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Bishop's Crosier from the Papal Power period during the Middle Ages.

Crosier

Bishop's Crosier from the Papal Power period during the Middle Ages.

"Canterbury Cathedral, which was a key place during the contest with King John. In the quarrel with John of England the issue was not a matter of personal morality, but of Church authority. There was a dispute about the election to the Archbishopric of Canterbury, the most important church office in England. The monks of Canterbury chose one candidate and the king another, and then both parties appealed to the pope. Innocent rejected both candidates and proposed one of his own, Stephen Langton, a man in every way suitable for the office. John refused to submit, and the pope used against him the same means that had been employed to coerce Philip Augustus. He laid England under an interdict, and, though its effect was not so immediate as in France, it finally brought John to terms. Not only was John obliged to accept the pope's candidate, but he went so far as to surrender the kingdom of England to the pope and receive it back as the pope's vassal, paying in token of vassalage a sum of money each year."—Colby, 1899

Canterbury Cathedral

"Canterbury Cathedral, which was a key place during the contest with King John. In the quarrel with…

"Death of Becket. During the early years of the reign Thomas A. Becket, as the king's chancellor, had shown great zeal in his cause, but, being appointed archbishop of Canterbury in 1162, he devoted himself wholly to the interests of the church and the exaltation of his office, and became the most dangerous of the king's foes. the main point at issue between them was the trial of members of the clergy who had been guilty of crime. The civil courts had lost all authority over clerical offenders, who were tried by the church tribunals. But the latter bodies could inflict only spiritual penalties, and serious offenses often went without adequate punishment. In the Constitutions of Clarendon (1164) it was decided that ecclasiastics accused of crime must first be summoned before the king's justices, who were to determine whether the offense came within the jurisdiction of a secular or a spiritual court. Becket reluctantly agreed to this, as well as to other provisions seriously affecting the authority of the church, but soon afterwards sent to the pope and asked forgiveness for what he had done. The king's party was powerful, and Becket took refuge in France, but a few years later, through the aid of the pope and French king, was reinstated. On his return to England he angered the king by excommunicating the bishops who had taken sides against him. Henry, in a moment of rage, spoke some hasty words, which were construed by his attendants as a wish for the murder of Becket. They broke into the cathedral where the latter had taken refuge and killed him at the altar (December, 1170). Becket was now regarded as a martyr and a patron saint, and the king was finally obliged to make his submission to the papal representative and declar on oath his innocence of all complicity in the murder. Thus the apparent outcome of the struggle was unfavorable to the king, but in reality Henry gained the main object for which he had been working. The church courts no longer enjoyed such complete authority over criminal members of the clergy."—Colby, 1899

Death of Becket

"Death of Becket. During the early years of the reign Thomas A. Becket, as the king's chancellor, had…

"Martin Luther was born at Eisleben in 1483. He was the son of a poor miner, had entered the Augustinian order, and had become professor of theology at Wittenberg. In the course of his studies he had come to question the practice of the Church in regard to the whole system of penance. Up to this time, however, he had made no open protest, but Tetzel's course in Germany impelled him to public opposition. In 1517 he nailed to the church door at Wittenberg ninety-five theses or propositions, appealing to men's consciences against the practice of 'selling forgiveness.' The widespread discontent in Germany gave to these theses an instant publicity. They were printed and scattered broadcast throughout the country. In them Luther showed no intention to break with the authority of the Roman Catholic Churrch. They were merely propositions for dispute, and he nailed them on the Church door as a challenge to any disuputant who might be willing to argue against them. disputants soon appeared, and the first thing they did was to appeal to the authority of the Church. This led Luther, at first, to question and finally to deny the authority of the Church, as resting not on a divine but on a human basis. He said that the Church was not the source of divine truth, and that the Bible was the sole source. The Reformation now entered on its first phase."—Colby, 1899

Martin Luther

"Martin Luther was born at Eisleben in 1483. He was the son of a poor miner, had entered the Augustinian…

