ClipArt ETC
"A curious combination of the atmospheric pump and the forcing pump, invented by Mr. Trevethick." -Comstock 1850

Atmospheric and Forcing Pump

"A curious combination of the atmospheric pump and the forcing pump, invented by Mr. Trevethick." -Comstock…

"This consists of a brass or iron barrel, A, containing at its upper part a hollow piston and valve opening upward. Below this there is another valve, also opening upward. The pipe and stockcock C, are for the purpose of letting the water from the barrel to the tube, which descends into the well." -Comstock 1850

Common Metalic Pump

"This consists of a brass or iron barrel, A, containing at its upper part a hollow piston and valve…

"The forcing pump is represented where A is a solid piston, working air tight in its barrel. There tube, C leads from the barrel to the air vessel, D. Through the pipe, P, the water is thrown into the open air.G s a gauge, by which the pressure of the water in the air vessel is ascertained Through the water pipe I, the water ascends into the barrel, its upper end being furnished with a valve opening upwards." -Comstock 1850

Forcing Pump

"The forcing pump is represented where A is a solid piston, working air tight in its barrel. There tube,…

"The lift pump or suction-pump consists of a cylinder or barrel, piston, two valves, and a suction pipe, the lower end of which dips below the surface of the liquid to be raised." — Avery, 1895

Lift pump

"The lift pump or suction-pump consists of a cylinder or barrel, piston, two valves, and a suction pipe,…

"Liquid is pumped up through pipe A, through valve H. The airtight piston G allows the liquid to pass up into the spout F where it is discharged from the pump." —Quackenbos 1859

Lifting Pump

"Liquid is pumped up through pipe A, through valve H. The airtight piston G allows the liquid to pass…

"1. In rope-drilling, a cylinder, provided with a valve at the bottom, which is lowered into the drill-hole from time to time to remove the pulverized rock, or sludge. Also called a sludger. 2. A powerful water-jet with an annular nozle inclosing a tube which is sunk in loose sand, and operates as an injector to lift the sand with the water which discharges back through the tube. a. sand to be removed, b. suction-pipe, c. induction-pipe, d. discharge-pipe" —Whitney, 1889

Sand Pump

"1. In rope-drilling, a cylinder, provided with a valve at the bottom, which is lowered into the drill-hole…

"Steam pumps are force pumps operated by steam acting on the piston of a steam engine directly connected to the pump, and in many cases cast with the pump. A section of a double-acting steam pump, showing the steam and water cylinders, with other details, is illustrated [here]." —Hallock 1905

Steam Pump

"Steam pumps are force pumps operated by steam acting on the piston of a steam engine directly connected…

"The suction pump uses suction, water pressure and one-way valves to suction water from a well or other source, and to expel water through A." —Hallock 1905

Suction Pump

"The suction pump uses suction, water pressure and one-way valves to suction water from a well or other…

"A contrivance for raising liquids or for removing gases from vessels." -Marshall

Suction Pump

"A contrivance for raising liquids or for removing gases from vessels." -Marshall

A 'purse' seine is a form of fishing net that is paid out around a school of fish, like a cylinder with no top or bottom. When drawn in, the bottom closes, forming a bag from which the fish cannot escape. Figure 1 in this illustration shows the separate parts of the purse seine: A and J, arms of the net; B and I, wings; C, D, K, and L, border of stout twine; F, bailing piece (or bunt); E and G, sides; H, under. Figure 2 shows a diagram of the form a a purse seine spread in the water.

Purse-seine

A 'purse' seine is a form of fishing net that is paid out around a school of fish, like a cylinder with…

View of a radish, illustrating the root-hairs, which absorb most of the water the plant needs.

Radish

View of a radish, illustrating the root-hairs, which absorb most of the water the plant needs.

The common European water-rail is native to warmer parts of Europe, as well as portions of Asia.

Common European Water Rail

The common European water-rail is native to warmer parts of Europe, as well as portions of Asia.

