their first day's march from Tipton, is on the vast prairies of Missouri, about fifteen miles from Tipton and two miles from Wheatland. The Grand Army of the West here pitched their tents on the afternoon of the 14th of October, 1861. A brilliant sunset fell over the whole, which looked more like a monster picnic than the advanced corps of an army bent on the destruction of traitorous brothers. The rapidity with which the evening's meal for a marching regiment is prepared has something of the marvelous in it. Appetite quickens practice, and the air is soon filled with the savory aromas of culinary processes. Then comes the hearty enjoyment of food which at another time would be passed by, but which now, under the appetizing provocative of hunger, is thankfully received. Not the least of a soldier's trials is the inroad a long march and privation makes upon that fastidiousness which plenty to eat engenders in the human diaphragm. The camp was called after the colonel of General Fremont's bodyguard, whose gallant achievements at Springfield on the 25th of October we have recorded." &mdash;Leslie, 1896

Camp Zagonyi

"Camp Zagonyi, encampment of Fremont's army on the prairie, near Wheatland, Mo., October 14th, 1861.…

"In human anatomy, certain regions into which the abdomen is arbitrarily divided for the purpose of mapping its surface with reference to the viscera which lie beneath these reions respectively."-Wright, 1902

Abdominal

"In human anatomy, certain regions into which the abdomen is arbitrarily divided for the purpose of…

"Martin Luther was born at Eisleben in 1483. He was the son of a poor miner, had entered the Augustinian order, and had become professor of theology at Wittenberg. In the course of his studies he had come to question the practice of the Church in regard to the whole system of penance. Up to this time, however, he had made no open protest, but Tetzel's course in Germany impelled him to public opposition. In 1517 he nailed to the church door at Wittenberg ninety-five theses or propositions, appealing to men's consciences against the practice of 'selling forgiveness.' The widespread discontent in Germany gave to these theses an instant publicity. They were printed and scattered broadcast throughout the country. In them Luther showed no intention to break with the authority of the Roman Catholic Churrch. They were merely propositions for dispute, and he nailed them on the Church door as a challenge to any disuputant who might be willing to argue against them. disputants soon appeared, and the first thing they did was to appeal to the authority of the Church. This led Luther, at first, to question and finally to deny the authority of the Church, as resting not on a divine but on a human basis. He said that the Church was not the source of divine truth, and that the Bible was the sole source. The Reformation now entered on its first phase."—Colby, 1899

Martin Luther

"Martin Luther was born at Eisleben in 1483. He was the son of a poor miner, had entered the Augustinian…

"Top and side views. The cartilaginous cranium shaded, is supposed to be seen through the unshded canial bones."-Whitney, 1902

Sturgeon Skull

"Top and side views. The cartilaginous cranium shaded, is supposed to be seen through the unshded canial…

"The Buffalo. As the game upon which they depended moved about the country, so the Indians roved in search of it. The buffalo was an animal every part of which the Indian used. He cooked or dried the flesh, for food. He tanned or otherwise dressed the skin and used it for his bed, and he cut it up for ropes and cords. The marrow served for fat. The sinews made bowstrings. The hair was twisted into ropes and halters, and spun and woven into a coarse cloth, the bones made war clubs, and the shoulder blades were used for hoes. They made canoes from the bark of trees, and paddled along the rivers and lakes. By looking at a map which has no State lines upon it, one can see what a network of waterways covers the country now occupied by the United States."&mdash;Scudder, 1897

Buffalo

"The Buffalo. As the game upon which they depended moved about the country, so the Indians roved in…

"The bombadier beetle has a large oval abdomen, which secretes a caustic fluid. They live in societies, and when they are attacked or alarmed, they discharge this fluid, which not only makes a loud report, but diffuses a disagreeable and penetrating odor: if the liquid strikes the human skin, it produces a blister." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Bombadier Beetle

"The bombadier beetle has a large oval abdomen, which secretes a caustic fluid. They live in societies,…

"The most remarkable species is the Death's Head Moth, <em>Acherontia</em> Atropos</em>, a large kind, variegated with dark brown and yellow, bearing upon the back of the thorax a deep orange mark, presenting no inconsiderable resemblence to the front of a human skull." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Death's Head Moth

"The most remarkable species is the Death's Head Moth, Acherontia Atropos, a large kind,…

