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Invented by Eli Whitney, the cotton gin is a machine that quickly separates the cotton from the seeds.

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney, the cotton gin is a machine that quickly separates the cotton from the seeds.

"Cotton is a downy substance produced on the seeds of he cotton plant, Gossypium, which is herbaceous, and of a height varying from four to twenty feet." -Lupton

Cotton Plant

"Cotton is a downy substance produced on the seeds of he cotton plant, Gossypium, which is herbaceous,…

Leaves, flowers, and seeds from the Logwood tree (Haematoxylum campechianum).

Logwood

Leaves, flowers, and seeds from the Logwood tree (Haematoxylum campechianum).

A species of grain of which there are several varieties It is an esculent grain bearing naked seeds on a flat ear, furnished with awns like barley.

Rye Grain

A species of grain of which there are several varieties It is an esculent grain bearing naked seeds…

Next to the choroid and comprising about 1/4 the entire thickness of the retina is a multitude of transparent, colorless, microscopic rods (a) evenly arranged and packed side by side, like the seeds in the disk of a sunflower. Among them at regular intervals, are interspersed the cones (b). Delicate nerve fibers pass from the ends of the rods and cones, each expanding into a granular body (c) thence weaving a mesh (d) and again expanding into the granules (f). Last is a layer of fine nerve fibers (g) and gray, ganglionic cells (h) like the gray matter of the brain, whence filaments extend into the fibers of the optic nerve (i).

The Structure of the Retina

Next to the choroid and comprising about 1/4 the entire thickness of the retina is a multitude of transparent,…

"Milkweed (Asclepias sp.). a, flower-bud; b, flower; c, very young pod; d, older pod in section, showing seeds; e, section of flower; f, top view of flower, showing the 5 hoods f the crown, each with a horn incurving to the stigma; between the horns are the cleft glands to which the pollinia are attached." -Gager, 1916

Milkweed Stages

"Milkweed (Asclepias sp.). a, flower-bud; b, flower; c, very young pod; d, older pod in section, showing…

The leaves and fruit of the elm tree.

Elm Leaves and Fruit

The leaves and fruit of the elm tree.

The acacia have small leaves and very small yellow flowers in dense spherical or cylindrical heads. The <em>acacia constricta</em> is well distinguished by the slender pods constricted between the seeds.

Acacia bush (acacia constricta).

The acacia have small leaves and very small yellow flowers in dense spherical or cylindrical heads.…

Pomegranate is a red fruit filled with dozens of seeds cased in a juicy membrane.

Pomegranates

Pomegranate is a red fruit filled with dozens of seeds cased in a juicy membrane.

Pomegranate is a red fruit filled with dozens of seeds cased in a juicy membrane.

Pomegranate

Pomegranate is a red fruit filled with dozens of seeds cased in a juicy membrane.

A man walking over a field and sowing seeds.

Sower

A man walking over a field and sowing seeds.

A man spreading seeds.

Sower

A man spreading seeds.

Arum maculatum: "A single fruit divided vertically, so as to show the seeds in situ. A perpendicular section of one of the seeds." -Lindley, 1853

Wild Arum Fruit and Seed

Arum maculatum: "A single fruit divided vertically, so as to show the seeds in situ. A perpendicular…

"Aneilema crispatum; 1. a flower; 2. the calyx and pistil; 3. the capsule; 4, 5, seeds; 6. a section of ditto showing the embryo; 7. the papilla; 8. the embryo." -Lindley, 1853

Spiderwort

"Aneilema crispatum; 1. a flower; 2. the calyx and pistil; 3. the capsule; 4, 5, seeds; 6. a section…

"Mayaca vandellii; 1. a flower; 2. a cross section of its ovary; 3. a seed vessel; 4. two seeds, one of which is cut perpendicularly in order to show the embryo." -Lindley, 1853

Mayaca

"Mayaca vandellii; 1. a flower; 2. a cross section of its ovary; 3. a seed vessel; 4. two seeds, one…

"Juncus acutiflorus; 1. a flower; 2. the pistil; 3. a perpendicular section of the ovary; 4. seeds; 5. a seed germinating." -Lindley, 1853

Sharp-Flowered Rush

"Juncus acutiflorus; 1. a flower; 2. the pistil; 3. a perpendicular section of the ovary; 4. seeds;…

A girl spreading seeds for birds to eat.

Girl Feeding Birds

A girl spreading seeds for birds to eat.

The papaya or fruit from the Carica Papaya plant.

