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"When a feather and a cent are dropped from the same height, the cent reaches jthe ground first. this is not because the cent is heavier, bu because the feather meets with more resistance from the air in proportion to its mass. If this resistance can be removed or equalized, the two bodies will fall equal distances in equal times, or with the same velocity. The resistance may be avoided by dropping them in a glass tube from which the air has been removed. The resistances may be nearly equalized by making the two falling bodies of the same size and shape bu of different weights, as in the preceding experiment." -Avery 1895

Velocities of Falling Bodies

"When a feather and a cent are dropped from the same height, the cent reaches jthe ground first. this…

"Get a lamp-chimney, preferably cylindrical. With a diamond or a steel glass-cutter, cut a disk of window glass a little larger than the cross-section of the lamp-chimney. Pour some fine emery powder on the disk, and rub one end of the chimney upon it, thus grinding them until they fit accurately...place [the chimney] under the water as shown. the upward pressure of the water will hold the disk in place. Pour water carefully into the tube; the disk will fall as soon as the weight of the water in the chimney plus the weight of th disk, exceeds the upward pressure of the water." -Avery 1895

Water Pressure Experiment

"Get a lamp-chimney, preferably cylindrical. With a diamond or a steel glass-cutter, cut a disk of window…

"Grease the edges to make more sure of a tight joint, fit the hemispheres to each other, and exhaust the air with a pump. Close the stopcock, remove the hemispheres from the pump, attach the second handle, and, holding the hemispheres in different positions, try to pull them apart. When you are sure that the pressure that holds them together is exerted inall directions, place them under the receiver of the air pump, and exhaust the air from around them. The pressure seems to be removed, for the hemispheres fall apart of their own weight." -Avery 1895

Magdeburg Hemispheres

"Grease the edges to make more sure of a tight joint, fit the hemispheres to each other, and exhaust…

"Device used to prove that all things fall at the same rate due to gravity. When the device is triggered, one object is dropped while anothe object is shot horizontally from within, with the result being that both objects strike the ground at the same time." —Hallock 1905

Projectile Motion

"Device used to prove that all things fall at the same rate due to gravity. When the device is triggered,…

"Thus, we have a cannon planted on a towwer at such a height that it would take four seconds for a ball to fall from it to the ground. Dropped from the cannon's mouth, in the first second a ball would reach A; in the next, B; in the third, C; and in the fourth D." —Quackenbos 1859

Projectile Motion of a Cannon Ball

"Thus, we have a cannon planted on a towwer at such a height that it would take four seconds for a ball…

Illustration to let fall a perpendicular upon a given line from a given external point.

Construction of Perpendicular Upon a Given Line From an External Point

Illustration to let fall a perpendicular upon a given line from a given external point.

"If from any point on the circumference of a circle, a perpendicular be let fall upon a given diameter, this perpendicular will be a mean proportional between the two parts into which it divides the diameter."

Circle With a Perpendicular Drawn to the Diameter

"If from any point on the circumference of a circle, a perpendicular be let fall upon a given diameter,…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - oval or reverse egg-shape. Apex - pointed. Base - pointed. Leaf/Stem - slightly hairy when young. Leaf - two to five inches long; usually about half as broad; dark green and very shining above, especially when old; light green and shining below; thick, tough, and firm. Middle rib slightly hairy when young; side ribs rather indistinct and curved. Bark - grayish and often broken into short sections. Fertile Flowers - small, in clusters of three to eight on slender stems. April, May. Fruit - nearly one half inch long; bluish-black when ripe; egg-shape or oval; acid and rather bitter until "frosted." Stone - oval, somewhat pointed at each end, slightly flattened, and with three or four blunt ridges on each side. September. Found - from Southern Maine to Michigan, and southward to Florida and Texas. General Information - A tree twenty to forty feet high (larger southward), with flat, horizontal branches. The wood, even in short lengths, is very difficult of cleavage, and so is well fitted for beetles, hubs of wheels, pulleys, etc. Its leaves are the first to ripen in the fall, changing (sometimes as early as August) to a bright crimson. In the South, opossums climb the tree in search of its fruit and are immortalized in stories.