"Queen Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII, by Anne Boleyn. Her reign is one of the most remarkable in English history. It lasted from 1558 to 1603, and in those years England's glory was brighter than it had ever been before. Elizabeth was not extreme in her religious views. she was probably lacking in religious feeling, but on the whole, inclined toward the Protestant system, though not biitter against the Roman Catholic Church. Accordingly, the Church of Elizabeth was less Protestant than that of Edward VI, but did not retain the Roman Catholic doctrines of the Church of Mary and Henry VIII. It was a Protestant Church, but kept the old forms of worship."—Colby, 1899

Queen Elizabeth

"Queen Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII, by Anne Boleyn. Her reign is one of the most remarkable…

Liberty Bell, from Independence Hall.

Liberty Bell

Liberty Bell, from Independence Hall.

Site of First Church and Governor Bradford's House at Plymouth.

Plymouth

Site of First Church and Governor Bradford's House at Plymouth.

First Church in Salem, when in 1631, Church and State were made one, and the goverment a theocracy.

Salem Church

First Church in Salem, when in 1631, Church and State were made one, and the goverment a theocracy.

"Another remarkable member of the Araneidae is the Diving Spider, <em>Argyroneta aquatica</em>, which weaves itself a curious little bell-shaped dwelling at the bottom of the water, to which it retires to devor its prey." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Spider, diving

"Another remarkable member of the Araneidae is the Diving Spider, Argyroneta aquatica, which…

"A Cathedral is the principal church of a diocese, and the Cathedral city is the seat of the bishop of the diocese, and his throne is placed in the Cathedral church, which is the parish church of the whole diocese. The distinction between Cathedral and collegiate churches consists principally in the see of the bishop being at the former. The governing body of a Cathedral is called the dean and chapter. The Cathedral of St. John the Divine (P. E.) in New York, will, when completed, be the most splendid structure of the kind on this continent."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Cathedral of St. John the Divine

"A Cathedral is the principal church of a diocese, and the Cathedral city is the seat of the bishop…

"The Parthenon is a celebrated temple at Athens, consecrated to Athena or Minerva, the protectress of the city, built on an elevated rock near the Acropolis, and has always been regarded as the most exquisite and perfect example of Grecian architecture. The Parthenon was erected about 448 B. C., in the time of Pericles, Phidias being the chief sculptor. It had a length of 228 feet, by a breadth of 100; it had eight columns beneath each pediment, and 15 on each side, exclusive of those at each end of the pediments, with which they formed 16 intercolumns, of 46 columns in all, exclusive of those within the building. This magnificent fane had resisted the ravages of time down to the 17th century, being by turns a pagan temple, a Christian church, and also a Turkish mosque, till at the siege of Athens by the Venetians, in 1687, a shell fell on the roof of the Acropolis or citadel, which, firing the magazine beneath, shattered that building and the Parthenon into blackened ruins."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Parthenon

"The Parthenon is a celebrated temple at Athens, consecrated to Athena or Minerva, the protectress of…

"The Pastoral Staff is, in the Roman Catholic Church, the official staff of a bishop or abbot. The pastoral staff of an archbishop is distinguished by being surmounted by a crozier."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Pastoral Staff

"The Pastoral Staff is, in the Roman Catholic Church, the official staff of a bishop or abbot. The pastoral…

"A Rose Window is a circular window, divided into compartments by mullions and tracery radiating from a center, also called Catharine wheel and marigold window according to modifications of the design. It forms a fine feature of the church architecture of the 13th and 14th centuries."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Rose Window

"A Rose Window is a circular window, divided into compartments by mullions and tracery radiating from…

Design with a bell

Bell

Design with a bell

Scene from the story, "The Bell of Atri."

King John

Scene from the story, "The Bell of Atri."

Scene from the story, "Hope's Doll."

Master Brown

Scene from the story, "Hope's Doll."

Scene from the story, "Bessy Bell and Mary Gray."

Bessy Bell

Scene from the story, "Bessy Bell and Mary Gray."