"The Brain is the encephalon, or center of the nervous system and the seat of consciousness and volition in man and the higher animals. Median Longitudinal Section through Head and Upper Part of Neck, to Show relation of Brain to Cranium and the Spinal Cord. <em>c,</em> cerebrum; <em>cb,</em> cerebellum; <em>sc,</em> spinal cord; <em>spc,</em> spinal column; <em>mo,</em> medulla oblongata passing, through foramen magnum, into the spinal cord; <em>pv,</em> pons Varolii; <em>cp,</em> cerebral peduncles or crura cerebri; <em>cqa,</em> anterior corpora quadrigemina; <em>cqp,</em> posterior corpora quadrigemina; <em>pg,</em> pineal gland; <em>pb,</em> pituitary body; <em>cc,</em> corpus collosum, divided transversely; <em>f,</em> fornix; <em>mg,</em> marginal gyrus; <em>gf,</em> gyrus fornicatus; <em>cmg,</em> calloso-marginal suleus; <em>O,</em> occipital lobe; <em>po,</em> parieto-occipital fissure; <em>cf,</em> calcarine fissure; <em>dm,</em>dura mater, separating cerebrum from cerebellum."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Human Brain

"The Brain is the encephalon, or center of the nervous system and the seat of consciousness and volition…

"Collie is a breed of the dog of obscure origin, which is highly valued. Many anecdotes are told of the collie, who from his intimate association with man has acquired almost human intelligence, a good dog being able to separate the sheep under his care from those of other flocks. The collie often deteriorates in intelligence when kept merely as a companion. When not spoilt, however, no dog makes such an agreeable companion as the collie, as his instinct is to attach himself to one person, to whom he becomes devoted."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Collie

"Collie is a breed of the dog of obscure origin, which is highly valued. Many anecdotes are told of…

"The Foot is that part of the lower extremity below the leg on which we stand and walk. It is composed of three series of groups of bones&ndash; the tarsal, or hindermost; the metatarsal, which occupy the middle portion; and the phalanges, which form the toes.The tarsal bones are seven in number. The metatarsal bones are five in number. The phalanges are 14 in number, three to each toe, except the great one, which has only two."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Side View of Bones in Foot

"The Foot is that part of the lower extremity below the leg on which we stand and walk. It is composed…

"The Foot is that part of the lower extremity below the leg on which we stand and walk. It is composed of three series of groups of bones&ndash; the tarsal, or hindermost; the metatarsal, which occupy the middle portion; and the phalanges, which form the toes.The tarsal bones are seven in number. The metatarsal bones are five in number. The phalanges are 14 in number, three to each toe, except the great one, which has only two."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Side View of Bones in Foot

"The Foot is that part of the lower extremity below the leg on which we stand and walk. It is composed…

"Frog Hoppers are ranked under the homopterous sub-order of insects. The name of frog hopper refers partly to the form of their body, partly to their leaping powers, which are great; this power arises from the length of their hind legs. The larva of these insects, which resembles the parent in most respects except in the want of wings, envelops itself in a froth resembling human spittle. All must have often observed ths on plants."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Larval Frog Hopper

"Frog Hoppers are ranked under the homopterous sub-order of insects. The name of frog hopper refers…

"Frog Hoppers are ranked under the homopterous sub-order of insects. The name of frog hopper refers partly to the form of their body, partly to their leaping powers, which are great; this power arises from the length of their hind legs. The larva of these insects, which resembles the parent in most respects except in the want of wings, envelops itself in a froth resembling human spittle. All must have often observed ths on plants."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Frog Hopper on Leaf

"Frog Hoppers are ranked under the homopterous sub-order of insects. The name of frog hopper refers…

"Frog Hoppers are ranked under the homopterous sub-order of insects. The name of frog hopper refers partly to the form of their body, partly to their leaping powers, which are great; this power arises from the length of their hind legs. The larva of these insects, which resembles the parent in most respects except in the want of wings, envelops itself in a froth resembling human spittle. All must have often observed ths on plants."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Adult Frog Hopper

"Frog Hoppers are ranked under the homopterous sub-order of insects. The name of frog hopper refers…

