ClipArt ETC
"A genus of annual, subshrubby plants, order Solanaceae, with a wheel-shaped corolla, projecting and converging stamens, and a many-seeded berry. They are chiefly natives of the East and West Indies, China, Brazil, and Egypt, but have spread to various other tropical or subtropical countries, being cultivated for their fruit, which in some reaches the size of an orange, is fleshy and variously colored and contains a pungent principle, which is presented also and more largely in the seed." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Capsicum

"A genus of annual, subshrubby plants, order Solanaceae, with a wheel-shaped corolla, projecting and…

"A genus of order Piperaceae. The Piper nigrum, which furnishes the black pepper of commerse, is a native of the East Indies, where it is cultivated on an extensive scale. It is a climbing plant, which broad, ovate, acuminate leaves, and little globular berries, which, when ripe, are of a bright-red color. The pepper of Malacca, Java, and especially of Sumatra, is the most esteemed. Its culture has been introduced into various other tropical countries. White pepper is the best and soundest of the berries, gathered when fully ripe, and deprived of their external skin." — Winston's Encyclopedia, 1919

Black Pepper

"A genus of order Piperaceae. The Piper nigrum, which furnishes the black pepper of commerse, is a native…

"The root used in medicine under this name is obtained from Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, A. Rich, a small shrubby plant of the natural order Cinchonaceae. It is a native of Brazil, growing in clumps or patches in moist shady forests from 8 degrees to 22 degrees S. lat., and is believed to extend to the Bolivian province of Chiquitos, and the calley of Catica in New Granada." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Ipecacuanha Plant

"The root used in medicine under this name is obtained from Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, A. Rich, a small…

"Botanically Jasminum, a genus of shrubs or climbers constituting the principal part of the natural order Jasminaceae, and comprising about sixty species, of which forty or more occur in the gardens of Britain. The plants of the genus are mostly natives of the warmer regions of the Old World, but there are one or two South American species. The leaves are pinnate or ternate, articulted to the petiole. The flowers, usually white or yellow, are arranged in terminal or axillary panicles, and have a tubular 5 or 8-cleft calyx, and a cylindrical corolla-tube, with a spreading limb, two included stamens, and a two-celled ovary." — The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1893

Jasmine

"Botanically Jasminum, a genus of shrubs or climbers constituting the principal part of the natural…

"Why does a person carrying a weight upon his back stoop forward? In order to bring the center of gravity of his body and the load over his feet. If held in this position, he would fall backwards, as the direction of the center of gravity would fall beyond his heels." — Wells, 1857

Center of Gravity

"Why does a person carrying a weight upon his back stoop forward? In order to bring the center of gravity…

"Why does a person carrying a weight upon his back stoop forward? In order to bring the center of gravity of his body and the load over his feet, he assumes this position." — Wells, 1857

Center of Gravity

"Why does a person carrying a weight upon his back stoop forward? In order to bring the center of gravity…

A diagram showing the titles for different types of architecture.

Elements of an Architectural Order

A diagram showing the titles for different types of architecture.

"The external bones of the temple are supposed to be removed in order to render visible the muscular arrangements. The muscle, 1, raises the eye-lid, and is constantly in action while we are awake. During sleep, the muscle being in repose and relaxed, the eye-lid falls and protects the eye from the action of light. The muscle, 4, turns the eye upwards; 5, downwards; 6, outwards; and a corresponding one on the inside, not seen in the figure, turns it inwards. No. 2 and 10 turn the eye round its axis. No. 11 is the great optic nerve, which conveys the sensation to the brain. If this nerve were cut, notwithstanding the eye might be in other respects perfect, the sense of sight would be destroyed." —Wells, 1857

Eye Muscles

"The external bones of the temple are supposed to be removed in order to render visible the muscular…