Genus Nyssa, L. (Sour Gum)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - oval or reverse egg-shape. Apex - pointed. Base -…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge deeply lobed (edges of lobes mostly entire, but notched and toothed towards the ends). Outline - broadly oval or broadly reverse egg-shape. Base - very short wedge-shape or squared. Ends of the lobes and of the teeth pointed and bristle-tipped. Leaf - four to eight inches long, bright green above, slightly lighter below; both surfaces smooth and shining. Lobes - five to nine, usually seven with the hollows rounded and very broad, and reaching about two thirds of the way to the middle rib. Most of the lobes widen and are deeply notched toward their end. Bark - of trunk, thick and rough, usually not quite as dark or as straight-furrowed as that of the Black Oak. The inner bark reddish. Acorns - variable. Cup - very thick, top-shaped, with large somewhat triangular egg-shaped, scales. Nut - one half to three fourths of an inch long; rounded or rounded egg-shape, about one third covered by the cup; kernel bitter and whitish. October. Found - from Southern Maine southward and westward; most common in the Middle and Southern States. General Information - A tree fifth to ninety feet high, with wood of less value than some of the other oaks. In the fall the leaves turn to a bright scarlet, or orange0scarlet, or crimson and red. They often cling throughout the winter. Quercus, possible from a Celtic word meaning to inquire, because it was among the oaks that the Druids oftenest practised their rites.

Genus Quercus, L. (Oak)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge deeply lobed (edges of lobes mostly entire, but notched and toothed…

Leaves simple; alternate; edge lobed (edges of the lobes mostly entire, but slightly toothed toward the ends). Outline - about oval. Base - short wedge-shape, or rounded. Ends of the lobes and of their one to three slight teeth, pointed and bristle-tipped. Leaf - six to nine inches long, three to five inches wide; both surfaces smooth. Lobes, nine to thirteen, usually very tapering from the base, with the hollows between them rounded and narrow and extending about half way to the middle rib. Bark - of trunk, dark, greenish-gray, and continuing smooth longer than on any other oak, never becoming as rough, for example, as that of the black oak. Acorns - large and stemless, or nearly so. Cup - flat saucer-shape, bulging, very shallow, nearly smooth, with small scales. Nut - about one inch long, somewhat egg-shape; bitter. October. Found - from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick westward and southward. Very common, especially at the North, and extending farther north than any other Atlantic oak. General Information - A tree fifty to eight feet high, with wood that at the East is porous and not durable (though often of better quality westward). It is used for clapboards and in cooperage. The leaves change in the fall to dark red. Quercus, possible from a Celtic word meaning to inquire, because it was among the oaks that the Druids oftenest practised their rites.

Genus Quercus, L. (Oak)

Leaves simple; alternate; edge lobed (edges of the lobes mostly entire, but slightly toothed toward…

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - long and narrow. Apex - pointed and bristle-tipped. Base - pointed. Leaf - three to six inches long; one to two inches wide; smooth and shining above; somewhat downy beneath; thick and stiff. Bark - smooth and unbroken. Acorns - small, nearly stemless. Cup - shallow. Nuts - rounded; about one half inch in diameter; bitter. October. Found - in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania (Porter), westward to Southeastern Iowa, and southward. Most common west of the Alleghany Mountains. General Information - A tree thirty to fifty feet high, with poor wood, that is used at the West for shingles and clapboards. Note: Of the nine hybrids that have been recognized, most are outside of our limits or entirely local. Mention need be made only of tow: Q. heterophylla, Michaux ("Bartram's Oak"). Staten Island and New Jersey to Delaware and North Carolina; Q. Rudkini, Britt., New Jersey. Quercus, possible from a Celtic word meaning to inquire, because it was among the oaks that the Druids oftenest practised their rites. The Oak "Live thy Life, Young and old, Like yon oak, Bright in spring, Living gold; Summer-rich, Then; and then Autumn-changed, Sober-hued Gold again. All his leaves fall'n at length, Look, he stands, Trunk and bough, Naked strength.: Alfred (Lord) Tennyson, 1889.

Genus Quercus, L. (Oak)

Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - long and narrow. Apex - pointed and bristle-tipped.…

Leaves - simple; opposite; edge lobed, with the lobes irregularly sharp-toothed and notched. Outline - roundish, with three to five lobes (the lowest pair, if present, the smallest); and with the hollows between the lobes pointed and usually extending less than half-way to the base of the leaf. Apex - of the lobes, pointed. Base - heart-shaped (or sometimes rounded.) Leaf/Stem - long and round. Leaf - (very variable in size and in the toothing and shape of its lobes); whitish beneath. Bark - smoothish; gray, becoming dark and rough with age. Flowers - rich crimson, on short stems in drooping clusters. March, April. Fruit - bright red, smooth, with stems two to three inches long. The wings are about one inch long. At first they approach each other, but afterward are somewhat spreading. September. Found - widely distributed in swamps and along streams especially in all wet forests eastward from the Mississippi to the Atlantic, and from Southern Canada to Florida and Texas. General Information - A tree thirty to sixty feet high, with wood of considerable value, especially when it shows a "curly grain." It is one of the very earliest trees to blossom in the spring, and to show its autumn coloring in the fall.