"The Gorilla is a celebrated anthropoid ape, generally belived to come nearer than any known one to man. The height is about 5 feet, almost the same as man. On the other hand, the greatest capacity of the gorilla's brain is only 34 and one half cubic inches, the least 23 against 62 in the least capacious human skull, and 114 in the greatest. The low facial angle also, and the abundant hair, with the extraordinary breadth of the chest, diminish the resemblance. The last mentioned characteristic imparts to the animal a colossal strength. It is a native of Lower Guinea and the interior of equinoctial Africa."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Female Gorilla

"The Gorilla is a celebrated anthropoid ape, generally belived to come nearer than any known one to…

"Tomato, or Love Apple, is a plant of the natural order Solanace&aelig;. It is one of a genus of several species, all natives of South America, chiefly on the Peruvian side. In the United States and other countries in which the summer is warm and prolonged, it has long been cultivated for the excellent qualities of the fruit as an article of diet. Though belonging to a natural order of plants usually regarded with suspicion on account of the powerfully poisonous properties of many of the species comprised in it, it is now recognized as one of the most important and valuable of vegetables grown for human food."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tomato Plant

"Tomato, or Love Apple, is a plant of the natural order Solanaceæ. It is one of a genus of several…

"Tomato, or Love Apple, is a plant of the natural order Solanace&aelig;. It is one of a genus of several species, all natives of South America, chiefly on the Peruvian side. In the United States and other countries in which the summer is warm and prolonged, it has long been cultivated for the excellent qualities of the fruit as an article of diet. Though belonging to a natural order of plants usually regarded with suspicion on account of the powerfully poisonous properties of many of the species comprised in it, it is now recognized as one of the most important and valuable of vegetables grown for human food."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tomato

"Tomato, or Love Apple, is a plant of the natural order Solanaceæ. It is one of a genus of several…

"Tomato, or Love Apple, is a plant of the natural order Solanace&aelig;. It is one of a genus of several species, all natives of South America, chiefly on the Peruvian side. In the United States and other countries in which the summer is warm and prolonged, it has long been cultivated for the excellent qualities of the fruit as an article of diet. Though belonging to a natural order of plants usually regarded with suspicion on account of the powerfully poisonous properties of many of the species comprised in it, it is now recognized as one of the most important and valuable of vegetables grown for human food."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Tomato

"Tomato, or Love Apple, is a plant of the natural order Solanaceæ. It is one of a genus of several…

"Viscacha is a stout-built rodent, resembling a marmot, from 18 inches to two feet long, exclusive of the tail, which is from six to eight inches. Four digits on the fore and three on the hind limbs, the latter furnished with long, compressed and pointed nails; muzzle broad, and covered with a velvet-like coat of brown hair; fur mottled gray above, yellowish-white beneath; dark band on each cheek, a white band on muzzle, running back on each side almost as far as the eye. They are nocturnal, and resemble rabbits in their movements, but are less active. They are found on the pampas, from Buenos Ayres to Patagonia. These animals have the strange habit of dragging all sorts of hard and apparently useless objects to the mouth of their burrow, where bones, stones, thistle stalks, and lumps of earth may be found collected into a large heap, sufficient, according to Darwin to fill a wheel-barrow."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Viscacha

"Viscacha is a stout-built rodent, resembling a marmot, from 18 inches to two feet long, exclusive of…

"There are in all two hundred and six seperate bones in the adult skelton. The teeth are not bones, but are a part of the skin." — Blaisedell, 1904

Human skeleton

"There are in all two hundred and six seperate bones in the adult skelton. The teeth are not bones,…

"A, frontal bone; B, parietal bone; C, temporal bone; D, sphenoid bone; E, malar bone; F, upper jawbone; G, lower jawbone" &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Human skull

"A, frontal bone; B, parietal bone; C, temporal bone; D, sphenoid bone; E, malar bone; F, upper jawbone;…

"The Top of the Skull, showing the Sutures." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Top of skull

"The Top of the Skull, showing the Sutures." — Blaisedell, 1904

"The <em>spine</em> or backbone, serves as a support for the whole body. It is made up of a number of seperate bones called vertebrae, between which are placed elastic pads, or cushions, of cartilage." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Spinal column

"The spine or backbone, serves as a support for the whole body. It is made up of a number of…

"The <em>ribs</em> are long, flat, and curved bones which bend round the chest somewhat like the hoops of a barrel. There are twenty-four ribs, twelve on each side." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Thorax