"Next in order is the aqueous humor, b, e, in the middle of which is the iris, d, c. Behind the pupil we have the crystalline lens, f, and then the vitreous humor, h, filling all the interior of the ball of the eye. m indicates the retina, which is an expansion of the optic nerve, n. k is the choroid coat, a membrane interposed between the retina and the sclerotic coat; it terminates in form in a series of folds or filaments, g, called the ciliary ligament or process." —Wells, 1857

Eye

"Next in order is the aqueous humor, b, e, in the middle of which is the iris, d, c. Behind the pupil…

"In order to produce, on the catoptric system, a fixed light showing all round the circle, a number of reflectors are fixed round the outside of a stationary chandelier n. As the ordinary paraboloid has about 14 degrees of divergence, twenty-five reflectors were needed to light up continuously (though not equally) the whole horizon." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Revolving Light

"In order to produce, on the catoptric system, a fixed light showing all round the circle, a number…

"In order strictly to equalize a fixed light over the whole horizon, which could not possibly be done with separate reflectors, Marcet proposed this ingenious instrument, which is generated by the revolution of the parabolic profile pp' round its parameter as a vertical axis, instead of round a horizontal axis, as in all former reflectors." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Parabolic Profile

"In order strictly to equalize a fixed light over the whole horizon, which could not possibly be done…

"Fresnel next conceived the admirable improvement of employing the principle of "total" or internal reflexion by glass prisms. The ray Fi falling on a prismoidal ring, ABC, is refracted and bent in the direction iR, and falling on the side AC, at an angle of incidence greater than the critical, is totally relfected in the direction Re, and, impinging on the side BC at e, it undergoes a second refraction, and emerges horizontally. The highest ray FA after refraction by AB and reflexion by AC must (in order to avoid superfluous glass) pass along AB, and after a second refraction at B emerge horizontally. The lowest ray FB after refraction by AC and a second refraction by BC also emerge horizontally." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910

Reflecting Prism

"Fresnel next conceived the admirable improvement of employing the principle of "total" or internal…

"The pump barrel, a, b, is represented as divided lengthwise, in order to show the inside. The piston, c, is fitted so accurately to the barrel, as to work up and down water tight; both barrel and piston being made of iron. The thing to be broken or pressed, is laid on the flat surface, i, there being above this, a strong frame to meet the pressure, not shown in the figure. The small forcing pump, of which d is the piston, and h, the lever by which it is worked, is also made of iron." —Comstock, 1850

Hydraulic Press

"The pump barrel, a, b, is represented as divided lengthwise, in order to show the inside. The piston,…

"Take a piece of ivory, or any other substance that will sink in water, and weigh it accurately in the usual manner; then suspend it by a thread, or hair, in the empty cup a, and balance it. Now pour water into the cup, and it will be found that the suspended body will lose a part of its weight, so that a certain number of grains must be taken from the opposite scale, in order to make the scales balance as before the water was poured in. The number of grains taken from the opposite scale, show the weight of a quantity of water equal to the bulk of the body so suspended." —Comstock, 1850

Water Weighing

"Take a piece of ivory, or any other substance that will sink in water, and weigh it accurately in the…

"Camera obscura strictly signifies a darkened chamber, because the room must be darkened, in order to observe its effects. To witness the phenomena of this instrument, let a room be closed in every direction, so as to exclude the light. Then from an aperture, say of an inch in diameter, admit a single beam of light, and the images of external things, such as trees and houses, and persons walking the streets, will be seen inverted on the wall opposite to where the light is admitted, or on a screen of white paper, placed before the aperture. The reason why the image is inverted will be obvious, when it is remembered that the rays proceeding from the extremities of the object must converge in order to pass through the small aperture; and as the rays of light always proceed in straight lines, they must cross each other at the point of admission. Thus the pencil a, coming from the upperpart of the tower, and proceeding straight, will represent the image of the part at b, while the lower part c, for the same reason, will be represented at d." —Comstock, 1850

Camera Obscura

"Camera obscura strictly signifies a darkened chamber, because the room must be darkened, in order to…

