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"In 1629, Branca, an Italian, invented a turbine much like a miniature water wheel, which was driven by a jet of steam from a nozzle directed against the buckets of the wheel. This is the simplest form of an impulse turbine." —Derr, 1911

Branca's Impulse Steam Turbine

"In 1629, Branca, an Italian, invented a turbine much like a miniature water wheel, which was driven…

"Suppose a hollow cube to be filled with some fluid (water or steam) at a given pressure, and to have an opening in one side that can readily be closed. The arrangement is such that when the outlet is opened, the internal pressure will remain the same. If the outlet is opened, the fluid will rush out, and if the jet is supposed to strike against a board free to move, the jet will exert a force upon the board tending to swing it in the direction of the jet." —Derr, 1911

Apparatus for Measuring Jet Stream of Steam

"Suppose a hollow cube to be filled with some fluid (water or steam) at a given pressure, and to have…

"If the velocity of impact of the jet is V feet per second, its velocity in the same direction after striking the plate will be zero, a definite force will be exerted on that plate, equal to the force necessary to impart a velocity of V feet in one second to the mass of water in the jet." —Derr, 1911

Water Jet Deflected 90 Degrees Measuring Force

"If the velocity of impact of the jet is V feet per second, its velocity in the same direction after…

"Now if the plate were shaped as shown, so that the direction of the jet were completely reversed turned through 180 degrees, there would be an additional pressure on the plate, due to the reaction of the jet leaving it. This, neglecting friction, would be equal to the original impulse, thus making the total force on plate 2 F instead of F. It is quite evident that if the force is twice as great, the work must be double." —Derr, 1911

Force Measurement by Deflecting Water Jet 180 Degrees

"Now if the plate were shaped as shown, so that the direction of the jet were completely reversed turned…

"The accumulator may consist of a large tank in which are numerous plates over which water can flow, or may contain simply water rapidly circulated by artificial means. As the exhaust steam from the engine enters this accumulator, it spreads out over the exposed water surface, and some of it is condensed if there is an excess of pressure due to more steam being supplied by the exhaust than is being utilized by the turbine." —Derr, 1911

Interior View of Rateau Accumulator

"The accumulator may consist of a large tank in which are numerous plates over which water can flow,…

"The bearings are of the plain ring—oiling type, usually provided with water jackets. The shaft not being unduly long, there is little danger of whipping, and the speeds of rotation not being very high, special precautions are not necessary. Sometimes the turbines are supported by three bearings, the high and intermediate states being separated from the low by a third bearing." —Derr, 1911

DeLaval Steam Electric Generator

"The bearings are of the plain ring—oiling type, usually provided with water jackets. The shaft…

A guard over each wheel of a motor vehicle, for example, that is shaped and positioned so as to block the splashing of water or mud.

Vehicle Fender

A guard over each wheel of a motor vehicle, for example, that is shaped and positioned so as to block…

A heating device consisting of a series of connected pipes, typically inside an upright metal structure, through which steam or hot water is circulated so as to radiate heat into the surrounding space.

Device Radiator

A heating device consisting of a series of connected pipes, typically inside an upright metal structure,…

Any of various machines having a rotor, usually with vanes or blades, driven by the pressure, momentum, or reactive thrust of a moving fluid, as steam, water, hot gases, or air, either occurring in the form of free jets or as a fluid passing through and entirely filling a housing around the rotor.

Water Turbine

Any of various machines having a rotor, usually with vanes or blades, driven by the pressure, momentum,…

Device that heats water or supplies warmth to a room

Radiator Combined Heater

Device that heats water or supplies warmth to a room

Device used to heat the water in an aquarium. Heaters vary in size and style including drop-in types and submersible sump types. They feature an adjustable thermostat to maintain the water at a constant temperature.

Tank Heater

Device used to heat the water in an aquarium. Heaters vary in size and style including drop-in types…

A flush tank is a tank which holds water for flushing one or more plumbing fixtures.

Flush Tank

A flush tank is a tank which holds water for flushing one or more plumbing fixtures.

An illustration of weird, little people running across a bridge that is being partially submerged by a large body of water.

People on a Bridge

An illustration of weird, little people running across a bridge that is being partially submerged by…

A propeller is a type of fan which transmits power by converting rotational motion into thrust. A pressure difference is produced between the forward and rear surfaces of the airfoil-shaped blade, and air or water is accelerated behind the blade.

