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Illustrated is the leaf of castanea sativa, a variety of chestnut. The leaves are oblong and taper to a point. The leaves are rounded at the base.

Castanea Sativa

Illustrated is the leaf of castanea sativa, a variety of chestnut. The leaves are oblong and taper to…

The Boston ideal celery has a much branched base.

Boston Ideal Celery

The Boston ideal celery has a much branched base.

The branchlets of celtis occidentalis are slightly hairy. The leaves are rounded at the base. The fruits are orange-red.

Celtis Occidentalis

The branchlets of celtis occidentalis are slightly hairy. The leaves are rounded at the base. The fruits…

Chrysanthemum carinatum grows two to three feet tall. The stems are branched with fleshy leaves. The flowers are nearly two inches across with white rays and a yellow ring at the base.

Chrysanthemum Carinatum

Chrysanthemum carinatum grows two to three feet tall. The stems are branched with fleshy leaves. The…

Chrysanthemum maximum grows one foot tall. The leaves are narrowed at the base. It is native to the Pyrenees.

Chrysanthemum Maximum

Chrysanthemum maximum grows one foot tall. The leaves are narrowed at the base. It is native to the…

Curculiga latifolia grows two to three feet tall. The flowers are bright yellow and grow in a dense clusters near the base of the plant. The plant is native to Indian and Malaysia.

Curculiga Latifolia

Curculiga latifolia grows two to three feet tall. The flowers are bright yellow and grow in a dense…

Shooting star is the common name of dodecatheon meadia The plant grows two feet tall and blooms in May and June. The flowers are rose colored and whitish at the base.

Shooting Star

Shooting star is the common name of dodecatheon meadia The plant grows two feet tall and blooms in May…

Mexican fire plant is the common name of euphorbia heterophylla. It is native in a range from the eastern and central United States to Peru. The leaves are dark green, with some bright red at the base.

Mexican Fire Plant

Mexican fire plant is the common name of euphorbia heterophylla. It is native in a range from the eastern…

The leaves of evonymus radicans are generally rounded and narrow at the base. They are usually dull green above with whitish veins.

Evonymus Radicans

The leaves of evonymus radicans are generally rounded and narrow at the base. They are usually dull…

Lathyrus ornatus has large, showy purple flowers. It is native to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains.

Lathyrus Ornatus

Lathyrus ornatus has large, showy purple flowers. It is native to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains.

Showy lily is the common name of lilium speciosum. The flowers bloom in late August and September and are native to Japan. The flowers are white spread with rose pink in the center and spotted blood red with a green stripe at the base.

Showy Lily

Showy lily is the common name of lilium speciosum. The flowers bloom in late August and September and…

Lilium henryi flowers bloom August and September and are native to central China. The flowers are bright orange-yellow and slight spotted with reddish brown. The flowers also have a green band at the base of each segment.

Lilium Henryi

Lilium henryi flowers bloom August and September and are native to central China. The flowers are bright…

The common names of lilium superbum are American Turk's Cap lily and swamp lily. The flowers are brilliant orange-scarlet, shaded yellow, and spotted purplish brown at the base. The flowers bloom late July to early September.

Lilium Superbum

The common names of lilium superbum are American Turk's Cap lily and swamp lily. The flowers are brilliant…

Leopard lily and panther lily are the common names of lilium pardalinum. The base of the flowers is bright yellow spotted brownish purple. The rest of the flower is bright orange-scarlet.

Leopard Lily

Leopard lily and panther lily are the common names of lilium pardalinum. The base of the flowers is…

Tulip tree is the common name of liriodendron tulipifera. The flowers are greenish yellow and marked orange within at the base. The tree blooms in May and June.

Tulip Tree

Tulip tree is the common name of liriodendron tulipifera. The flowers are greenish yellow and marked…

Lopezia albiflora is native to Mexico. It grows two feet tall. The flowers are white and often tinged pinkish at the base.

Lopezia Albiflora

Lopezia albiflora is native to Mexico. It grows two feet tall. The flowers are white and often tinged…

The flowers of lycium pallidum are greenish yellow or whitish and pinkish at the base. The flowers bloom in May and June. The plant is native from Arizona and Utah to Mexico.

