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A winnowing machine was traditionally used to separate yield from chaff. The pictured type of winnowing machine was likely used to separate chaff from tea leaves.

Winnowing Machine

A winnowing machine was traditionally used to separate yield from chaff. The pictured type of winnowing…

A machine with protruding handles used to roll tea leaves into balls.

Tea Leaf Roller

A machine with protruding handles used to roll tea leaves into balls.

The Demoiselle, or Numidian crane.

Demoiselle

The Demoiselle, or Numidian crane.

The Flag of St. George is a flag of Great Britain. It shows the red cross of St. George on a white field, and survives only as a flag of command in the royal navy.

Flag of St. George

The Flag of St. George is a flag of Great Britain. It shows the red cross of St. George on a white field,…

The White Ensign is a flag of Great Britain. It is the peculiar flag of the royal navy.

White Ensign

The White Ensign is a flag of Great Britain. It is the peculiar flag of the royal navy.

New Zealand Flax is a liliaceous plant bearing tough, radical leaves, usually about four feet in length. In early autumn it bears large, reddish or yellow flowers, with tubular perianths. The plant yields a valuable fiber which is stripped by machinery and used for making baskets, ropes, etc. This illustration shows flowers of the New Zealand Flax.

New Zealand Flax (Flowers)

New Zealand Flax is a liliaceous plant bearing tough, radical leaves, usually about four feet in length.…

New Zealand Flax is a liliaceous plant bearing tough, radical leaves, usually about four feet in length. in early autumn, it bears large, reddish or yellow flowers, with tubular perianths. The plant yields a valuable fiber which is stripped by machinery and used for making baskets, ropes, etc. This illustration shows fruit of New Zealand Flax

New Zealand Flax (Fruit)

New Zealand Flax is a liliaceous plant bearing tough, radical leaves, usually about four feet in length.…

A European plant which grows in stagnant or nearly stagnant water. It has long, sword-shaped leaves, and bears an umbel of large reddish flowers at the end of its long stalk. This illustration shows 1) a cross-section of a flower, and 2) the fruit of the flowering rush.

Flowering Rush

A European plant which grows in stagnant or nearly stagnant water. It has long, sword-shaped leaves,…

Fig plant.

Fig plant

Fig plant.

Frankincense (Olibanum) is a gum resin obtained from Boswellia Carterii, of the order Burseraceae, and grows chiefly in Somali land. It occurs in roundish tears, about half an inch in diameter, colorless to reddish and covered with a white powder. its odor is balsamic, and it tastes bitter. It burns with a fragrant odor, and is used in incense. The illustration shows 1) the flower, 2) a cross section with petals removed, and 3) fruit.

Frankincense

Frankincense (Olibanum) is a gum resin obtained from Boswellia Carterii, of the order Burseraceae, and…

The Gadwall (Chaulelasmus streperus) is a widely distributed duck, appearing throughout Europe and N. America, as well as in Asia and the north of Africa. It is a freshwater species, remarkable for the great development of the comb-like 'teeth' at the margin of the bill. It is 19-20 inches long, generally grayish, finely mottled, with chestnut wing coverts. The underside of the wing pure white, while the speculum of the drake is blue.

Gadwall Duck

The Gadwall (Chaulelasmus streperus) is a widely distributed duck, appearing throughout Europe and N.…

Galeopithecus is the generic name of certain mammals from the Malayan region, commonly (incorrectly) referred to as flying lemurs. The two species of Galeopithecus are now placed in a sub-order of Insectivora, and regarded as the vegetarian analogues of the insect-eating bats. The common species, G. volans, is about the size of a cat and has a flying-membrane. The teeth are remarkable, the lower incisors being comb-like, while the upper outer incisor at each side has two roots. Galeopithecus primarily inhabit forests. They feed upon leaves, fruit, eggs, insects, and even small birds. They are nocturnal. Though incapable of true flight, they can take long, flying leaps.