Screw Propeller

A propeller is a type of fan which transmits power by converting rotational motion into thrust. A pressure…

A turbine that uses moving water to make it work. They are used in hydroelectricity plants.

Hydraulic Turbine

A turbine that uses moving water to make it work. They are used in hydroelectricity plants.

An appliance for heating water above its ambient temperature, generally for domestic use

Water Heater

An appliance for heating water above its ambient temperature, generally for domestic use

An illustration of Luxembourg Palace which is located in Paris, France. The Luxembourg Palace houses the famous Luxembourg Garden which displays a large garden and lawn full of statues and large water basins.

Luxembourg Palace

An illustration of Luxembourg Palace which is located in Paris, France. The Luxembourg Palace houses…

A public fountain to provide a jet of drinking water

Drinking Fountain

A public fountain to provide a jet of drinking water

The act of removing milk from the mammary glands of an animal, typically cows (cattle), water buffalo, goats, sheep and more rarely camels, horses and donkeys. Milking may be done by hand or by machine.

Apron Milking

The act of removing milk from the mammary glands of an animal, typically cows (cattle), water buffalo,…

Press in which a force applied by a piston to a small area is transmitted through water to another piston having a large area

Hydraulic Press

Press in which a force applied by a piston to a small area is transmitted through water to another piston…

A type of fan which transmits power by converting rotational motion into thrust. A pressure difference is produced between the forward and rear surfaces of the airfoil-shaped blade, and air or water is accelerated behind the blade.

General Purpose Propeller

A type of fan which transmits power by converting rotational motion into thrust. A pressure difference…

A heating unit designed to heat by boiling water, producing steam, and circulating it to radiators or steam baseboard units throughout the home.

Steam Boiler

A heating unit designed to heat by boiling water, producing steam, and circulating it to radiators or…

A fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing (alighting) on water. Seaplanes which can also take-off and land on airfields are a small subclass called Amphibian aircraft.

Hydro Aeroplane

A fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing (alighting) on water. Seaplanes which can also…

A small kitchen appliance used for boiling water in preparation for making tea or other beverages requiring hot water. Depending on culture and historical location, the word kettle can also have a variety of other meanings.

Tea Kettle

A small kitchen appliance used for boiling water in preparation for making tea or other beverages requiring…

Used to convert water into steam from heat produced in a nuclear reactor core. They are used in pressurized water reactors between the primary and secondary coolant loops.

Steam Generator

Used to convert water into steam from heat produced in a nuclear reactor core. They are used in pressurized…

A cell containing an electrolyte in which an applied voltage causes a reaction to occur that would not occur otherwise such as the breakdown of water into hydrogen and oxygen

Electrolytic Cell

A cell containing an electrolyte in which an applied voltage causes a reaction to occur that would not…

A small kitchen appliance used for boiling water in preparation for making tea or other beverages requiring hot water. Depending on culture and historical location, the word kettle can also have a variety of other meanings.

Tea Kettle

A small kitchen appliance used for boiling water in preparation for making tea or other beverages requiring…

A heater and storage tank to supply heated water

Water Heater

A heater and storage tank to supply heated water

Piece of equipment within which heat is generated from the primary loop to the secondary loop without the water of the two systems actually touching

Steam Generator

Piece of equipment within which heat is generated from the primary loop to the secondary loop without…

An active fire protection measure, consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected.

Automatic Sprinkler

An active fire protection measure, consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure…

The pump in the cooling system of an automobile that cause the water to circulate

Water Pump

The pump in the cooling system of an automobile that cause the water to circulate

Genus of the Salviniaceae: water ferns

Salvinia Natans

Genus of the Salviniaceae: water ferns

Mainly facilitates the process of photosynthesis and water vascular system in taller plants.

Schinus Foliage

Mainly facilitates the process of photosynthesis and water vascular system in taller plants.

This plant belongs to the sedum, featuring high water retention, great for filtering air pollutants.

Spathulifolium Sedum

This plant belongs to the sedum, featuring high water retention, great for filtering air pollutants.

A species of flowering plants belonging to the Nymphaceaceae family, related to water lilies.

Victoria Regia

A species of flowering plants belonging to the Nymphaceaceae family, related to water lilies.