Papaya

The papaya or fruit from the Carica Papaya plant.

"Moringa pterygosperma; 2. its fruit; 3, the section of a flower of M. aptera; 4. its anther; 5. a section of its seed." -Lindley, 1853

Horseradish Tree

"Moringa pterygosperma; 2. its fruit; 3, the section of a flower of M. aptera; 4. its anther; 5. a section…

"Corynostylis Hybanthus. 1. a set of stamens, each having the connective lengthened beyond the anther, in the form of a scale; 2. a spurred petal; 3. a transverse section of an ovary, showing the three parietal placentae; 4. a ripe fruit; 5. an embryo." -Lindley, 1853

Violet

"Corynostylis Hybanthus. 1. a set of stamens, each having the connective lengthened beyond the anther,…

"Erucastrum Canariense. 1. a flower. 2. the stamens; 3. the siliqua, with the valve separating from the replum; 4. a transverse section of a seed; 5. a perfect seed." -Lindley, 1853

Crucifer

"Erucastrum Canariense. 1. a flower. 2. the stamens; 3. the siliqua, with the valve separating from…

"Cheiranthus cheiri; 2. its stigma; 3. the same with one valve off; 4. a cross section of a seed; 5. a diagram to illustrate the position of the parts of the flower." -Lindley, 1853

Aegean Wallflower

"Cheiranthus cheiri; 2. its stigma; 3. the same with one valve off; 4. a cross section of a seed; 5.…

"Reseda mediterranea. 1. a flower seen from above, much magnified; 2. a section of the same, showing the great disk on one side of the ovary, and within which the stamens arise; 3. a cross section of the ovary; 4. a seed; 5. a section of it." -Lindley, 1853

Mignonette

"Reseda mediterranea. 1. a flower seen from above, much magnified; 2. a section of the same, showing…

"Maerua angolensis. 1. a ripe fruit; 2. a seed; 3. a section of it." -Lindley, 1853

Maerua

"Maerua angolensis. 1. a ripe fruit; 2. a seed; 3. a section of it." -Lindley, 1853

"Staphylea Bumalda. 1. a flower; 2. a perpendicular section of it; 3. a section of its ovary." -Lindley, 1853

Japanese Bladdernut

"Staphylea Bumalda. 1. a flower; 2. a perpendicular section of it; 3. a section of its ovary." -Lindley,…

"Sapindus senegalensis. 1. an expanded flower; 2. a petal; 3. the ovaries before fertilisation; 4. a vertical section of a ripe drupe, showing the embryo." -Lindley, 1853

Soapberry

"Sapindus senegalensis. 1. an expanded flower; 2. a petal; 3. the ovaries before fertilisation; 4. a…

"Diplopteris paralias; 1. a flower-bud, showing the double glands of the calyx; 2. an expanded flower; 3. the carpels; 4. ripe fruit of Ryssopteris timorensis." -Lindley, 1853

Diplopterys

"Diplopteris paralias; 1. a flower-bud, showing the double glands of the calyx; 2. an expanded flower;…

"Erythroxylon. 1. a flower; 2. one of the petals; 3. the pistil with 3 capitate stigmas; 4. a drupe; 5. the embryo." -Lindley, 1853

Coca

"Erythroxylon. 1. a flower; 2. one of the petals; 3. the pistil with 3 capitate stigmas; 4. a drupe;…

"Dipterocarpus trinervis. a an anther; b a perpendicular, c a transverse, section of an ovary; d a fruit; e section of seed of Dryobalanops camphora; f its embryo unfolded." -Lindley, 1853

Dipterocarpus

"Dipterocarpus trinervis. a an anther; b a perpendicular, c a transverse, section of an ovary; d a fruit;…

"Lophira alata. a an anther; b a perpendicular section of an ovary; e a fruit; d a perpendicular section of a fruit." -Lindley, 1853

Azobe

"Lophira alata. a an anther; b a perpendicular section of an ovary; e a fruit; d a perpendicular section…

"Nymphaea coerulea. 1. a perpendicular section of a seed of N. alba; 2. half an embryo, showing the great plumule lying in the cavity of one cotyledon." -Lindley, 1853

Egyptian Blue Lily

"Nymphaea coerulea. 1. a perpendicular section of a seed of N. alba; 2. half an embryo, showing the…

"Anona furfuracea. 1. an expanded flower; 2. a vertical section of male and female apparatus, which latter occupies the centre; 3. a vertical section of a carpel; 4. ditto of a ripe seed, showing the ruminated albumen and embryo." -Lindley, 1853