"In the time of Trajan, the Arch of titus and the Colossus of Nero (a gilt bronze statue 120 feet high), stood near the site now occupied by the church of S. Francesca Romana. They were removed by Hadrian to make room for the Temple of Venus and Rome, the arch being placed in its present position, and the colossus on the large square pedestal near the Colosseum, of which some remains may be still identified." — Young, 1901

Arch of Titus

"In the time of Trajan, the Arch of titus and the Colossus of Nero (a gilt bronze statue 120 feet high),…

"The Benedictine system enjoined three virtues as essential; solitude, humility, and obedience." &mdash; Young, 1901

Cloister of the Lateran

"The Benedictine system enjoined three virtues as essential; solitude, humility, and obedience." —…

"San Clemente is an excellent example of the primitive church. The side enterance generally used is in the Via S. Giovanni. The main enterance, in the Via S. Clemente, opens on to an atrium with a colonnade of Ionic columns." &mdash; Young, 1901

Interior of San Clemente

"San Clemente is an excellent example of the primitive church. The side enterance generally used is…

"Ambo in the Ara Coeli." &mdash; Young, 1901

Ambo in the Ara Coeli

"Ambo in the Ara Coeli." — Young, 1901

Santa Maria in Cosmedin is a minor basilica church in Rome, Italy.

Santa Maria in Cosmedin

Santa Maria in Cosmedin is a minor basilica church in Rome, Italy.

The leg and foot of a hawk, shwering the method of attaching the Bells and Jesses. a, the end of the leash; b, the jesses; c, the bell; d the bewit; e, the varvels of silver, with owner's name and address engraved.

Hawk Leg

The leg and foot of a hawk, shwering the method of attaching the Bells and Jesses. a, the end of the…

Girl ringing a bell.

Girl with Bell

Girl ringing a bell.

Bull tolling the bell, from a nursery rhyme.

Bull

Bull tolling the bell, from a nursery rhyme.

Pilgrims returning from church

Pilgrims

Pilgrims returning from church

The historical St. John's Church, Richmond.

St. John's Church

The historical St. John's Church, Richmond.

Choir Chapel, 14th century. Cathedral of Mantes, France.

Chapel

Choir Chapel, 14th century. Cathedral of Mantes, France.

"Tintinna'bulum, a bell. Bells were of various forms among the Greeks and Romans, as among us. various specimens of them are given in the annexed cut." &mdash Smith; 1873

Tintinna'bulum

"Tintinna'bulum, a bell. Bells were of various forms among the Greeks and Romans, as among us. various…

"There appears to have been no essential difference in form between Greek and Roman or Tyrrhenian trumpets. Both were long, straight, bronze tubes, gradually increasing in diameter, and terminating in a bell-shaped aperture." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Roman trumpet

"There appears to have been no essential difference in form between Greek and Roman or Tyrrhenian trumpets.…

Early New England Puritan church.

Puritan Church

Early New England Puritan church.

Scientist, inventor, and founder of Bell Canada.

Alexander Graham Bell

Scientist, inventor, and founder of Bell Canada.

A president of the Mormon church.

George Q. Cannon

A president of the Mormon church.

A musical wind instrument consisting of a mouthpiece containing a single beating reed, a cylindrical tube with 18 holes and a bell or flaring mouth.

Clarinet

A musical wind instrument consisting of a mouthpiece containing a single beating reed, a cylindrical…

A hollow metallic vessel which gives forth a clear, ringing sound on being struck.

Bell

A hollow metallic vessel which gives forth a clear, ringing sound on being struck.

A small bell rung by the hand.

Hand-bell

A small bell rung by the hand.

A bar of steel bent into the form of a triangle, and struck with a small rod.

Triangle

A bar of steel bent into the form of a triangle, and struck with a small rod.

A private booth in a Roman Catholic church to confess to a priest.

Confessional

A private booth in a Roman Catholic church to confess to a priest.

A small bell inside of a glass sphere.

Bell in globe

A small bell inside of a glass sphere.