"Camera obscura strictly signifies a darkened chamber, because the room must be darkened, in order to observe its effects. To witness the phenomena of this instrument, let a room be closed in every direction, so as to exclude the light. Then from an aperture, say of an inch in diameter, admit a single beam of light, and the images of external things, such as trees and houses, and persons walking the streets, will be seen inverted on the wall opposite to where the light is admitted, or on a screen of white paper, placed before the aperture. The reason why the image is inverted will be obvious, when it is remembered that the rays proceeding from the extremities of the object must converge in order to pass through the small aperture; and as the rays of light always proceed in straight lines, they must cross each other at the point of admission. Thus the pencil a, coming from the upperpart of the tower, and proceeding straight, will represent the image of the part at b, while the lower part c, for the same reason, will be represented at d." —Comstock, 1850

Camera Obscura

"Camera obscura strictly signifies a darkened chamber, because the room must be darkened, in order to…

"Let a candle c, be placed on the inside of a box or tube, so that its light may pass through the plano-convex lens n, and strongly illuminate the object o. This object is generally a small transparent painting on a slip of glass, which slides through an opening in the tube. In order to show the figures in the erect position, these paintings are inverted, since their shadows are again inverted by the refraction of the convex lens m." —Comstock, 1850

Magic Lantern

"Let a candle c, be placed on the inside of a box or tube, so that its light may pass through the plano-convex…

"This was invented in 1865 by H. Sprengel. The instrument, in its original (simplest) form, consists of a vertical capillary glass tube a of about 1 mm. bore, provided with a lateral branch b near its upper end, which latter, by an india-rubber join governable by a screw-clamp, communicates with a funnel. The lower end is bent into the shape of a hook, and dips into a pneumatic trough. The vessel to be exhausted is attached to b, and, in order to extract its gas contents, a properly regulated stream of mercury is allowed to fall through the vertical tube." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Air-Pump

"This was invented in 1865 by H. Sprengel. The instrument, in its original (simplest) form, consists…

This figure comprises the whole of the points and lines preparatory to beginning a drawing in "angular perspective." 1) The point of sight; 2)The horizontal line; 3) The point of station; 4) The nearest corner of the object to be drawn; 5) The ground line of the building or object, lying on that side, and produced from the nearest corner up to the horizontal line, in order to determine the vanishing point marked 5; 6) A line taken from the vanishing point 5, to the point of station 3; 7) A line drawn at right angles to 6, and extending from the point of station to the horizontal line, at its junction with which the vanishing point, marked 8, is determined; 9) A point of measurement obtained by the use of the vanishing point 8; 10) The other point of measurement, obtained by vanishing point 5; 11) The geometrical scale of the building or object upon a base line drawn through the nearest corner.

Angular Perspective

This figure comprises the whole of the points and lines preparatory to beginning a drawing in "angular…

This cube has four additional cubes of equal dimensions. This is effected by first drawing the cube in the order and then finding the centre of the upright line 5, that being the nearest corner line of this first cube. The centre being found at 10, take the line 10 to the vanishing point for that side of the cube; this will give the centres of all the other upright lines of that side of all the added cubes. The line 11 is drawn from the top of the corner line 5, through the intersection of 8 and 10, until it meets the ground line 1, at its junction with which the upright line is raised for the far corner line 12 of the second cube. The three other cubes are described precisely in the same manner, being found by the diagonal lines traversing each pair of the cubes, through the intersection of the centre line 10, with each perpendicular line raised from the meeting of the previous diagonal line with the ground line 1. It will be perceived that a further distance of twelve feet is added to one side of the geometrical scale, and marked A. This is done merely to prove the correctness of the first diagonal line 11, passing through the centre line 10, to determine the perspective depth of the second cube. For if a line be taken from the end of the geometrical scale A to the point of measurement on the horizontal line, it will be found to meet the ground line 1 at exactly the same point; thus proving the truth of both modes of drawing. The former mode, however, is more convenient where a number of cubes are to be drawn; as the geometrical scale might extend far beyond the limits of the paper, and consequently give much more trouble.