Genus Acer, L. (Maple)

Leaves - simple; opposite; edge lobed, with the lobes irregularly sharp-toothed and notched. Outline…

Leaves - simple; indeterminate, in position because of their closeness; arranged singly in two flat distinctly opposite ranks up and down the branchlets. Leaf - one half inch long, narrow; blunt sometimes minutely toothed toward the apex; flat; green above; silvery white beneath. Bark - reddish and scaly; when old, somewhat roughened by long, shallow furrows. Cones - very small (three fourths of an inch long); drooping; oval or egg-shape. Scales - few, thin, rounded and entire. The seed with the wing is about three fourths the length of the scale. The cone does not fall apart when ripe. Found - from Southern New Brunswick and the Valley of the St. Lawrence through the Northern States to Delaware, and along the Alleghany Mountains to Alabama. Common northward, often forming large forests. General Information - An evergreen tree, sixty to eighty feet high, irregular in outline, very graceful, especially when young, with light and delicate foliage and horizontal or drooping branches. The timber is very coarse; the bark much used for tanning, and with medicinal qualities.

Genus Tsuga, Carr. (Hemlock)

Leaves - simple; indeterminate, in position because of their closeness; arranged singly in two flat…

Bow compasses should be used on all arcs and circles having a radius of less than 3/4 inch.

Bow Divider

Bow compasses should be used on all arcs and circles having a radius of less than 3/4 inch.

The divider is held in the right hand.

Holding the Divider

The divider is held in the right hand.

Celtic divider

Celtic Divider

Celtic divider

(1809-1849) Famous poet and story writer best known for The Raven, Annabel Lee, The Fall of the House of Usher, The Masque of the Red Death, and The Tell-Tale Heart.

Edgar Allan Poe

(1809-1849) Famous poet and story writer best known for The Raven, Annabel Lee, The Fall of the House…

A symmetrical divider decorated with six ducks.

Duck Divider

A symmetrical divider decorated with six ducks.

Mother Nature is in an apple orchard. It is autumn.

Mother Nature, Fall

Mother Nature is in an apple orchard. It is autumn.

Jack and Jill fallen at the bottom of the hill.

Jack and Jill

Jack and Jill fallen at the bottom of the hill.

The sandman visiting a little boy as he sleeps.

Sandman

The sandman visiting a little boy as he sleeps.

A boy who just fell out of bed after dreaming about football.

Football 6

A boy who just fell out of bed after dreaming about football.

A decorative banner of vines and apples.

Apple Banner

A decorative banner of vines and apples.

A decorative divider of fruit.

Fruit Divider

A decorative divider of fruit.

This figure "shows the cotidal lines and the lines of equal rise and fall for a diurnal component in latitude 30 degrees north." -Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1901

Cotidal Lines

This figure "shows the cotidal lines and the lines of equal rise and fall for a diurnal component in…

A decorative doodad or divider of a tree.

Tree Doodad

A decorative doodad or divider of a tree.

A decorative doodad or divider of a plant in a vase.

Plant Doodad

A decorative doodad or divider of a plant in a vase.

Floral divider used to separate chapters.

Floral Divider

Floral divider used to separate chapters.

A decorative divider of a beach scene and a lighthouse.

Beach Divider

A decorative divider of a beach scene and a lighthouse.

A decorative divider with hanging vines and ornaments.

Hanging Divider

A decorative divider with hanging vines and ornaments.

A decorative divider with flowers wrapped together.

Flower Divider

A decorative divider with flowers wrapped together.

An elaborate decorative doodad of flowers and birds.

Floral Doodad

An elaborate decorative doodad of flowers and birds.

A decorative divider with sports activities and equipment: tennis, fishing, shooting, and boating.

Sports Divider

A decorative divider with sports activities and equipment: tennis, fishing, shooting, and boating.

A decorative divider with flowers and leaves.

Floral Divider

A decorative divider with flowers and leaves.

A decorative divider of a horizon scene: a sunset, birds, and trees.

Horizon

A decorative divider of a horizon scene: a sunset, birds, and trees.

A decorative divider with birds, plants, and spiders.

Nature Divider

A decorative divider with birds, plants, and spiders.