Galeopithecus

Galeopithecus is the generic name of certain mammals from the Malayan region, commonly (incorrectly)…

Also known as a Solan Goose (Sula bassana), the Gannet is a large marine bird which nests in scattered localities in most parts of the world. Its specific name refers to the fact that it has long been a denizen of Bass Rock -- a famous craggy islet on the coast of England. This bird also nests on Bird Rock in the gulf of St. Lawrence, and other species exist in the tropics. It belongs to the same sub-order as the cormorant, and may be recognized by the fact that, as in the latter, all four toes are united by a web. Its bill is long, strong, and compressed to a point. In adult life, the plumage is white, save for the black primaries and a buff patch on the head or neck; the young are dusky, and do not acquire the white plumage until their sixth year. Their nests contain only one egg.

Gannet

Also known as a Solan Goose (Sula bassana), the Gannet is a large marine bird which nests in scattered…

Geum urbanum is a member of the genus Geum, a genus of hardy plants (Rosaceae). Not usually used decoratively, their five-parted flowers being borne singly at the ends of much-branching stems. The leaves are generally odd-pinnate, often with small leaflets scattered among larger ones. The style is persistent in the fruit and is often plumose, as in the purple avens (G. ciliatum), which has violet flowers. The white avens (G. canadense) has a prickly receptacle, as has the G. flavum. Among the most common species are the yellow G. strictum and the G. vernum, both found in shady, damp places.

Geum Urbanum

Geum urbanum is a member of the genus Geum, a genus of hardy plants (Rosaceae). Not usually used decoratively,…

Also known as Sea Milkwort, Glaux Maritima is a hardy perennial seashore plant belonging to the order Primulaceæ. It is a common European plant with glaucous leaves and pink flowers in summer. This illustration shows the plant itself, as well as a flower (1) and a calyx (2) laid open.

Glaux Maritima

Also known as Sea Milkwort, Glaux Maritima is a hardy perennial seashore plant belonging to the order…

Also known as the Kinglet, the Golden-Crested Wren (Regulus cristatus) is the smallest of European birds. In America, only the hummingbird is less in size. It is one of the warblers (Sylviidæ). The length of the body is from three to six inches, there is a bright yellow crest, the back is yellowish olive green, the wings and tail ash brown with black and white markings. The Golden-Crested Wren is generally distributed over Europe. In spring it utters a sweet and surprisingly loud song.

Golden-Crested Wren

Also known as the Kinglet, the Golden-Crested Wren (Regulus cristatus) is the smallest of European birds.…

British Golden-rod is a member of the large composite genus Solidago, which is chiefly North American. The golden-rods are erect plants, little branched, and often somewhat woody at the base. The foliage is various, usually somewhat lanceolate in shape, and sometimes conspicuously veined. The tiny heads have one series of white or yellow ray-flowers, and are gathered into various forms of inflorescence, often of a massive character; they appear in late summer and early autumn. Although of no commercial value (except as forage for sheep) the golden-rods are conspicuous for their bright color, especially as they are apt to grow in huge colonies in fields and along roadsides.

British Golden-rod

British Golden-rod is a member of the large composite genus Solidago, which is chiefly North American.…

Gooseberry Caterpillar is the name applied to the larvæ of two different insects, both injurious to gooseberry and currant bushes. (1) the Magpie Moth (Abraxas grossulariata), appearing about midsummer, has usually a black head, yellow body, and white wings spotted with black. (2) More destructive than the above is the larva of the Gooseberry Sawfly (Nematus ribesii), which plays havoc with the leaves of bushes. The larva is bluish green, with lack head, feet, tail, and spots, with twenty feet, and a length of about 3/4 of an inch when full grown.

Gooseberry Caterpillar (Nematus ribesii) and Sawfly

Gooseberry Caterpillar is the name applied to the larvæ of two different insects, both injurious to…

The Goshawk (Astur palumbarius) is a hawk abundant in the forest regions of northern Europe and Canada, but rarely seen southward, except occasionally in winter. The upper part of the body is ash-brown, with four broad dark bands on the tail; the under part white, barred with black. The bird is bold and rapacious, and remarkable for the skillful turns by means of which it follows every movement of the quarry. It was one of the favorite hawks in falconry.

Goshawk

The Goshawk (Astur palumbarius) is a hawk abundant in the forest regions of northern Europe and Canada,…

A grass of Parnassus is any member of the genus Parnassia, of the Saxifrage family, growing in damp places, having white or pale yellow flowers marked with pronounced. There are five sepals, five petals, and five stamens, with five fringed scales between.

