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"A song bird native to India, Malaysia and the Philippines, so named from its curious habit of sewing leaves together to form a nest." -Foster, 1921

Tailorbird

"A song bird native to India, Malaysia and the Philippines, so named from its curious habit of sewing…

British North Borneo Stamp (50 cents) from 1885

British North Borneo 50 Cents Stamp, 1885

British North Borneo Stamp (50 cents) from 1885

British North Borneo Revenue Stamp (3 cents) from 1886

British North Borneo Revenue Stamp Three Cents, 1886

British North Borneo Revenue Stamp (3 cents) from 1886

British North Borneo Stamp (5 dollars) from 1887

British North Borneo Five Dollars Stamp, 1887

British North Borneo Stamp (5 dollars) from 1887

Nicaragua Official Envelope (value unknown) from 1890

Nicaragua Unknown Value Official Envelope, 1890

Nicaragua Official Envelope (value unknown) from 1890

Egypt Official Stamp (value unknown) from 1864-1868

Egypt Official Stamp Unknown Value, 1864-1868

Egypt Official Stamp (value unknown) from 1864-1868

Egypt Official Stamp (value unknown) from 1868-1872

Egypt Official Stamp Unknown Value, 1868-1872

Egypt Official Stamp (value unknown) from 1868-1872

Iceland Official Stamp (2 aur.) from 1876

Iceland Official Stamp, 2 Aur, 1876

Iceland Official Stamp (2 aur.) from 1876

Würtemberg Official Stamp (10 pfennig) from 1881

Würtemberg Zehn Pfennig Official Stamp, 1881

Würtemberg Official Stamp (10 pfennig) from 1881

India Official Stamp (3 pies) from 1890-1891

India, Three Pies Official Stamp, 1890-1891

India Official Stamp (3 pies) from 1890-1891

Coat of Arms, Orange Free State

The Great Seal of the Orange Free State

Coat of Arms, Orange Free State

Orange Free State Stamp (3 pence) from 1888-1892

Orange Free State Drie Pence Stamp, 1888-1892

Orange Free State Stamp (3 pence) from 1888-1892

Orange Free State Revenue Stamp (1 shilling) from 1882

Orange Free State Een Shilling Revenue Stamp, 1882

Orange Free State Revenue Stamp (1 shilling) from 1882

Sweden Official Stamp (12 ore) from 1874

Sweden Tolf Ore Official Stamp, 1874

Sweden Official Stamp (12 ore) from 1874

The cow knocks down the dungeon wall with her horns to free Hans. This knocks his hat off but he quickly climbs out.

Hans the Innocent 9

The cow knocks down the dungeon wall with her horns to free Hans. This knocks his hat off but he quickly…

"Free cell formation of spores in the ascus of Erysiphe communis. A, ascus with single nucleus; C, cytoplasm; N, nucleus; NL, nucleolus; B, successive stages in nuclear division with the ascus; at X, early anaphase, nuclear membrane, NM, still persisting; R, kinoplasmic radiations from the poles; at Y, telophase, new nuclear membrane not yet formed; Z, a later stage where the nuclear membranes demark the daughter nuclei." -Stevens, 1916

E. Communis Cell

"Free cell formation of spores in the ascus of Erysiphe communis. A, ascus with single nucleus; C, cytoplasm;…

A: "Camera-lucida drawing of a bleached leaf of a Dicotyledon, showing the course of the vascular bundles, and how end free in the mesophyll." C:magnified detail. -Stevens, 1916

Dicotyledon Leaf

A: "Camera-lucida drawing of a bleached leaf of a Dicotyledon, showing the course of the vascular bundles,…

"The horizontal direction of the wind is usually observed by means of an instrument called the arrow wind vane, the head of the arrow pointing in the direction of approach of the wind. The arrow is free to revolve horizontally around a vertical axis placed near the head." -Waldo, 1896