A decorative divider with a man in the center, surrounded by plants and animals.

Man and Animals Divider

A decorative divider with a man in the center, surrounded by plants and animals.

A decorative divider with a vase in the center surrounded by flowers, plants, and pine cones.

Vase Divider

A decorative divider with a vase in the center surrounded by flowers, plants, and pine cones.

A decorative divider with wheat in the center, surrounded by dogs, rabbits, and other plants.

Animal Divider

A decorative divider with wheat in the center, surrounded by dogs, rabbits, and other plants.

A decorative divider with leaves, flowers, and birds.

Leaves Divider

A decorative divider with leaves, flowers, and birds.

A decorative divider with Greek statues, musical instruments, and flowers.

Greek Divider

A decorative divider with Greek statues, musical instruments, and flowers.

A decorative divider with leaves and birds.

Leaf Divider

A decorative divider with leaves and birds.

A decorative divider with leaves and birds.

Bird Divider

A decorative divider with leaves and birds.

A decorative divider with griffins, cornucopias, grapes, and leaves.

Greek Divider

A decorative divider with griffins, cornucopias, grapes, and leaves.

A decorative divider with griffins, Greek statues, and cornucopias.

Greek Divider

A decorative divider with griffins, Greek statues, and cornucopias.

Of the Composite family (Compositae), the fall dandelion (Leontodon autumnalis).

Fall Dandelion

Of the Composite family (Compositae), the fall dandelion (Leontodon autumnalis).

"A, a pear leaf-bud in autumn; B, a leafy shoot derived from A, as seen in the middle of the following summer, with flower-bud at tip; C, the fruit-spur, B, in autumn, after the fall of the leaves." -Bergen, 1896

Pear Leaf-Bud

"A, a pear leaf-bud in autumn; B, a leafy shoot derived from A, as seen in the middle of the following…

"The fall of the horse-chestnut leaf." -Bergen, 1896

Buckeye Leaves

"The fall of the horse-chestnut leaf." -Bergen, 1896

A decorative divider that resembles a book with bookmarks dangling on each side.

Book With Decorative Divider

A decorative divider that resembles a book with bookmarks dangling on each side.

"Theory of the barometer. Fill a glass tube (over thirty inches long and closed at one end) with mercury. The column in the tube will fall until it is only about thirty inches long. The normal pressure of the air on the contents of the bowl balances the weight of the mercury in the tube." -Foster, 1921

Barometer Theory

"Theory of the barometer. Fill a glass tube (over thirty inches long and closed at one end) with mercury.…

A decorative divider of a farmhouse and plains.

Farm Divider

A decorative divider of a farmhouse and plains.

A decorative divider with lyres and ribbon.

Lyre Divider

A decorative divider with lyres and ribbon.

Drawing equal parts, one of three.

Dividers

Drawing equal parts, one of three.

Drawing equal parts, two of three.

Dividers

Drawing equal parts, two of three.

Drawing equal parts, three out of three.

Dividers

Drawing equal parts, three out of three.

Fall cells. Labels: a, filled with oil; b, exhausted of oil, the cell wall shriveled.

Fat Cells

Fall cells. Labels: a, filled with oil; b, exhausted of oil, the cell wall shriveled.

The engraved illustration of the Fall of Lucifer from the block book, Speculum Humanae Salvationis (Mirror of Human Salvation).

Speculum Humanae Salvationis

The engraved illustration of the Fall of Lucifer from the block book, Speculum Humanae Salvationis (Mirror…

"The fish banners are hollow so that the wind ma fill them, causing fish to rise and fall as the breeze comes and goes...The fish used on this eventful day are the famous carp, which the natives call koi, the unconquerable." -Beard, 1906

Paper Koi Birthday Pole

"The fish banners are hollow so that the wind ma fill them, causing fish to rise and fall as the breeze…

"When the male bees have built the cells and furnished them with honey, the female, as we know, deposits in each an egg. Immediately the larvae of the <em>Sitaris</em> let themselves fall onto these eggs, open them and suck their contents. Then they change their skin, and the second larva appears."

Pseudo Nymph of Sitaris Humeralis

"When the male bees have built the cells and furnished them with honey, the female, as we know, deposits…

Toccoa Falls waterfall is located on the campus of Toccoa Falls College in Stephens County, Georgia. Toccoa is the Cherokee Indian name for "beautiful."

Toccoa Falls

Toccoa Falls waterfall is located on the campus of Toccoa Falls College in Stephens County, Georgia.…