"The transmitter is a microphone adapted for the transmission of telephone messages and, in general practice, is so used, better results being thus secured than is possible when the transmitter and receiver are identical. In the Blake transmitter, a diagram is supported back of a mouthpiece, as in the Bell telephone."

Blake transmitter

"The transmitter is a microphone adapted for the transmission of telephone messages and, in general…

The Church of St. Genevieve

Genevieve

The Church of St. Genevieve

Slender, twining herb with showy trumpet shaped flowers.

Bindweed

Slender, twining herb with showy trumpet shaped flowers.

An American evangelist and publisher who founded the Moody Church, Northfield School and Mount Hermon School in Massachusetts, the Moody Bible Institute and Moody Press.

Dwight Moody

An American evangelist and publisher who founded the Moody Church, Northfield School and Mount Hermon…

A genus of popular flowering plants, most of which are native to Europe, but many of them have been widely naturalized and greatly improved by cultivation. The plants are bulbous, the stems rush-like, flowers bell-shaped, and the fruit formed like capsules with flobose seeds.

Narcissus

A genus of popular flowering plants, most of which are native to Europe, but many of them have been…

"Romanesque Arcaded Cornice. From a Church in Vienna." &mdash;D'Anvers, 1895

Arcaded cornice

"Romanesque Arcaded Cornice. From a Church in Vienna." —D'Anvers, 1895

"St. Saturnin at Toulouse." &mdash;D'Anvers, 1895

St. Saturnin

"St. Saturnin at Toulouse." —D'Anvers, 1895

"St. Etienne, Caen." &mdash;D'Anvers, 1895

St. Etienne

"St. Etienne, Caen." —D'Anvers, 1895

"Church at Hitterdal, Norway." &mdash;D'Anvers, 1895

Church at Hitterdal

"Church at Hitterdal, Norway." —D'Anvers, 1895

"Tower of Earl's Barton Church, Northhamptonshire." —D'Anvers, 1895

Tower of Barton Church

"Tower of Earl's Barton Church, Northhamptonshire." —D'Anvers, 1895

"Doorway of Barfestron Church, Kent." &mdash;D'Anvers, 1895

Barfeston Church

"Doorway of Barfestron Church, Kent." —D'Anvers, 1895

"St. Martins-in-the-fields." &mdash;D'Anvers, 1895

St. Martins-in-the-fields

"St. Martins-in-the-fields." —D'Anvers, 1895

A clergyman and author, born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 21, 1808; died there Nov. 16, 1895. After graduating from Harvard University and Andover Theological Seminary, he became a pastor of the Baptist Church, securing the charge in Waterville, Maine, in 1832.

Samuel Smith

A clergyman and author, born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 21, 1808; died there Nov. 16, 1895. After graduating…

A genus of plants of the lily family, having woody stems, lanceolate leaves, and a large panicle of showy, whitish, bell-shaped, drooping flowers.

Yucca

A genus of plants of the lily family, having woody stems, lanceolate leaves, and a large panicle of…

Christian natives of Egypt, in particular members of the Coptic Orthodox Church.

Copt

Christian natives of Egypt, in particular members of the Coptic Orthodox Church.

A Lapland Church. Lapland is the name of the cultural region traditionally inhabited by the Sami people.

Lapland Church

A Lapland Church. Lapland is the name of the cultural region traditionally inhabited by the Sami people.

This illustration shows the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This is a Christian church now within the walled Old City of Jerusalem. The ground on which the church rests is venerated by most Christians as Golgotha, the Hill of Calvary, where the New Testament describes that Jesus was crucified.

Holy Sepulchre

This illustration shows the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This is a Christian church now within the…

The chapel of Lincoln College.

Lincoln College

The chapel of Lincoln College.

An extravagant church at Hitterdal.

Church

An extravagant church at Hitterdal.

A very large church in Sarepta.

Large Church

A very large church in Sarepta.

A plant bearing a tall raceme of large, drooping, bell shaped flowers.

Foxglove

A plant bearing a tall raceme of large, drooping, bell shaped flowers.