Arrow Wind Vane

"The horizontal direction of the wind is usually observed by means of an instrument called the arrow…

"Life history of a coral, Monoxenia darwinii. A, B, Ovum. C, Division into two. D, four-cell stage. E, Blastula. F, Free-swimming blastula with cilia. G, Section of blastula. H, Beginning of invagination. I, Section of completed gastrula, showing ectoderm, and archenteron. K, Free-swimming ciliiated gastrula." -Thomson, 1916

Coral Stages

"Life history of a coral, Monoxenia darwinii. A, B, Ovum. C, Division into two. D, four-cell stage.…

"Vorticella. 1. Structure. N., Macronucleus; n., micronucleus; c.v., contractile vacuole; m., mouth; f.v., food vacuole; v., vestibule. 2. Encysted individual. 3. Division. 4. Separation of a free-swimming unit--the result of a division. 5. Formation of eight minute units (mg.). 6. Conjugation of microzooid (mg.) with one normal size." -Thomson, 1916

Vorticella

"Vorticella. 1. Structure. N., Macronucleus; n., micronucleus; c.v., contractile vacuole; m., mouth;…

"Life history of Coccidium. 1. Sporozoite; 2. Sporozoite entering a cell and becoming a trophozoite; 3-4. Schizont, forming merozoites; 5. Merozoites entering another cell; 6a. Merozoite forming macrogamete; 6b. Merozoite forming microgametes; 7. Free microgamete; 8-9. Fertilisation of macrogamete by microgamete; 10. Zygote within oocyst; 11. Formation of spores within oocyst; 12. Spores forming sporozoites." -Thomson, 1916

Coccidium

"Life history of Coccidium. 1. Sporozoite; 2. Sporozoite entering a cell and becoming a trophozoite;…

"Diagrammatic representation of development of Oscarella lobularis. Bl., Free-swimming blastula with flagella; G., gastrula settled down. Next figure shows folding of inner layer (En.); Ec., outer layer. Lowest figure shows radial chambers (R.C.); Mesogloea (Mg.); inhalant pore (P.); exhalant osculum (O.)." -Thomson, 1916

O. Lobularis

"Diagrammatic representation of development of Oscarella lobularis. Bl., Free-swimming blastula with…

"Life history of liver fluke. 1. Developing embryo in egg-case; 2. free-swimming ciliated embryo; 3. sporocyst; 3a. shell of Limnaus truncatulus; 4. division of sporocyst; 5. sporocyst with rediae forming within it; 6. redia with more rediae forming within it; 7. tailed cercaria; 8. young fluke." -Thomson, 1916

Liver Fluke Stages

"Life history of liver fluke. 1. Developing embryo in egg-case; 2. free-swimming ciliated embryo; 3.…

"Free-living Polychaete (Nereis cultrifera)." -Thomson, 1916

Polychaete

"Free-living Polychaete (Nereis cultrifera)." -Thomson, 1916

"Diagram of Salpa africana. o.a., Oral aperture; d.t., dorsal tubercle; te., tentacle; g., ganglion; m., muscle bands; atr., atrium; b.v., blood-vessel; an., anus; a.a., exhalant aperture; v.n., visceral nucleus; h., heart st., stolon; d.l., dorsal lamina; E., endostyle; s.n.g., sub-neural gland; ph., pharynx; p.p.b., peri-pharyngeal band." -Thomson, 1916

Salpa Africana

"Diagram of Salpa africana. o.a., Oral aperture; d.t., dorsal tubercle; te., tentacle; g., ganglion;…

"Internal view of tortoise skeleton. H., humerus; SC., scapula running dorsally; PC., precoracoid; C., coracoid; EC., epicoracoid cartilage; P., pubis; IL., ilium running dorsally to sacral vertebrae; IS., ischium; DV., dorsal vertebrae fused in carapace; R., head of a rib; CEV., cervical vertebrae free; CAV., caudal vertebrae free." -Thomson, 1916