Angular Perspective

This cube has four additional cubes of equal dimensions. This is effected by first drawing the cube…

Colonel Sloughter signing the order to execute two rebels. According to popular lore, Sloughter was against executing the men, but his signature was obtained while he was intoxicated, by enemies of the accused.

Sloughter Signing the Death-Warrant

Colonel Sloughter signing the order to execute two rebels. According to popular lore, Sloughter was…

The basis for funding for the college was established by the Morrill Act, passed by the US Congress in 1862, which provides for donation of public land (land grants) to the states. The land could then be sold at public auction to establish a permanent fund to support a college where the "leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and mechanical arts...in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life."

Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas

The basis for funding for the college was established by the Morrill Act, passed by the US Congress…

The coca plant is the source of the coca leaf used in medicine and in the production of cocaine

Coca

The coca plant is the source of the coca leaf used in medicine and in the production of cocaine

Fur Seals make up one of the two distinct groups of mammals called "seals". Both the fur seals and the true seals are members of the Pinnipedia, which is usually regarded as a suborder of the order Carnivora but sometimes as an independent order. However, the fur seals, like their close relatives the sea lions, retain some ability to walk on land as their hind limbs can be brought forward under the body to bear the animal's weight, and retain small but visible external ears.

Seals and Walrus

Fur Seals make up one of the two distinct groups of mammals called "seals". Both the fur seals and the…

"And they came to the place which God had told him of. And Abraham built the altar there, and laid the wood in order, and bound Isaac his son, and laid him on the altar, upon the wood. And Abraham stretched forth his hand, and took the knife to slay his son. And the angel of Jehovah called unto him out of heaven, and said, Abraham, Abraham. And he said, Here I am. And he said, Lay not thy hand upon the lad, neither do thou anything unto him. For now I know that thou fearest God, seeing thou hast not withheld thy son, thine only son, from me." Genesis 22:9-12 <p>This sculpture is a Bronze-relief by Brunellesco. There is a similar sculpture done by Ghiberti. It can now be found in the National Museum in Florence, Italy.

Offering of Isaac

"And they came to the place which God had told him of. And Abraham built the altar there, and laid the…

Three-ranked arrangement, shown in a piece of the stalk of a Sedge, with the leaves cut off above their bases; the leaves are numbered in order, from 1 to 6.

Three-ranked

Three-ranked arrangement, shown in a piece of the stalk of a Sedge, with the leaves cut off above their…

Diagram of opposite-leaved plant with a cyne of three flowers; <em>a</em> the first flower, of the main axis: <em>b b</em>, those of branches. Flowers of the third order.

Opposite-Leaved

Diagram of opposite-leaved plant with a cyne of three flowers; a the first flower, of the main…

Burrow of Andrena, showing cells in order of completion; the first at <em>a</em>, the last at <em>f</em>, in which an egg has just been laid.

Andrena

Burrow of Andrena, showing cells in order of completion; the first at a, the last at f,…

Five points are given, of which not three are in a line, a curve of second order may be drawn through all of them.

Second Order Curve

Five points are given, of which not three are in a line, a curve of second order may be drawn through…

Any four-point on a curve of the second order and the four-side formed by the tangents at these points stand in this relation that the diagonal points of the four-point lie in the diagonals of the four-side.

Second Order Curve Tangents

Any four-point on a curve of the second order and the four-side formed by the tangents at these points…

"A genus of Old World bulbous plants belonging to the order Lilac&aelig;." &mdash;Finley, 1917

Scilla

"A genus of Old World bulbous plants belonging to the order Lilacæ." —Finley, 1917

"The prunella, or self-heal, is a genus of hardy perennial, herbaceous plants belonging to the order Labiatae."&mdash;Finley, 1917

Prunella

"The prunella, or self-heal, is a genus of hardy perennial, herbaceous plants belonging to the order…

"Star of Bethlehem, or Ornithogalum, a genus of bulbous plants belonging to the order Liliacae."&mdash;Finley, 1917

Star of Bethlehem

"Star of Bethlehem, or Ornithogalum, a genus of bulbous plants belonging to the order Liliacae."—Finley,…

"A former genus of herbaceous plants belonging to the order Caryophylacae, and now included in the genus Alsine."&mdash;Finley, 1917

Greater stitchwort

"A former genus of herbaceous plants belonging to the order Caryophylacae, and now included in the genus…

In order to rid water of impurities, it is required to boil water, then condense the steam to make it fit for chemical use.