"The ribs are long, flat, and curved bones which bend round the chest somewhat like the hoops…

"The <em>humerus</em>, a long, hollow bone, rests against a shallow socket on the shoulder blade. It is joined at the elbow to the bones of the forearm." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Humerus

"The humerus, a long, hollow bone, rests against a shallow socket on the shoulder blade. It…

"The <em>ulna</em>, or elbow bone, is the larger of these two bones. It is joined to the humerus by a hinge joint at the elbow. It is on the same side as the little finger. The <em>radius</em>, queerly named because it is supposed to resemble one of the spokes of a wheel, is the long, slightly curved, outer bone fo the forearm. It is on the same side as the thumb. Its upper end is fastened both to the ulna and the humerus." — Blaisedell, 1904

Ulna and Radius

"The ulna, or elbow bone, is the larger of these two bones. It is joined to the humerus by…

"The <em>femur</em>, or thigh bone, the largest and heaviest bone in the body, reaches from the hip to the knee. It has a rounded head, which fits into the cuplike cavity in the hip bone which has already been mentioned." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Femur

"The femur, or thigh bone, the largest and heaviest bone in the body, reaches from the hip…

"The <em>leg</em> consists, like the forearm, of two bones. The larger, a strong, three-sided bone with a sharp edge in front, is called the <em>tibia</em>. It is commonly known as the shin bone. The smaller bone, bound at both ends to the tibia, as a pin is to a brooch, is called the <em>fibula</em>, meaning a buckle or clasp. It is a long, slender bone on the outside of the leg, and is lower end forms the outer ankle." — Blaisedell, 1904

Tibia and Fibula

"The leg consists, like the forearm, of two bones. The larger, a strong, three-sided bone with…

"The foot is built in the form of a half-dome or half-arch. This is to afford a broad, strong support surface for the support of the weight of the body. The bones of the toes and the heel form the piers, while the little bones wedged in between the metatarsal bones and the heel make up the keystone of the arch. This arch gives a certain amount of spring and elasticity to the feet, and hence it is of the upmost importance in preventing jars and jolts." — Blaisedell, 1904

Bones of the Foot

"The foot is built in the form of a half-dome or half-arch. This is to afford a broad, strong support…

"Showing how the Ends of the Bones are shaped to form the Elbow Joint. The cut ends of a few ligaments are seen." — Blaisedell, 1904

Elbow Joint

"Showing how the Ends of the Bones are shaped to form the Elbow Joint. The cut ends of a few ligaments…

"The bones are fastened together, kept in place, and their movements limited, by tough and strong bands, or straps called <em>ligaments</em>, from a word meaning to bind." — Blaisedell, 1904

Powerful Ligament at the Hip Joint

"The bones are fastened together, kept in place, and their movements limited, by tough and strong bands,…

"The bones are fastened together, kept in place, and their movements limited, by tough and strong bands, or straps, called <em>ligaments</em>, from a word meaning to bind." — Blaisedell, 1904

Ligaments of the Foot and Ankle

"The bones are fastened together, kept in place, and their movements limited, by tough and strong bands,…

"When a bone is broken, blood trickles out between the injured parts, and afterwards gives place to a sticky, watery fluid, which gradually becomes thicker, like a syrup or jelly. This is slowly replaced by a new bone structure and forms a kind of cement to gold together the broken ends." — Blaisedell, 1904

Broken Radius

"When a bone is broken, blood trickles out between the injured parts, and afterwards gives place to…

"When a bone is broken, blood trickles out between the injured parts, and afterwards gives place to a sticky, watery fluid, which gradually becomes thicker, like a syrup or jelly. This is slowly replaced by a new bone structure and forms a kind of cement to gold together the broken ends." — Blaisedell, 1904

Broken Tibia

"When a bone is broken, blood trickles out between the injured parts, and afterwards gives place to…

"Showing how the Bones of the Skull may be artificially deformed by "head-binding." From the photograph of a "triangular" skull found in an Indian grave in Ancon, Peru." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Deformed skull

"Showing how the Bones of the Skull may be artificially deformed by "head-binding." From the photograph…