Tortoise Skeleton

"Internal view of tortoise skeleton. H., humerus; SC., scapula running dorsally; PC., precoracoid; C.,…

"Fore-limb and hind-limb compared. H., Humerus; R., radius; U., ulna; r., radiale; u., ulnare; C., distal carpals united to carpo-metacarpus; CC., the whole carpal region; MC.I., metacarpal of the thumb; I., phalanx of the thumb; MC.II., second metacarpus; II., second digit; MC.III., third metacarpus; III., third digit. F., femur; T.T., tibio-tarsus; Fi., fibula; Pt., proximal tarsals united to lower end of tibia; dt., distal tarsals nited to upper end of tarso-metatarsus (T.MT.); T., entire tarsal region; MT.I., first metatarsal, free; I.-IV., toes." -Thomson, 1916

Bird Limbs

"Fore-limb and hind-limb compared. H., Humerus; R., radius; U., ulna; r., radiale; u., ulnare; C., distal…

"Bones of hind-limb of eagle. f., Femur; t.t., tibio-tarsus; fb., fibula; a., ankle-joint; m.t., tarso-metatarsus; m.t'., first metatarsal (free)." -Thomson, 1916

Eagle Hind-Limb

"Bones of hind-limb of eagle. f., Femur; t.t., tibio-tarsus; fb., fibula; a., ankle-joint; m.t., tarso-metatarsus;…

"C, more mature condition, in which the planula has become fixed: f, foot or attached end; o, oral or free end at which the tentacles and mouth will be developed." -Galloway, 1915

Mature Hydroid Planula

"C, more mature condition, in which the planula has become fixed: f, foot or attached end; o, oral or…

"Vorticella. A, B, living specimens in different positions; C, optical section; D1, D2, diagrams illustrating coiling of stalk; E1, E2, two stages in binary fission; E3, free zooid; F1, F2, division into mega- and microzooids; G1, G2, conjugation; H1, multiple fission of encysted form; H2, H3, development of spores; ax. f, axial fibre; cort, cortex; cu, cuticle; c. vac, contractile vacuole; d, disc; gull, gullet; m, microzooid; mth, mouth; nu, meganucleus; per, peristome." -Parker, 1900

Vorticella

"Vorticella. A, B, living specimens in different positions; C, optical section; D1, D2, diagrams illustrating…

"Stages in the development of Laomedea; A-F stages in segmentation; G, the planula enclosed in the maternal tissues; H, the free-swimming planula." -Parker, 1900

Laomedea

"Stages in the development of Laomedea; A-F stages in segmentation; G, the planula enclosed in the maternal…

"Head of Hirudo medicinalis, showing the three jaws (k); b, one of the jaws isolated, with the finely toothed free edge." -Parker, 1900

Medical Leech

"Head of Hirudo medicinalis, showing the three jaws (k); b, one of the jaws isolated, with the finely…

"Diagram of the metamorphosis of the free, tailed larva into the fixed Ascidian. A, stage of free-swimming larva; B, larva recently fixed; C, older fixed stage. adh, adhesive papillae; atr, atrial cavity; cil. gr, ciliated groove; end, endostyle; ht, heart; med, ganglion of trunk; n. gn, nerve-ganglion; noto, notochord; or, oral aperture; rect, reectum; sens ves, sense vesicle; stig, stigmata; stol, stolon; t, tail." -Parker, 1900

Ascidian Stages

"Diagram of the metamorphosis of the free, tailed larva into the fixed Ascidian. A, stage of free-swimming…

The torture of a free mason. Caption below illustration: "They next set my back against a thick board, at each extremity of which was pulley; through which a rope ran, that was fastened at the end of the chain at my wrist. The tormentors then, stretching these ropes by means of a roller, pressed and bruised my stomach in proportion as the ropes were drawn tighter.

Torture of a Free Mason

The torture of a free mason. Caption below illustration: "They next set my back against a thick board,…

(1808-1873) American statesman, jurist, and member of the Free-Soil party.