Grass of Parnassus

A grass of Parnassus is any member of the genus Parnassia, of the Saxifrage family, growing in damp…

Its color is olive-gray or brown above, with black bands and spots, and checkered black and white beneath. The usual length is three feet. It is nearly related to the American water-snake, and haunts moist places, feeding on frogs, fish, and insects. The soft eggs are about one inch long, and are laid in manure heaps, in rich soil, or on heaps of weeds.

Grass Snake

Its color is olive-gray or brown above, with black bands and spots, and checkered black and white beneath.…

The Great Dane is a dog which has at different times been called the 'boar-hound', the 'German Mastiff', and the 'Ulmer dog'. It first began to attract attention about 1870. The grand figure, the bold outlook, and the commanding appearance of the type commended it to certain enthusiasts; and when it was found to be faithful, and intelligent, and of unfailing courage, it soon came into favor. The latest development of the breed is a harlequin-colored or black and white dog, sometimes with a wall eye and mottled nose. The Great Dane stands 34 in. high, and weighs as much as 180 lbs.; though the bitch is considerably smaller and lighter.

Great Dane

The Great Dane is a dog which has at different times been called the 'boar-hound', the 'German Mastiff',…

The Great Crested Grebe (Lophæthyia cristata) is a fresh-water, migratory, diving bird of the family Podicipidæ. It has a duck-like body, brownish and white plumage, long neck, short wings, no tail, and large, flattened toes furnished with lobate membranes serving the purpose of webs. Most of its life is spent in fresh water lakes and ponds, but in winter and during migration, it often resorts to the sea. It is an excellent diver. The nest is made of rushes and other aquatic plants and usually floats on the water, being loosely anchored to weeds and grass. It is found in nearly all parts of Europe and Asia.

Great Crested Grebe

The Great Crested Grebe (Lophæthyia cristata) is a fresh-water, migratory, diving bird of the family…

The Greyhound as a show dog is judged as follows: height and weight, ranging from 23 to 27 in. and from 40 to 70 lbs.; skull rather wide between the ears and flat on the top, with powerful, though not clumsy, jaws, and very strong teeth; eyes dark in color, and full of fire; ears rather small, and fine in texture; neck long and powerful (to enable it to reach the hare) yet graceful looking; chest of fair width, and very deep; body rather long, extremely powerful, especially at the loins, and slightly arched -- the back ribs being short, make the body appear tucked up; shoulders sloping; fore legs set in well under the dog, straight and powerful, with round, compact feet, the knuckles of the toes being well developed; hind quarters very powerful, with muscular thighs and well-bent stifles; tail long, and carried low; colors black, red, fawn, brindled, blue, white, either whole-colored or marked.

Greyhound

The Greyhound as a show dog is judged as follows: height and weight, ranging from 23 to 27 in. and from…

Ground Ivy (<i>Glecoma hederacea</i>) is a common European labiate hedgerow plant, with trailing stems, kidney-shaped, crinkled, aromatic leaves, and axillary, purplish flowers in early summer.

Ground Ivy

Ground Ivy (Glecoma hederacea) is a common European labiate hedgerow plant, with trailing stems, kidney-shaped,…

Guava (<i>Psidium guayava</i>) is a low-growing West Indian tree belonging to the family Myrtaceæ. It bears white flowers, followed by fragrant, yellow, fleshy fruits, extensively employed in the making of preserves and jellies. The guava also grows in the East Indies; and there is a Chinese variety, <i>P. cattleianum</i>, the strawberry guava.

Guava

Guava (Psidium guayava) is a low-growing West Indian tree belonging to the family Myrtaceæ. It bears…

Also known as the Snowball Tree, the Guelder Rose is a cultivated form of the genus Viburnum, especially <i>V. opulus</i>, with flat cymes of white flowers in summer, and red, globose fruit. The double variety, <i>V. O. sterilis</i>, is the common garden form.

Guelder Rose

Also known as the Snowball Tree, the Guelder Rose is a cultivated form of the genus Viburnum, especially…

The Common Guillemot (<i>Uria troile</i>) is a member of the auk family. It breeds on all rocky coasts of the North Atlantic. The bill is long, straight, and strong, the wings and tail short. In spring, the upper surface of the body is brownish black, the under white, save for the dark throat; in winter, the throat becomes white or mottled. All guillemots lay a single pear-shaped on the ledge of a sea-cliff. They make no nest whatever, and large colonies brood in company.