Annona

"Anona furfuracea. 1. an expanded flower; 2. a vertical section of male and female apparatus, which…

"Romeria refracta. 1. its stamens and pistil; 2. a cross section of the ovary of Eschscholtzia californica; 3, 4, seeds of Papaver orientale." -Lindley, 1853

Spotted Asian Poppy

"Romeria refracta. 1. its stamens and pistil; 2. a cross section of the ovary of Eschscholtzia californica;…

"Apodytes dimidiata. 1. a flower; 2. a corolla spread open; 3. a pistil; 4. section of an ovary; 5. section of ripe fruit." -Lindley, 1853

White-Pear

"Apodytes dimidiata. 1. a flower; 2. a corolla spread open; 3. a pistil; 4. section of an ovary; 5.…

"Aptandra Spruceana. 1. an expanded flower; 2. a petal; 3. tube of stamens, with 4 petaloid glands at the base; 4. pistil; 5. section of ovary." -Lindley, 1853

Aptandra

"Aptandra Spruceana. 1. an expanded flower; 2. a petal; 3. tube of stamens, with 4 petaloid glands at…

"Pyrola chlorantha. 1. a pistil; 2. an anther; 3. seeds; 4. a seed much more magnified; 5. a section of the nucleus showing the embryo." -Lindley, 1853

Green-Flowered Wintergreen

"Pyrola chlorantha. 1. a pistil; 2. an anther; 3. seeds; 4. a seed much more magnified; 5. a section…

"Monotropa Hypopithys. 2. a flower; 3. a pistil; 4. the same divided perpendicularly; 5. a seed; 6. seed of Pterospora andromedea; 7. section of it." -Lindley, 1853

Dutchman's Pipe

"Monotropa Hypopithys. 2. a flower; 3. a pistil; 4. the same divided perpendicularly; 5. a seed; 6.…

"Marignia obtusifolia. 1. a flower; 2. the same divided vertically; 3. a fruit; 4. a section of the same." -Lindley, 1853

Marignia

"Marignia obtusifolia. 1. a flower; 2. the same divided vertically; 3. a fruit; 4. a section of the…

Of the Mahogany family, "Ekebergia Senegalensis. 1. a flower; 2. the calyx and staminal tube; 3. a transverse section of the ovary; 4. a ripe fruit; 5. a vertical section of the latter." -Lindley, 1853

Ekebergia

Of the Mahogany family, "Ekebergia Senegalensis. 1. a flower; 2. the calyx and staminal tube; 3. a transverse…

"1. Coriaria napalensis; 2. flower of Coriaria myrtifolia without its calyx; 3. its pistil; 4. a perpendicular section of it." -Lindley, 1853

Coriaria

"1. Coriaria napalensis; 2. flower of Coriaria myrtifolia without its calyx; 3. its pistil; 4. a perpendicular…

"The female of Hydrostachys verruculosa. 1. the calyx; 2. the same opened to show the ovary; 3. a seed; 4. a vertical section of it." -Lindley, 1853

Riverweed

"The female of Hydrostachys verruculosa. 1. the calyx; 2. the same opened to show the ovary; 3. a seed;…

"Impatiens macrochila; 2. a diagram of its flower; 3. its stamens; 4. fruit of I. Balsamina (rose balsam); 5. its embryo." -Lindley, 1853

Large-Lipped Balsam

"Impatiens macrochila; 2. a diagram of its flower; 3. its stamens; 4. fruit of I. Balsamina (rose balsam);…

"Cassytha filiformis. 1. a flower; 2. a fruit; 3. a section of it transversely." -Lindley, 1853

Laurel Dodder

"Cassytha filiformis. 1. a flower; 2. a fruit; 3. a section of it transversely." -Lindley, 1853

The flowers and plant of Senna alexandrina which was once known as Cassia acutifolia.

Alexandrian Senna

The flowers and plant of Senna alexandrina which was once known as Cassia acutifolia.