Distilling Apparatus

In order to rid water of impurities, it is required to boil water, then condense the steam to make it…

Represents the relation between the tetragonal bipyramid of the first order when the indices are {111}.

Tetragonal Bipyramids of the First Order

Represents the relation between the tetragonal bipyramid of the first order when the indices are {111}.

Represents the relation between the tetragonal bipyramid of the first order when the indices are {111}.

Tetragonal Bipyramids of the Second Order

Represents the relation between the tetragonal bipyramid of the first order when the indices are {111}.

"...a combination of a bipyramid of the first order with a ditetragonal bipyramid and the prism of the second order." -The Encyclopedia Britannica 1910

Combination of a bipyramid and prism

"...a combination of a bipyramid of the first order with a ditetragonal bipyramid and the prism of the…

"...a combination of two bisphenoids (P and P'), two bipyramids of the second order (b and c), and the basal pinacoid (a)." -The Encyclopedia Britannica 1910

Crystal of Chalcopyrite

"...a combination of two bisphenoids (P and P'), two bipyramids of the second order (b and c), and the…

"...a combination of tetragonal prism of the first order with a tetragonal bipyramid of the third order and the basal pinacoid." -The Encyclopedia Britannica 1910

Crystal of Fergusonite

"...a combination of tetragonal prism of the first order with a tetragonal bipyramid of the third order…

"...represents a crystal of dioptase with the fundamental rhombohedron (r) and the hexagonal prism of the second order (m) combined with the rhombohedron (s)." -The Encyclopedia Britannica 1910

Crystal of Dioptase

"...represents a crystal of dioptase with the fundamental rhombohedron (r) and the hexagonal prism of…

"Hexagonal prism of the first order, consisting of six faces also parallel to the hexad axis, but perpendicular to the other set of three vertical planes of symmetry." -The Encyclopedia Britannica 1910

Hexagonal Prism of the First Order

"Hexagonal prism of the first order, consisting of six faces also parallel to the hexad axis, but perpendicular…

Two alveoli of the lung, highly magnified. Alveoli are cavities which are honeycombed with bulgings in order to increase the surface area exposed to air and covered by capillaries. Labels: b,b, bulgings of the alveoli, a, a.

Two Alveoli of the Lung

Two alveoli of the lung, highly magnified. Alveoli are cavities which are honeycombed with bulgings…

"Illustrating the principle of Siemens' drum winding. In order to make the winding and connections clear, one coil and the commutator is shown assumbled, although the latter is not put in place until after all the sections have been wound, the ends of the wires temporarily twisted together until all can be soldered to the risers. the cores of these early machines were of wood, overspun circumferentially with iron wire before receiving the longitudinal copper windings." -Hawkins, 1917

Siemens' Drum Winding

"Illustrating the principle of Siemens' drum winding. In order to make the winding and connections clear,…

"In order that the successive wheels should revolve in the same time, and their circumfrences should be just equal to the length of rope passing between them...By this construction, although the length of rope passing over each was different, yet their revolutions are equal, both with respect to time and number." -Comstock 1850

White's Pulley

"In order that the successive wheels should revolve in the same time, and their circumfrences should…

"The inner or primary bow is much brighter than the other; the outer or secondary bow has the order of colors revered, as indicated." -Avery 1895

Secondary Rainbow

"The inner or primary bow is much brighter than the other; the outer or secondary bow has the order…

The salivary glands. One side of the lower jaw has been removed, and the face dissected, in order to show the salivary glands on the right side.