Portable liquid containers, featuring handles and spout to easily water plants by hand.

Watering Cans

Portable liquid containers, featuring handles and spout to easily water plants by hand.

"As the mummy of the dead was placed in a barge to be taken across the Lake of the Dead-for it was the manner of the Egyptians to bear the bodies about to be entombed across the water to the place of the sepulture-the members of the household, especially the women, were wont to follow in another barge, and with uplifted hands and unbound hair to cry out for the lost."—Ridpath, 1885

Funeral Procession Crossing the Lake of the Dead

"As the mummy of the dead was placed in a barge to be taken across the Lake of the Dead-for it was the…

"Another kind of coffins employed by the Chaldeans consisted of two large earthenware vessels, shaped like ancient water-jars, set mouth to mouth and sealed with bitumen."

Glazed Coffins, from Warka

"Another kind of coffins employed by the Chaldeans consisted of two large earthenware vessels, shaped…

"Here [Darius] was assassinated by Bessus, the satrap of Bactria. He was discovered by Alexander in a dying condition by the roadside. He asked for a cup of water, thanked the giver, and died. And with him died the Empire of the Persians."—Ridpath, 1885

Alexander Discovers the Body of Darius

"Here [Darius] was assassinated by Bessus, the satrap of Bactria. He was discovered by Alexander in…

Also know as cicuta maculata. This plant is native to temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere, and is identified by having small green or white flowers hanging in an umbrella shape. It is considered one of America's most toxic plants to humans.

American Water Hemlock

Also know as cicuta maculata. This plant is native to temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere, and…

"Devices for lifting water are older than written history, and various forms of pumps are used on almost every farm in the country, every citizen being familiar with a number of ways of lifting water."—Government Printing Office, 1897

Homemade Jumbo Windmill

"Devices for lifting water are older than written history, and various forms of pumps are used on almost…

"From the reservoir, whether constructed on a large scale to hold storm water or of small size to receive the discharge from a pump, there must be provided suitable means of conducting the water to the land. The simplest, cheapest, and most widely used is the open earth ditch built in such a way as to have a gentle, uniform, grade sufficiently great for the water to flow with rapidity and yet not to wash the banks."—Government Printing Office, 1897

Section of Field and Lateral Ditch

"From the reservoir, whether constructed on a large scale to hold storm water or of small size to receive…

"It is desirable, however, on account of economy of expense and of water, that all ditches should be as nearly straight as possible, and to save distance it is sometimes necessary to build up the ditch upon a mound or, if the depression to be crossed it too great, to construct a flume."—Government Printing Office, 1897

Section of Raised Ditch

"It is desirable, however, on account of economy of expense and of water, that all ditches should be…

"The section of the flume is usually rectangular, but it may be of a V shape, and occasionally, as in California, it is semicircular, this latter form requiring least lumber, but necessitating the use of iron bands or brackets."—Government Printing Office, 1897

Combined Wood and Iron Flume

"The section of the flume is usually rectangular, but it may be of a V shape, and occasionally, as in…

"By the time [olive trees] are well grown the form of the young tree is established, and further pruning for form may be done in a general manner to obtain the following results: (1) Maintenance of a comparatively open center to the tree; (2) exposure to the sun and air as large a number as possible of last year's branches around the circumference of the tree; (3) removal of all ground suckers and water sprouts; (4) preservation of outward-growing and drooping basal and lateral fruit branches; (5) heading back of upward-growing limbs, which consume much, but produce little; and, (6) the removal of all diseased or injured wood. In pruning for form the rules governing pruning for fruit should be kept in mind."—Government Printing Office, 1897

An Olive Tree

"By the time [olive trees] are well grown the form of the young tree is established, and further pruning…

A diagram illustrating a section of a lean-to pit. This pit is useful for early forcing of melons or cucumbers. A, Ordinary Soil; b, Passage; c, Heated Chamber below Stage; d, Bed; e, Hot-Water Pipes.

Section of Lean-To Pit

A diagram illustrating a section of a lean-to pit. This pit is useful for early forcing of melons or…

A diagram consisting of a section of a span-roofed pit. These pits are useful for plant culture. A, Ordinary Soil; b, Passage; c, Heated Chambers; d, Plunging Beds; e, Hot-Water Pipes.