Salmon Portland Chase

(1808-1873) American statesman, jurist, and member of the Free-Soil party.

"Prostyle, in architecture, applied to a portico in which the columns stand out quite free from the wall of the building to which it is attached; also applied to a temple or other structure having pillars in front only." -Marshall

Plan view of a Prostyle Temple

"Prostyle, in architecture, applied to a portico in which the columns stand out quite free from the…

The skeleton of a haddock. In some species such as the haddock, there is a modified form of the coracoid bone, free at its lower extremities, which may, perhaps, subserve the purpose of the clavicle of the higher animals.

Skeleton of a Haddock

The skeleton of a haddock. In some species such as the haddock, there is a modified form of the coracoid…

The mucous membrane from the jejunum. Labels: 1, Villi (folds of lining mucous membrane) in miniature. 2, Tubular glands: their orifices. 3, Opening on the free surface of the mucous membrane. 4, Fibrous tissue.

Mucous Membrane from the Jejunum

The mucous membrane from the jejunum. Labels: 1, Villi (folds of lining mucous membrane) in miniature.…

Portion of the mucous membrane from the small intestine, magnified, showing the villi on its free surface, and between them the orifices of the tubular glands. Labels: 1, Portion of a clustered gland. 2, A solitary gland. 3, Fibrous tissue.

A Portion of the Mucous Membrane from the Small Intestine

Portion of the mucous membrane from the small intestine, magnified, showing the villi on its free surface,…

The vertical section of the stratified epithelium of the cornea of a rabbit. Labels: a, Anterior epithelium showing the different shapes of the cells at various depths from the free surface; b, a portion of the substance of cornea.

Epithelium of the Rabbit's Cornea

The vertical section of the stratified epithelium of the cornea of a rabbit. Labels: a, Anterior epithelium…

When a 2 percent fresh solution of tannic acid is applied to frog's blood it causes the appearance of a sharply defined little knob, projecting from the free surface (Robert's macula): the coloring matter becomes at the same concentrated in the nucleus, which grows more distinct. A somewhat similar effect is produced on the human blood corpuscle.

Effect of Tannin on Red Blood Cells

When a 2 percent fresh solution of tannic acid is applied to frog's blood it causes the appearance of…

The stethometer consists of a frame formed of two parallel steel bars joined by a third at one end. At the free end of the bars is attached a leather strap, by means of which the apparatus may be suspended from the neck. Attached to the inner end of one bar is a tambour and ivory button, to the end of the other an ivory button. When in use, the apparatus is suspended with the transverse bar posteriorly, the button of the tambour is placed on the part of the chest the movement of which it is desire to record, and the other button is made to press upon the corresponding side of the chest, so that the chest is held between a pair of callipers.

Stethometer

The stethometer consists of a frame formed of two parallel steel bars joined by a third at one end.…

Section of a mucous gland from the tongue. Labels: A, opening of the duct on the free surface; C, basement membrane with nuclei; B, flattened epithelial cells lining duct. The duct divides into several branches, which are convoluted and end blindly, being lined throughout by columnar epithelium. D, lumen of one of the tubuli of the gland.

Mucous Gland from Tongue

Section of a mucous gland from the tongue. Labels: A, opening of the duct on the free surface; C, basement…

Section showing the pyloric glands. Labels: s, free surface; d, ducts of pyloric glands; n, neck of same; m, the gland alveoli; mm, muscularis mucosae.

Pyloric Gland

Section showing the pyloric glands. Labels: s, free surface; d, ducts of pyloric glands; n, neck of…

Types of microorganisms. Labels: a, micrococci arranged singly; in twos, diplococci- if all the micrococci at a were grouped together, they would be called staphylococci- and in fours, sarcinae; b, micrococci, in chains streptococci; c and d, bacilli of various kinds, one is represented with flagellum; e, various forms of spirilla; f, spores, either free or in bacilli.