Common Guillemot

The Common Guillemot (Uria troile) is a member of the auk family. It breeds on all rocky coasts of the…

Juniper plant.

Juniper

Juniper plant.

The Jumping Mouse (Zapus hudsonius) is a N. American, jerboa-like mouse, with long hind legs, a very long tail, and five complete toes on the hind foot. It is warmly reddish above, white on the lower parts, and progresses, when alarmed, by a series of rapid leaps, each of several yards, when in haste. it dwells in open, grassy places, skulking about under the herbage and feeding mostly on grass seeds; there it places its nest (a hollow ball of grass) in some small hole or burrow, and spends the cold months in a long hibernation.

Jumping Mouse

The Jumping Mouse (Zapus hudsonius) is a N. American, jerboa-like mouse, with long hind legs, a very…

The Kittiwake gull (Rissa tridactyla) is a sea-gull characterized by the absence of the hind toe. It is resident on both sides of the N. Atlantic, and breeds in large colonies where sea-cliffs provide it with ledges of rock. It measures fifteen inches in length, and in summer is white below, with black tips to some of its wing primaries. The legs are black, a distinction from the related R. brevirostris of the N. Pacific, which has orange legs and feet.

Kittiwake Gull

The Kittiwake gull (Rissa tridactyla) is a sea-gull characterized by the absence of the hind toe. It…

This illustration shows the head of a kudu. A kudu is a large African antelope related to the eland, but differing in that the horns are absent in the female, while those of the male are curved in a spiral. The tail is short, the neck is maned, and the body is marked by narrow, vertical white stripes. The common kudu (Strepsiceros kudu) occurs in wooded regions from the Cape to the highlands of Abyssinia. The lesser kudu (S. imberbis) is confined to Somaliland and its vicinity. Both are favorites with sportsmen.

Head of Kudu

This illustration shows the head of a kudu. A kudu is a large African antelope related to the eland,…

Lamium album (also known as the white dead-nettle, or archangel) is a member of the Lamium, a genus of Labiatæ, whose flowers are marked by possessing four stamens longer than the corolla tube, a bell-shaped calyx with five teeth, and a two-lipped corolla, the upper lip being arched, the lower trifid and spreading. It has been naturalized in America and has a square stem and white flowers with black stamens.

Lamium Album

Lamium album (also known as the white dead-nettle, or archangel) is a member of the Lamium, a genus…

A langur is a monkey of the genus Semnopithicus, which contains Asiatic forms characterized by slender build, very long tail, absence of cheek pouches, and the fact that the hind limbs are longer than the fore. The stomach is peculiar, for it is furnished with sacs or pouches; and the animals are largely herbivorous in diet, living chiefly upon leaves and young shoots. The true langur, or hanuman (S. entellus) is common throughout the greater part of India, and is in most places regarded as sacred by the Hindus.

Langur

A langur is a monkey of the genus Semnopithicus, which contains Asiatic forms characterized by slender…

A handsome plover-like bird of Northern Europe and Asia (Vanellus cristatus), also known in Great Britain as peewit, or green plover, the lapwing is greenish above, with a black breast and white abdomen and cheeks, and erectile plumes in the crest. The four eggs (known in British markets as 'plover eggs') are laid in a depression of the ground without any nest; but the watchful care of the parents, and the artifices by which they seek to divert attention from the eggs or young, are so familiar as to be often referred to in poems and homilies. The food consists of worms, insects, and slugs.

Lapwing (or Peewit)

A handsome plover-like bird of Northern Europe and Asia (Vanellus cristatus), also known in Great Britain…

Larch, or Larix, is a genus of hardy, deciduous, coniferous trees of very graceful habit. They bear monoecious flowers, the male catkins being small and oval, whilst the female ones are much longer. The leaves are bright green, linear, soft, and usually produced in short bundles on each side of the spray. They appear very early in the spring. The timber, which is very hard and tough, is much used in shipbuilding and for railway sleepers, and in cabinet work is capable of taking a very high polish. The species most commonly planted is 'L. europaea', whcich grows to about 100 ft in height. Other species are 'L. occidentalis', a tall and handsome American tree and 'L. laricina', the tamarack, or hackmatack, of North America. This is a straggling tree, most common in swampy soils, with smaller cones than has the the European species. It reaches a height of 70 ft., and the wood is valuable for the same purposes as that of other larches. (1. Scale of cone with two seeds; 2. anther)