Lycium Pallidum

The flowers of lycium pallidum are greenish yellow or whitish and pinkish at the base. The flowers bloom…

<i>Oncidium varicosum rogersii</i> specimens have borne 150 flowers. The flowers are yellow with a few red bars at the base.

Oncidium Varicosum Rogersii

Oncidium varicosum rogersii specimens have borne 150 flowers. The flowers are yellow with a few red…

An image of a 'double truck'. This truck has everything that a single truck has (four equal size tires and a motor on each axis), but works in conjunction with a second truck to move the trolley. The trucks hold the trolley base and allow it to roll on the rails.

Double Truck

An image of a 'double truck'. This truck has everything that a single truck has (four equal size tires…

A diagram showing how a trolley is powered. Two motors (m, m1) are held and geared to the axles (a, a1). The trolley's speed is controlled by the controllers (c) that are held on dash irons and operated with handles (n) and (n1). The trolley pole (p) is attached to trolley base (t). Hood switches (s) are mounted under the roof in case fuse boxes are used. The car is lit by lights (l) and heated by electric heaters (h) under the seats. The lightning arrester (LA) and the fuse box (F.B.) are attached to the underside of the trolley.

Trolley Equipment

A diagram showing how a trolley is powered. Two motors (m, m1) are held and geared to the axles (a,…

A diagram of the wiring within a trolley car. The trolley wheel (b) is held in a harp that is attached to a trolley pole (c). The other end of the trolley pole fits into a socket (d) and trolley base (e). (F) indicates where one end of the trolley wiring is, which passes through hood switches (g and h) and a fuse box (j). The wire is then spliced to another wire (l) that runs to the trolley posts in the two controllers. (K) is a lightning arrester.

Truck Wiring

A diagram of the wiring within a trolley car. The trolley wheel (b) is held in a harp that is attached…

When a vertical line is drawn to the center of gravity of an object, it is called the line of direction. As long as the line of direction falls within the base of the object, it will stand.

Center of Gravity

When a vertical line is drawn to the center of gravity of an object, it is called the line of direction.…

The general rule of downward pressure is "the pressure upon the bottom of a vessel containing a fluid is independent of the shape of the vessel, and is equal to the weight of a prism of the fluid whose base has the same area as the bottom of the vessel, and whose altitude is the distance between the bottom and the upper surface of the fluid, plus the pressure per unit of area upon the upper surface of the fluid multiplied by the area of the bottom of the vessel."

General Law

The general rule of downward pressure is "the pressure upon the bottom of a vessel containing a fluid…

A Worm and sector steering device, cross-sectioned. It was developed by Panhard-Levassor. The spindle of the steering wheel carries a worm gear at the base of the head.

Steering Device

A Worm and sector steering device, cross-sectioned. It was developed by Panhard-Levassor. The spindle…

Motor insulated on a parallel timber base.

Insulated motor

Motor insulated on a parallel timber base.

British Golden-rod is a member of the large composite genus Solidago, which is chiefly North American. The golden-rods are erect plants, little branched, and often somewhat woody at the base. The foliage is various, usually somewhat lanceolate in shape, and sometimes conspicuously veined. The tiny heads have one series of white or yellow ray-flowers, and are gathered into various forms of inflorescence, often of a massive character; they appear in late summer and early autumn. Although of no commercial value (except as forage for sheep) the golden-rods are conspicuous for their bright color, especially as they are apt to grow in huge colonies in fields and along roadsides.

British Golden-rod

British Golden-rod is a member of the large composite genus Solidago, which is chiefly North American.…

The Kauri Pine (Agathis australis) is a coniferous tree peculiar to New Zealand, and forming its most valuable tree. It attains a height of from 120 ft. to 180 ft., and a diameter of from 5 ft. to 12 ft. The wood is straight-grained, easily worked, and susceptible of a high polish, and is largely exported for use as ship masts, deck boards, furniture, and paving blocks. The tree yields a fine resin, kauri gum, used in varnish-making.

Kauri Pine

The Kauri Pine (Agathis australis) is a coniferous tree peculiar to New Zealand, and forming its most…

Reinforced concrete blocks.

Concrete

Reinforced concrete blocks.

A square pillar with its capital and base projecting from the pier or a wall.