Types of Microorganisms

Types of microorganisms. Labels: a, micrococci arranged singly; in twos, diplococci- if all the micrococci…

The hair is produced by a peculiar growth and modification of the epidermis. Externally it is covered by a layer of fine scales closely imbricated, or overlapping like the tiles of a house, but with the free edges turned upwards. It is called the cuticle of the hair. Shown in the magnified surface of a hair. The wave lines mark the upper or free edges of the cortical scales. B, separate scales.

Magnified Surface of a Hair

The hair is produced by a peculiar growth and modification of the epidermis. Externally it is covered…

Three laryngoscopic view of the superior aperture of the larynx and surrounding parts. Labels: A, the glottis during the emission of a high note in singing; B, in easy and quite inhalation of air; C, in the state of widest possible dilation, as in inhaling a very deep breath. The diagrams A', B', and C', show in horizontal sections of the glottis in position of the vocal ligaments and arytenoid cartilages in the three several states represented in the other figures. In all the figures, so far as marked, the letters indicate the parts as follows, viz. : l, the base of the tongue; e, the upper free part of the epiglottis; e', the tubercle or cushion of the epiglottis; p h, part of the anterior all of the pharynx behind the larynx; in the margin of the aryteno-epiglottisdean fold w, the swelling of the membrane caused by the cartilages of Wrisberg; s. that of the cartilages of Santorini: a, the tip or summit of the arytenoid cartilages; c v, the true vocal cords r lips of the rima glottidis; c v s, the superior or false vocal cords; between them the ventricle of the larynx; in C, tr, is placed on the anterior wall of the receding trachea, and b indicated the commencement of the two bronchi beyond the bifurcation which may be brought into view in this state of extreme dilation.

Movement of the Vocal Cords

Three laryngoscopic view of the superior aperture of the larynx and surrounding parts. Labels: A, the…

The five layers of the cortical gray matter of the cerebrum. 1, Superficial layer with abundance of neuroglia and few small multipolar ganglion cells. 2, A thin layer of a large number of closely packed small ganglion cells of pyramidal shape. 3, The most important layer, and the thickest of all: it contains many large pyramidal ganglion cells, each with a process running off from the apex vertically towards the free surface, and lateral processes at the base which are always branched. 4, Numerous ganglion cells come are large and others small, forming the granular formation of Meynert. 5, Spindle-shaped and branched ganglion cells of moderate size arranged chiefly parallel to the free surface.

Cortical Gray Matter of the Cerebrum

The five layers of the cortical gray matter of the cerebrum. 1, Superficial layer with abundance of…

This modern Tablet Architectural frame was in the style of the Italian Renaissance. It had the general shape of an erect triangle that has a cresting feature, free-ending upwards.

Tablet Frame

This modern Tablet Architectural frame was in the style of the Italian Renaissance. It had the general…

The pulpit Architectural frame was a German frame that was dated between 1595 to 1597. It had the general shape of an erect triangle that has a cresting feature, free-ending upwards.

Pulpit Frame

The pulpit Architectural frame was a German frame that was dated between 1595 to 1597. It had the general…

Vertical section of dog's cerebellum. Labels: p m, pia mater; p, corpuscles of Purkinje, which are branched nerve cells lying in a single layer and sending single processed downwards and more numerous ones upwards, which branch continuously and extend through the deep "molecular layer" towards the free surface; g, dense layer of ganglionic corpuscles., closely resembling nuclear layers of retina; f, layer of nerve fibers, with a few scattered ganglionic corpuscles. This last layer (f) constitutes part of the white matter of the cerebellum, while the layer between it and the free surface are gray matter.

Cerebellum of Dog's Brain

Vertical section of dog's cerebellum. Labels: p m, pia mater; p, corpuscles of Purkinje, which are branched…

Vertical section of rabbit's cornea. Labels: anterior epithelium, showing the different shapes of the cells at various depths from the free surface; b, portion of the substance of cornea.