Larch, Cone and Flowers (male and female)

Larch, or Larix, is a genus of hardy, deciduous, coniferous trees of very graceful habit. They bear…

Lattice Leaf is the popular name of a water plant, 'Aponogeton jenestralis', belonging to the order 'Aponogetonaceæ'. The older leaves are of open structure, are nearly a foot long, oblong in shape, and float just below the surface of the water. The flowers are born in spikes in the surface. The roots of the plant are used as an article of food by the natives of Madagascar, where it is indigenous. (1. Part of Flower Spike)

Lattice Leaf

Lattice Leaf is the popular name of a water plant, 'Aponogeton jenestralis', belonging to the order…

The Settler's Clock <i>('Dacelo gigs')</i>, is a very large kingfisher found in Australia, where it receives its popular name from the peculiar gurgling cry uttered with great regularity at dawn and dusk. It is one of the wood kingfishers, the food consisting of of reptiles, birds, insects, and even small mammals. The name is also applied to other species of the same genus found in Australia and New Guinea, and possessing similar habits. The coloring is not brilliant, consisting of a mixture of brown, black, and white, but the male has the lower part of the back of a greenish-blue color.

Kingfisher, Dacelo gigas

The Settler's Clock ('Dacelo gigs'), is a very large kingfisher found in Australia, where it receives…

This illustration shows 4 types of simple leaves: 1. Linear (an elongated version of the elliptical); 2. Lanceolate; 3. elliptical; 4. ovate.

Types of Simple Leaves

This illustration shows 4 types of simple leaves: 1. Linear (an elongated version of the elliptical);…

This illustration shows two types of leaves derived from the circular type: 5. Palmately lobed; 6. Orbicular and pelate.

Types of Simple Leaves Derived from the Circular Type

This illustration shows two types of leaves derived from the circular type: 5. Palmately lobed; 6. Orbicular…

This illustration shows two types of compound leaves derived from the circular type: 7. palmately compound; 8. cleft orbicular.

Compound Leaves Derived from the Circular Type

This illustration shows two types of compound leaves derived from the circular type: 7. palmately compound;…

This illustration shows two types of simple leaves derived from the elliptical type: 9. pinnately lobed; 10. pinnately divided.

Simple Leaves Derived from the Elliptical Type

This illustration shows two types of simple leaves derived from the elliptical type: 9. pinnately lobed;…

This illustration shows two compound leaves derived from the elliptical type: 11, 12. bipinnate.

Compound Leaves Derived from the Elliptical Type

This illustration shows two compound leaves derived from the elliptical type: 11, 12. bipinnate.

This illustration shows leaves derived from the oval type: 13. Ovate and Serrate; 14. Palmately three cleft.

Leaves Derived from the Oval Type

This illustration shows leaves derived from the oval type: 13. Ovate and Serrate; 14. Palmately three…

This illustration shows the colored leaves of 'Cornus florida', surrounding the small flowers and rendering the flower head conspicuous.

Colored Leaves of 'Cornus florida'

This illustration shows the colored leaves of 'Cornus florida', surrounding the small flowers and rendering…

This illustration shows a Bladderwort, some of whose leaves have converted into traps for insects.

Bladderwort

This illustration shows a Bladderwort, some of whose leaves have converted into traps for insects.

This illustration shows a water crowfoot, with broad, floating leaves, and much-cut, submerged leaves.

Water Crowfoot

This illustration shows a water crowfoot, with broad, floating leaves, and much-cut, submerged leaves.