"Perpendicular section of the fruit of Pyrus malus." -Lindley, 1853

Apple

"Perpendicular section of the fruit of Pyrus malus." -Lindley, 1853

"11. seed of Penaea mucronata; 12. same with half the testa removed." -Lindley, 1853

Penaea Seeds

"11. seed of Penaea mucronata; 12. same with half the testa removed." -Lindley, 1853

"Zizyphus Baclei. 1. a flower seen from above; 2. a fruit; 3. the same cut vertically; 4. a seed divided vertically." -Lindley, 1853

Ziziphus

"Zizyphus Baclei. 1. a flower seen from above; 2. a fruit; 3. the same cut vertically; 4. a seed divided…

"Celastrus paniculatus. 1. a flower; 2. a perpendicular section of the ovary; 3. a cross section of the ovary; 4. a vertical section of a seed; 5. a cross section of it." -Lindley, 1853

Peng

"Celastrus paniculatus. 1. a flower; 2. a perpendicular section of the ovary; 3. a cross section of…

An portrait of Colonel Henry W. Vick who was known for his experimentation with various cotton seeds and developed the "one hundred seed".

Colonel Vick

An portrait of Colonel Henry W. Vick who was known for his experimentation with various cotton seeds…

"1. capsule of Bignonia echinata (Pithecolobium Aubletii); 2. the same with the valves removed and the placenta remaining covered with seeds." -Lindley, 1853

Bignonia Fruit

"1. capsule of Bignonia echinata (Pithecolobium Aubletii); 2. the same with the valves removed and the…

"Pinguicula vulgaris. 1. calyx, &c. 2. stamen; 3. pistil; 4. longitudinal section of it; 5. half a fruit; 6. seeds, natural size; 7. embryo very much magnified." -Lindley, 1853

Common Butterwort

"Pinguicula vulgaris. 1. calyx, &c. 2. stamen; 3. pistil; 4. longitudinal section of it; 5. half a fruit;…

"Byrsanthus Brownii. 1. diagram of the flower; 2. section of a flower; 3. section across the ovary; 4. section of a seed." -Lindley, 1853

Byrsanthus

"Byrsanthus Brownii. 1. diagram of the flower; 2. section of a flower; 3. section across the ovary;…

"Ribes rubrum. 1. perpendicular section of a flower; 2. cross section of the ovary; 3. seed; 4. a perpendicular section of it." -Lindley, 1853

Redcurrant

"Ribes rubrum. 1. perpendicular section of a flower; 2. cross section of the ovary; 3. seed; 4. a perpendicular…

"Vaccinium amoenum. 1. a flower; 2. a perpendicular section of it without the corolla; 3. a cross section of an ovary; 4. an anther; 5. half a seed." -Lindley, 1853

Large-Cluster Blueberry

"Vaccinium amoenum. 1. a flower; 2. a perpendicular section of it without the corolla; 3. a cross section…

"Sambucus nigra; 1. a flower; 2. a young pistil; 3. a cross section of its ovary; 4. a perpendicular section of the fruit." -Lindley, 1853

Elder

"Sambucus nigra; 1. a flower; 2. a young pistil; 3. a cross section of its ovary; 4. a perpendicular…

"1. flower of Linnaea borealis; 2. the same cut open and showing the interior of the ovary; 3. a cross section of the ovary." -Lindley, 1853

Twinflower

"1. flower of Linnaea borealis; 2. the same cut open and showing the interior of the ovary; 3. a cross…

"Athamanta cervariaefolia. 1. a separate flower, with hairy petals; 2. a petal by itself; 3. a ripe fruit with the two carpels or mericarps separating from the double carpopod or axis; 4. a seed deprived of its integuments, and divided vertically, so as to show the position of the embryo." -Lindley, 1853

Athamantha

"Athamanta cervariaefolia. 1. a separate flower, with hairy petals; 2. a petal by itself; 3. a ripe…

"1. Hedera Helix; 2. a flower of Dimorphanthus edulis; 3. perpendicular section of the ovary; 4. undivided ovary; 5. ripe fruit; 6. cross section of it; 7. section of seed of H. Helix." -Lindley, 1853

Ivy

"1. Hedera Helix; 2. a flower of Dimorphanthus edulis; 3. perpendicular section of the ovary; 4. undivided…

"Corylopsis. 1. flowers; 2. branch in fruit; 3. a flower separate; 4. a stamen; 5. a perpendicular section of the ovary; 6. a section of a seed removed from the capsule and placed with the hilum downwards." -Lindley, 1853

Winter Hazel

"Corylopsis. 1. flowers; 2. branch in fruit; 3. a flower separate; 4. a stamen; 5. a perpendicular section…

"Bragantia Blumei. 1. a section of its wood; 2. one of its flowers; 3. a seed; 4. the same divided perpendicularly; 5. anthers and stigma of Asarum." -Lindley, 1853

Bragantia

"Bragantia Blumei. 1. a section of its wood; 2. one of its flowers; 3. a seed; 4. the same divided perpendicularly;…