Magnified Rabbit's Cornea

Vertical section of rabbit's cornea. Labels: anterior epithelium, showing the different shapes of the…

Vertical section of rabbit's cornea, stained with gold chloride. Labels: e, Laminated anterior epithelium. Immediately beneath this is the anterior elastic lamina of Bowman. n, Nerves forming a delicate sub-epithelial plexus, and sending up fine twigs between the epithelial cells to end in a second plexus on the free surface; d, Descemet's membrane, consisting of a fine elastic layer, and a single layer of epithelial cells. the substance of the cornea, f, is seen to be fibrillated, and contains many layers of branched corpuscles, arranged parallel to the free surface, and here seen edgewise.

Section of Rabbit's Cornea

Vertical section of rabbit's cornea, stained with gold chloride. Labels: e, Laminated anterior epithelium.…

The posterior half of the retina of the left eye, viewed from before; s, the cut edge of the sclerotic coat; ch, the choroid; r, the retina; in the interior at the middle the macula lutea with the depression of the fovea centralis is represented by a slight oval shade; towards the left side the light spot indicates the colliculus or eminence at the entrance of the optic nerve, from the center of which the arteria centralis is seen spreading its branches into the retina, leaving the part occupied by the macula comparatively free.

Posterior Half of the Retina

The posterior half of the retina of the left eye, viewed from before; s, the cut edge of the sclerotic…

View of a section of the ovary of the cat. Labels: 1, outer covering and free border of the ovary; 1', attached border; 2, the ovarian stroma, presenting a fibrous and vascular structure; 3, granular substance lying external to the fibrous stroma; 4, blood-vessels; 5, ovigerms in their earliest stages occupying part of the granular layer near the surface; 6, ovigerms which have begun to enlarge and to pass more deeply into the ovary; 7, ovigerms round which the Graafian follicles and tunica granulosa are now formed and which have passed somewhat deeper into the ovary and are surrounded by the fibrous stroma; 8, more advanced Graafian follicle with the ovum imbedded in the layer of cells constituting the proligerous disc; 9, the most advanced follicle containing the ovum; 9', a follicle from which the ovum has accidentally escaped; IO, corpus luteum.

Ovary of the Cat

View of a section of the ovary of the cat. Labels: 1, outer covering and free border of the ovary; 1',…

"Dipping needle, a magnetic needle mounted on a horizontal support, and free to move in a vertical plane. The dipping needle is used to test the force of the earth's magnetism at different places on its surface." -Foster, 1921

Dipping Needle

"Dipping needle, a magnetic needle mounted on a horizontal support, and free to move in a vertical plane.…

"They walk with difficulty and their flight is clumsy. [They are] native to Malaysia, India and Sumatra.

Concave-Casqued Hornbill

"They walk with difficulty and their flight is clumsy. [They are] native to Malaysia, India and Sumatra.

"To set itself entirely free, the chrysalis alternately lengthens and shortens itself. The old skin gradually pushed upward, until it is considerably shortened."

Chrysalides of the Small Tortoise-shell Butterfly Freeing Themselves from the Caterpillar Skin

"To set itself entirely free, the chrysalis alternately lengthens and shortens itself. The old skin…

Free surface of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, showing villi, solitary glands, and opening of the intestinal glands.

Mucous Membrane of the Small Intestine

Free surface of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, showing villi, solitary glands, and opening…

The Gratiot Street Prison was an American Civil War prison located in St. Louis, Missouri and was the largest war prison in Missouri. Run by the Union Army, it housed Confederate prisoners-of-war. The prison building was previously a medical school named McDowell's College, which was confiscated by the Union Army and converted to a prison in December 1861. Its official capacity 1,200 but at times it had 2,000 prisoners.

Gratiot Street Prison

The Gratiot Street Prison was an American Civil War prison located in St. Louis, Missouri and was the…