Pilaster

A square pillar with its capital and base projecting from the pier or a wall.

An example of a simple machine. In the figure, AC is the included plane, CB is the height of the plane, BA is its base, and BAC is the angle of inclination or elevation. The power necessary to sustain any weight on an included plane is to the weight as the height of the plane to its length, or as CB to CA.

Inclined Plane

An example of a simple machine. In the figure, AC is the included plane, CB is the height of the plane,…

In medieval architecture, a form of tracery in which the openings are cut or pierced in slabs of stone, as distinguished from ordinary tracery, which is constructed of assembled blocks.

Plate-tracery

In medieval architecture, a form of tracery in which the openings are cut or pierced in slabs of stone,…

Image of a mountain peak with two small children standing at its base.

Mountain Peak

Image of a mountain peak with two small children standing at its base.

Devices used to set sweet potato slips and vine cuttings. In setting out potatoes, the farmer uses either a garden dibble or small trowel, or a short sharpened stick; on soft soil the slip is pressed into place by the use of special devices, about as long as a walking-stick, which usually consists of either (1) a single lath, having a base hollowed out and covered with leather, or (2) wooden tongs made of two laths.

Planting Dibbles

Devices used to set sweet potato slips and vine cuttings. In setting out potatoes, the farmer uses either…

Gage blocks.

Gage Blocks

Gage blocks.

A scriber block is used to layout lines at a set height from the base, thus its second name surface height gauge or just "surface gauge". The work piece is held against an angle plate so that it is perpendicular to the surface plate, the scriber block is then adjusted to the required height and used to scribe a line parallel with the table, by sliding the block along the table's surface.

Scriber Block

A scriber block is used to layout lines at a set height from the base, thus its second name surface…

Pair of v blocks. V-Blocks are precision metalworking jigs typically used to hold round metal rods or pipes for performing drilling or milling operations.

V Blocks

Pair of v blocks. V-Blocks are precision metalworking jigs typically used to hold round metal rods or…

Testing adjustable limit snap gauge with combination gauge blocks.

Snap Gauge

Testing adjustable limit snap gauge with combination gauge blocks.

Set of Johansson combination gauge blocks used for calibration and checking the accuracy of gauges.

Gauge Blocks

Set of Johansson combination gauge blocks used for calibration and checking the accuracy of gauges.

Cleaning the surface of a gauge block held in the left hand.

Gauge Blocks

Cleaning the surface of a gauge block held in the left hand.

Cleaning the surface of a gauge block held in right hand.

Cleaning Surface of Gauge Block

Cleaning the surface of a gauge block held in right hand.

Joining two gauge blocks by sliding the surfaces together.

Joining Two Gauge Blocks

Joining two gauge blocks by sliding the surfaces together.

Set of boxed accessories for gage blocks. To enable the blocks to be used for different purposes, such as calipering and for height gages, a set of accessories and attachments are obtainable.

Gage Accessories

Set of boxed accessories for gage blocks. To enable the blocks to be used for different purposes, such…

Describing accurate circles and arcs with gauge blocks.

Gauge Blocks Used for Describing Circles

Describing accurate circles and arcs with gauge blocks.

Illustration of the various layers of a Roman road. This is a section of the Appian Way, built across marsh-land. Pictured are the large flat stones topped with gradually smaller stones and capped with large, hard, stone blocks. A milestone is visible on the road, as well as archways beneath the road.

Construction Layers of a Section of the Appian Way

Illustration of the various layers of a Roman road. This is a section of the Appian Way, built across…

A tall, thin lamp stand on a round, ornamented base with three claw feet. The top of the stand has a small, round surface on which sits a simple, Roman oil lamp. The lamp is lit and a flame is burning, giving off light.

Pompeiian Stand with Lighted Oil Lamp

A tall, thin lamp stand on a round, ornamented base with three claw feet. The top of the stand has a…

A close-up, side view of the gold Alfred Jewel, which was made in the late 9th century. The inscription reads "aelfred mec heht gewyrcan", which means "Alfred had me wrought". You can clearly see the animal head at the base and the snout, which would have been hollow so that a rod could be fitted onto the jewel.