"A single muscle rarely or never contracts alone, but always in harmony with a number of other muscles. Even the simplest movement we can make requres the combined action of several muscles to carry it out. If the movement is at all difficult, such as playing on the piano or riding on the bicycle, the different muscles must contract in a certain order and with a certain strength and rapidity." — Blaisedell, 1904

Superficial Muscles of the Body

"A single muscle rarely or never contracts alone, but always in harmony with a number of other muscles.…

"Tendons are white, glistening cords, or straps, which connect the muscles with the bones." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Achillles tendon

"Tendons are white, glistening cords, or straps, which connect the muscles with the bones." —…

"Tendons on the Back of the Left Hand" &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Tendons of the hand

"Tendons on the Back of the Left Hand" — Blaisedell, 1904

"Tendons on the Top of the Right Foot." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Tendons of the foot

"Tendons on the Top of the Right Foot." — Blaisedell, 1904

"In the figure on the left are seen the artery and vein of a villus. In the right figure are represented the central lacteal of the villus, with the plexus of lymph vessels at the base. The mucous, submucuous, muscular, and serous coats are indicated at the base of the right-hand figure. The epithelium of each villus is well shown." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Transverse section of the small intestine

"In the figure on the left are seen the artery and vein of a villus. In the right figure are represented…

"<em>A</em>, division of left bronchus to upper lobe; <em>B</em>, left branch of the pulmonary artery; <em>C</em>, left bronchus; <em>D</em>, left superior pulmonary vein; <em>E</em>, left inferior pulmonary vein; <em>F</em>, left auricle; <em>K</em>, inferior vena cava; <em>L</em>; division of the right bronchus to lower lobe; <em>M</em>, right inferior pulmonary vein; <em>N</em>, right superior pulmonary vein, <em>O</em>, right branch of the pulmonary artery; <em>P</em>, division of right bronchus to upper lobe; <em>R</em>, left ventricle; <em>S</em>, right ventricle." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Lungs

"A, division of left bronchus to upper lobe; B, left branch of the pulmonary artery;…

"Cross-section of One Half of a Human Hair. A hair is made up of horny cells of the outer layer of the skin altered in shape and structure." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Cross-section of a human hair

"Cross-section of One Half of a Human Hair. A hair is made up of horny cells of the outer layer of the…

"1, malleus, or hammer; 2, incus, or anvil; 3, stapes, or stirrup." — Blaisedell, 1904

Bones of the Ear

"1, malleus, or hammer; 2, incus, or anvil; 3, stapes, or stirrup." — Blaisedell, 1904

"Section of the human eye." — Blaisedell, 1904

Human eye

"Section of the human eye." — Blaisedell, 1904

"Mammoth is a species of extinct elephant, the fossil remains of which are found in European, Asiatic and North American formations. Geologically speaking, the mammoth or Elephas primigenius, dates from the post-pliocene period, its remains having been frequently found associated with human remains, and its figure carved on bone. It had large curved tusks; was covered with fur and shaggy hair; and was twice as large as the modern elephant. Bones and tusks have been found in great abundance in Siberia, and America. In the St. Petersburg Imperial Museum is the perfect preserved carcass of a mammoth found in the frozen ice in Siberia in 1903."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Skeleton of the Mammoth

"Mammoth is a species of extinct elephant, the fossil remains of which are found in European, Asiatic…

"Mandrake is a perennial herb. From the rude resemblance of the bifurcated root to the human figure many superstitious notions have gathered round this plant."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Mandrake

"Mandrake is a perennial herb. From the rude resemblance of the bifurcated root to the human figure…

"A Compound Microscope. The appearance of the various structures and tissues of the human body as revealed by the microscope possesses a curious fascination for every observer, especially for young students. No one ever forgets the first look at a drop of blood, or the circulation of blood in the web of a frog's foot as revealed by the microscope." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Compound microscope

"A Compound Microscope. The appearance of the various structures and tissues of the human body as revealed…

"Lucian, the humorous satirist, was a native of Samosata, in Syria, and flourished towards the end of the second century. In early life he was a sculptor, but later applied himself to the study of literature and philosophy. He was an extensive traveler, and seems to have traversed Asia Minor, Greece, Italy, and Gaul, teaching and studying human nature. After having amassed wealth as a wandering sophist, he settled down in Athens, when about forty years of age, and devoted himself to those satirical and humorous works which have made his name famous." &mdash; The Delphian Society, 1913