A lemming is a small, yellowish-brown rodent, closely related to the vole, and belonging to the genus Myodes. The Norwegian lemming (M. lemmus) is about five inches in length, with the tail extremely short. It excavates shallow burrows in the soil of the mountain meadows in which it lives, and in winter tunnels beneath the snow for its food, which is wholly vegetable, consisting of roots, shoots, catkins, moss, and lichens. Special interest attaches to this rodent from the fact that at irregular intervals, varying from five to twenty years, it suddenly appears in vast numbers in Northern Europe; great bodies, said to number millions of individuals, migrate from place to place in search of food, leaving behind them a track of desolation as they eat their way through fields of corn and grass. They show a remarkable persistency both in the act of migration and in the general direction of the movement, and swim without hesitation any bodies of water which may block their path. As, from the contour of the Scandinavian peninsula, they inevitably come eventually to the sea, those which have not perished from overcrowding, from disease, or from the attacks of their enemies, die in attempting to swim across it. The lemming of Northern Europe is known is replaced in North America by the allied M. obensis and the banded lemming (Cuniculus torquatus); the latter is circumpolar, and turns white in winter. Other allies, called lemming-mice, inhabit Northwestern Canada, and have somewhat similar habits, but rarely, if ever, migrate from their habitat.

Lemming

A lemming is a small, yellowish-brown rodent, closely related to the vole, and belonging to the genus…

This illustration shows the twig, with leaves and flowers, of a Lemon tree (1. Pistil and part of the stamens, 2. Fruit).

Lemon Tree-twig, with Leaves and Flowers

This illustration shows the twig, with leaves and flowers, of a Lemon tree (1. Pistil and part of the…

A familiar example of the true lemur, the Ring-Tailed Lemur <i>(Lemur catta)</i> , or 'Madagascar cat', is a greyish, furry animal, with a fox-like face, and a long bushy tail banded with black and white. It is commonly seen in menageries. In its native habitat, it goes in troops which remain at rest during the heat of the day, but become noisy and active at dusk.

Ring-tailed Lemur

A familiar example of the true lemur, the Ring-Tailed Lemur (Lemur catta) , or 'Madagascar cat', is…

This illustration shows a portion of Lepidodendron. Lepidodendron is the generic name of a large and important group of plants which flourished principally in the Carboniferous period. The outer surface of the bark is marked by lozenge-shaped, scale-like markings, the leaf-cushions. These are arranged in dense spirals, which wind around the stems. Often, the narrow and pointed leaves are found, still adherent; they may also carry cones <i>(lepidostrobi)</i>, which in form somewhat resemble those of the fir. The branches usually fork repeatedly, and were implanted on a massive stem which had a similar external sculpture. Some of these stems have been seen in the roofs of coal workings with a length of a hundred feet. Their roots are generally known as stigmaria. The Lepidodendra belonged to the Lycopodiaceæ, and have their nearest representatives in the diminutive club-mosses, which they resemble even in their superficial characters.

Portion of Lepidodendron

This illustration shows a portion of Lepidodendron. Lepidodendron is the generic name of a large and…

Cabbage Lettuce is distinguished by its broad leaves and low spreading habit. It is an annual plant, and has long been cultivated as a salad plant. It was grown by the Greeks and Romans for this purpose.

Cabbage Lettuce

Cabbage Lettuce is distinguished by its broad leaves and low spreading habit. It is an annual plant,…

Cos Lettuce, or Romaine Lettuce, is distinguished by its upright habit, and the oblong form of its leaves.

Cos Lettuce

Cos Lettuce, or Romaine Lettuce, is distinguished by its upright habit, and the oblong form of its leaves.

A pelican

Pelican

A pelican

Hedge Garlic (Sisymbrium Allaria). A, Inflorescence and Cauline Leaves. B, Radical Leaf and Root.

Hedge Garlic

Hedge Garlic (Sisymbrium Allaria). A, Inflorescence and Cauline Leaves. B, Radical Leaf and Root.

White clover (Trifolium repens).

White Clover

White clover (Trifolium repens).

Dasyurus viverrinus, a small class of marsupial with a gray or brown coat spotted with white.

Dasyurus viverrinus

Dasyurus viverrinus, a small class of marsupial with a gray or brown coat spotted with white.

Soldiers returning to abandoned camps at Falmouth, VA.

Falmouth Camps

Soldiers returning to abandoned camps at Falmouth, VA.

A war council at the top of Little Round Top in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was the site where the Confederates made an unsuccessful assault against the Union on the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg.

Little Round Top

A war council at the top of Little Round Top in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was the site where the…

Civil War soldiers waving the flag of truce, signaling a halt in fighting for both sides.

Flag of Truce

Civil War soldiers waving the flag of truce, signaling a halt in fighting for both sides.