The Gold Alfred Jewel, Side View

A close-up, side view of the gold Alfred Jewel, which was made in the late 9th century. The inscription…

<i>Sansevieria Zeylanica</i> is the Latin name, but this plant is also called a Mother-in-law's Tongue. "A genus of monocotyledonous plants of the order of <i>Haemodoraceae</i> and tribe <i>Ophiopogoneae</i>. It is characterized by a long and slender perianth-tube, six filiform filaments, and a free ovary, fixed by a broad base, containing three cells and three erect ovules." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Snake Plant

Sansevieria Zeylanica is the Latin name, but this plant is also called a Mother-in-law's Tongue. "A…

"a. shank for fixing the implement to a bench; c. punch, hinged to a base b and e; and pressed upward by springs; h. screw-support for the back of the blade; d. gauge which may be adjusted for different-sized teeth. The blade is moved along to bring alternate teeth under the punch, which his struck with a hammer." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Saw Set for a Work Bench

"a. shank for fixing the implement to a bench; c. punch, hinged to a base b and e; and pressed upward…

The base of the column, torus, displays a concave molding called a scotia. This type of base was not present in the Greek Doric architecture, but are present throughout Ionic and Corinthian columns. The column is fluted. The Erechtheum, or Erechtheion is an ancient Greek temple on the north side of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. a. sotia.

The Base of an Ionic Column at the Erechtheum

The base of the column, torus, displays a concave molding called a scotia. This type of base was not…

"A cartridge containing shot instead of a bullet, and intended to serve various purposes. a, paper case to which is fitted the brass base b, with a reinforcement of layers of paper, c, cemented together; d, cloth or felt wads; e, powder; f, shot; g, paper shot-wad, half as thick as one of the wads d; h, primer." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Short Cartridge - Paper Case

"A cartridge containing shot instead of a bullet, and intended to serve various purposes. a, paper case…

"In architecture, a stone built into the base of a gable to support the skews or coping above, and resist their tendency to slide down from their bed. Also called summer-stone, skew-put, and skew." —Whitney, 1889

Skew Corbels

"In architecture, a stone built into the base of a gable to support the skews or coping above, and resist…

"A system of pulleys in two blocks, so arranged that the parts of continuous rope are approximately parallel. The order in which the rope passes round the pulleys consecutively is shown by the figures in the cut. Named after the engineer who invented it." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Pulleys - Smeaton's Blocks

"A system of pulleys in two blocks, so arranged that the parts of continuous rope are approximately…

"<i>Polygala senega</i> of eastern North America. It sends up several stems from hard knotty root-stocks, bearing single close racemes of white flowers. It is the source of the officinal senegaroot, and from being much gathered is said to have become scarce in the east." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>This illustration shows the knotty roots and the lower portion of the stem.

Seneca Snakeroot - Roots and Base of the Stem

"Polygala senega of eastern North America. It sends up several stems from hard knotty root-stocks, bearing…

<i>Notropis hudsonius</i>. The spottail minnow, also called the spottail shiner is a spawn-eater. These fish "habitually feed upon spawn, to the detriment of the fisheries or of fish-culture." This minnow is one of the largest and has a "pale coloration", sides with a "broad silvery band, and usually a dusky spot at the base of the caudal fin. It is sometimes called smelt." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Spottail Minnow or Shiner

Notropis hudsonius. The spottail minnow, also called the spottail shiner is a spawn-eater. These fish…

"A weapon consisting of a penetrating head attached to a long shaft of wood, designed to be thrust by or launched from the hand at an enemy or at game." —Whitney, 1889 <p>Illustration of two different hunting spears. The spear on the left has a long handle and a simple arrowhead. The spear on the right has a shorter handle and a crosspiece at the base of the blade with a curved blade attached.

Hunting Spears from the 15th or 16th Century

"A weapon consisting of a penetrating head attached to a long shaft of wood, designed to be thrust by…

A close-up, front view of the gold Alfred Jewel, which was made in the late 9th century. The inscription reads "aelfred mec heht gewyrcan", which means "Alfred had me wrought". You can clearly see the animal head at the base and the snout, which would have been hollow so that a rod could be fitted onto the jewel.

The Gold Alfred Jewel, Front View

A close-up, front view of the gold Alfred Jewel, which was made in the late 9th century. The inscription…