Lucian

"Lucian, the humorous satirist, was a native of Samosata, in Syria, and flourished towards the end of…

"The battering-ram, was used to batter down the walls of besieged cities. It consisted of a large beam, made of the trunk of a tree, especially of a fir or an ash. To one end was fastened a mass of bronze or iron, which resembled in its form the head of a ram. The upper figure in the annexed cut shows the aries in its simplest state, and as it was borne and impelled by human hands, without other assistance. In an improced form, the ram was surrounded with iron bands, to which rings were attached for the purpose of suspending it by ropes or chains from a beam fixed transversel over it. " &mdash; Smith, 1873

Aries

"The battering-ram, was used to batter down the walls of besieged cities. It consisted of a large beam,…

"The Raven is a large bird of the crow family. The raven has played an important part in mythology and folk-lore. It is the first bird mentioned by name in the Old Testament; by the ministry of ravens Elijah was fed, and they were to be the ministers of vengeance on unruly children. The raven was the bird of Odin, and in classic mythology was of ill-omen, a character often attributed to it by the early English dramatists. Marlowe calls it the 'sad presageful raven.' and Shakespeare repeatedly refers to the belief that its appearance foreboded misfortune. This belief, which is widespread, probably arose from the preternaturally grave manner of the bird, its sable plumage, and the readiness with which it learns to imitate human speech."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Raven

"The Raven is a large bird of the crow family. The raven has played an important part in mythology and…

"Rice is a well known genus of grasses, having panicles of one-flowered spike-lets, with two very small pointed glumes, the florets compressed, the pale&aelig; strongly nerved, awned or awnless, six stamens, one germen, and two feather stigmas. The only important species is the common rice, one of the most useful and extensively cultivated of all grains, supplying the principal food of nearly one-third of the human race. It seems to be originally a native of the East Indies, but is now cultivated in all quarters of the globe. Rice requires a moist soil, sometimes flooded. "&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Water Rice

"Rice is a well known genus of grasses, having panicles of one-flowered spike-lets, with two very small…

"Sphinx is a Greek word signifying 'strangler,' applied to certain symbolical forms of Egyptian origin, having the body of a lion, a human or an animal head, and two wings. Various other combinations of animal forms have been called by this name, though they are rather griffins or chim&aelig;ras. Human-headed sphinxes have been called andro-sphinxes; that with the head of a ram, a criosphinx; and that with a hawk's head, a hieracosphinx. The form when complete had the wings added at the sides; but these are of a later period and seem to have originated with the Babylonians or Assyrians. In Egypt the sphinx also occurs as the symbolical form of the monarch considered as a conqueror, the head of the reigning king being placed on a loin's body, the face bearded, and the usual head dress. Thus used, the sphinx was generally male; but in the case of female rulers that figure has a female head and the body of a lioness. The most remarkable sphinx is the Great Sphinx at Gizeh (Giza), a colossal form hewn out of the natural rock, and lying about a quarter of a mile S.E. of the Great Pyramid. It is sculptured out of a spur of the rock itself, to which masonry has been added in certain places to complete the shape, and it measures 172 feet 6 inches long by 56 feet high."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Sphinx

"Sphinx is a Greek word signifying 'strangler,' applied to certain symbolical forms of Egyptian origin,…

"Swordfish is a popular name for any individual of the Xiphiid&aelig;. They are pelagic fishes, widely distributed in tropical and sub-tropical seas, and are extremely strong and swift. Their popular name is derived from their formidable sword-like weapon, formed by the coalescence and prolongation of the maxillary and intermaxillary bones beyond the lower jaw; it is very hard and strong, and capable of inflicting terrible wounds."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Swordfish

"Swordfish is a popular name for any individual of the Xiphiidæ. They are pelagic fishes, widely…

"The Theseum is situated on a height to the north of the Areopagus, and was built to receive the bones of Theseus, which Cimon brought from Seyros in B.C. 469. It was probably finished about 465, and is the best preserved of all the monuments of ancient Athens. It was at once a tomb and a temple, and possessed the privileges of an asylum. It is of the Doric order, 104 feet in length by 45 feet broad, and surrounded with columns." &mdash; Smith, 1882

Thesium restored

"The Theseum is situated on a height to the north of the Areopagus, and was built to receive the bones…