Salivary Glands

The salivary glands. One side of the lower jaw has been removed, and the face dissected, in order to…

"Let the are of the piston a be 20 square inches; of b, 7 sq. in.; of c, 1 sq. in.; of d, 6 sq. in.; of e, 8 sq. in; and of f, 4 sq. in. If... a force of five pounds be applied at c, a pressure of five pounds per square inch will be transmitted in all directions, and in order that there shall be no movement, the required pressure must be applied by all the other pistons in proportion." &mdash;Hallock 1905

Water Pressure Demonstration

"Let the are of the piston a be 20 square inches; of b, 7 sq. in.; of c, 1 sq. in.; of d, 6 sq. in.;…

Diagrammatic view from before of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata, including the roots of the spinal and some of the cranial nerves, and on one side of the gangliated chain of the sympathetic. The spinal nerves are enumerated in order on the right side of the figure. Labels: Br, brachial plexus; Cr, anterior crural, O, obturator, and Ss, great sciatic nerves, coming off from lumbo-sacral plexus; x, x, filum terminale; a,b,c, superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia of the sympathetic, the last united with the first thoracic, d; d', the eleventh thoracic ganglion; l, the twelfth thoracic (or first lumbar); below ss, the chain of sacral ganglia.

Spinal Cord

Diagrammatic view from before of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata, including the roots of the spinal…

A vertical section of the head and neck through the mesial line, in order to show the opening of the Eustachian tube and its relation to the pharynx.

A Vertical Section of the Head and Neck

A vertical section of the head and neck through the mesial line, in order to show the opening of the…

Illustrations to show quadrilaterals with lines joining the midpoints of the sides of any quadrilateral, taken in order.

Quadrilaterals With Lines Joining Midpoints

Illustrations to show quadrilaterals with lines joining the midpoints of the sides of any quadrilateral,…

Illustrations to show trapezoids with lines joining the midpoints of the sides of any quadrilateral, taken in order.

Trapezoids With Lines Joining Midpoints

Illustrations to show trapezoids with lines joining the midpoints of the sides of any quadrilateral,…

Structure of the chest, showing the framework of the bones which are connected together chiefly by muscles. It is important to understand the structure of the chest in order to understand how the movements of the chest are made in inspiration and expiration. The spinal column <em>b,b</em> is the grand pillar that supports this barrel-shaped framework. The ribs <em>c, c, c</em> are fastened very strongly by ligaments to the spinal column. They are 2 in number, 12 on each side and extend round towards the breast bone (sternum) <em>a</em> in front.

Structure of the Chest

Structure of the chest, showing the framework of the bones which are connected together chiefly by muscles.…

The lenses and humors of the eye must be very exactly arranged, in order that the sight may be perfect. They must be so arranged that the images of the objects shall be formed distinctly on the retina. In nearsighted persons the lenses and humors are so arranged as to make the rays that form the images from together too quickly, before they reach the retina, as shown in the figure.

Nearsighted Vision

The lenses and humors of the eye must be very exactly arranged, in order that the sight may be perfect.…

View of labyrinth on the left side, open throughout, in order to show its structure -- enlarged.

Labyrinth of the Ear on the Left Side

View of labyrinth on the left side, open throughout, in order to show its structure -- enlarged.

In changing the compass from a small to large radius, hold the legs together with one hand and spin the nut with the other, in order to save wear on the threads.

Adjusting the Compass

In changing the compass from a small to large radius, hold the legs together with one hand and spin…

A poster with important images and facts from the period of glory (500-431 B.C.).

Greece Poster

A poster with important images and facts from the period of glory (500-431 B.C.).

The Golden Fleece is military decoration of Europe.

The Golden Fleece

The Golden Fleece is military decoration of Europe.

The White Elephant is military decoration of Europe.

The White Elephant

The White Elephant is military decoration of Europe.

St. Michael and St. George are military decorations of Europe.

St. Michael and St. George

St. Michael and St. George are military decorations of Europe.