Section of Span-Roofed Pit

A diagram consisting of a section of a span-roofed pit. These pits are useful for plant culture. A,…

Also known as Pontederia cordata. A blue plant with numerous spikes of blue flowers. It generally is found growing in shallow waters.

Pickerelweed

Also known as Pontederia cordata. A blue plant with numerous spikes of blue flowers. It generally is…

A fig commonly seen in Adriatica; a body of water separating the Italian peninsula from the Balkan.

Adriatic Fig

A fig commonly seen in Adriatica; a body of water separating the Italian peninsula from the Balkan.

Also known as Butcher's broom. A shrub with flat shoots that give the appearance of stiff, spine-tipped leaves. It has been known to enhance blood flow to the brain, legs, and hands, and has been used to relieve constipation and water retention.

Ruscus Aculeatus

Also known as Butcher's broom. A shrub with flat shoots that give the appearance of stiff, spine-tipped…

"This picture was drawn by a British engineer at the time of the battle. The view is from Copp's Hill, in Boston, looking north. A British battery on Copp's Hill fired across the water and set the town on fire. The smoke of the battle is seen on the hill behind the town. The wind was south-west, and carried the smoke eastward over the Mystic River."—Coffin, 1879

Burning of Charlestown

"This picture was drawn by a British engineer at the time of the battle. The view is from Copp's Hill,…

"Mr. Jacobus Kip lived in an old-fashioned Dutch house, built of bricks make in Holland and brought to America, because the old Dutch burghers thought that there was no clay in American suitable to be made into bricks. The house stood a short distance from the water, and had curiously shaped windows in the roof, and a weather-cock above the ridge-pole."—Coffin, 1879

Jacobus Kip's House

"Mr. Jacobus Kip lived in an old-fashioned Dutch house, built of bricks make in Holland and brought…

"About forty miles northwest of Charleston, near the line between Charleston and Orangeburg counties, are some wonderful springs. The water boils up from the ground, clear and pure. It is a subterranean river that appears upon the surface, and that winds through the lowlands northwest for about two miles, and empties into the Santee at Nelson's Ferry."—Coffin, 1879

Nelson's Ferry

"About forty miles northwest of Charleston, near the line between Charleston and Orangeburg counties,…

A base-burner heater with the water pipes connected at the left-hand side.

Base-Burner Heater

A base-burner heater with the water pipes connected at the left-hand side.

A tool used to assist in watering plants.

Watering Pot

A tool used to assist in watering plants.

"The imitation log baskets are made of the same material as the common flower pots, and painted in imitation of a log; therefore it is necessary to be careful not to water them too much."—Heinrich, 1887

Log Basket

"The imitation log baskets are made of the same material as the common flower pots, and painted in imitation…

"An aquarium well filled and stocked with plants, fish, etc., is one of the finest ornaments one can have in the room."—Heinrich, 1887

The Aquarium

"An aquarium well filled and stocked with plants, fish, etc., is one of the finest ornaments one can…

The picture describes the story of a man who traveled across a frozen stream and, as a result, fell into the icy water. He was too trustworthy of appearances and did not realize that the ice was too thin to walk upon.

Appearances are Often Deceitful

The picture describes the story of a man who traveled across a frozen stream and, as a result, fell…

"We see here a towering cliff belonging to a mountainous range which rises like a wall, or barrier, between the neighboring portions of the same country. The inhabitants desire very much to have a free communication with each other, but there is a mountain barrier which it is extremely difficult to get over, or around; they, therefore, determine to go through it. The human will brings to its aid the powerful elements of fire and water. Gunpowder and the steam-engine work wonders - they force a way through the solid rock. The iron railway is made, and the traveler, instead of toiling through long tedious hours over a mountain pathway, in a few moments, while in an easy chair, finds himself on the other side."—Barber, 1857

Where there is a Will, there is a Way

"We see here a towering cliff belonging to a mountainous range which rises like a wall, or barrier,…

"These fishermen chanced a large haul to make, / Were fearful lest the fish their net would break; / Down in the water plunge, make sure their net, / The fish they seize; they care not for the wet."—Barber, 1857

He That Would Catch Fish, Must Not Mind Getting Wet

"These fishermen chanced a large haul to make, / Were fearful lest the fish their net would break; /…