"And let it come to pass, that the damsel to whom I shall say, Let down thy pitcher, I pray thee, that I may drink. And she shall say, Drink, and I will give thy camels drink also. Let the same be she that thou hast appointed for thy servant Isaac. And thereby shall I know that thou hast showed kindness unto my master." Genesis 24:14 <p> Illustration of Rebecca pouring water into Eliezer's mouth from a pitcher. Three women stand nearby. One is leaning on the well and the other two are standing. One holds a pitcher on her shoulder. Two more of Abraham's servants stand nearby with three camels. One of the servants is holding a spear. A town is pictured in the background (left).

Rebecca Offers Water to Eliezer at the Well and is Chosen to be Isaac's Wife

"And let it come to pass, that the damsel to whom I shall say, Let down thy pitcher, I pray thee, that…

"And Moses stretched forth his hand over the sea, and the sea returned to its strength when the morning appeared; and the Egyptians fled against it; and Jehovah overthrew the Egyptians in the midst of the sea. And the waters returned, and covered the chariots, and the horsemen, even all the host of Pharaoh that went in after them into the sea; there remained not so much as one of them." Exodus 14:27-28 ASV <p>Pharaoh and his armies are destroyed by the returning water of the Red Sea. Men, chariots, weapons, and horses are tossed by waves. Moses and the Israelites stand on dry land in the background. Moses has his staff raised over the waters. A single strike of lightning streaks the sky.

The Red Sea Swallows Pharaoh and His Army

"And Moses stretched forth his hand over the sea, and the sea returned to its strength when the morning…

"Let a represent a, b water, and c a piece of glass. The ray d, striking each medium in a perpendicular direction." -Comstock 1850

Refraction, air, water, glass

"Let a represent a, b water, and c a piece of glass. The ray d, striking each medium in a perpendicular…

"Let the medium b be glass, and the medium c, water. The ray a, as it falls upon the medium b, is refracted towards the perpendicular line e d; but when it enters the water, whose refractive power is less than that of glass, it is not bent so near the perpendicular as before, and hence it is refracted from, instead of towards the perpendicular line, and approaches the originial direction of the ray a g, when passing through the air." -Comstock 1850

Refraction, glass and water

"Let the medium b be glass, and the medium c, water. The ray a, as it falls upon the medium b, is refracted…

"LA represents a ray of light propagated in air, falling obliquely upon the surface of the water at A, and deviated by the water from AE to AK." -Avery 1895

Refraction of Light Between Air and Water

"LA represents a ray of light propagated in air, falling obliquely upon the surface of the water at…

"If the ray passes in the opposite direction, i.e., from water into air, the process is the reverse of that just indicated. Let KA represent the incident ray." -Avery 1895

Refraction of Light Between Water and Air

"If the ray passes in the opposite direction, i.e., from water into air, the process is the reverse…

"Suppose the rod a, to be set with one half of its length below the surface of the water and the other half above it. The eye being placed in an oblique direction will see the lower end apparently at the point o, while the real termination of the rod would be at n; the refraction will therefore make the rod appear shorter by the distance from o to n, or one-fourth shorter than the part below the water really is." -Comstock 1850

Refraction, water

"Suppose the rod a, to be set with one half of its length below the surface of the water and the other…

"Hold a vibrating tuning fork over the mouth of a cylindrical jar about 10 or 18 inches deep, and notive the feebleness of the sound. Pour in water, as shown, and notive that, when the liquid reaches a certain level, the sound suddenly becomes much louder." -Avery 1895

Demonstration of Resonance Using a Tuning Fork and Water Column

"Hold a vibrating tuning fork over the mouth of a cylindrical jar about 10 or 18 inches deep, and notive…

A woman chases after the dog for stealing some food. Reynard the Fox was relieved of all the accusations because he proved that all of the other animals were just as guilty of trickery, like Curtois the dog stealing some food.

Reynard the Fox: Curtois Stealing Food

A woman chases after the dog for stealing some food. Reynard the Fox was relieved of all the accusations…

Reynard the Fox put himself in the bucket of the well, calls, and gets the attention of Ereswine the wolf. He tells her he is eating fish from the well and to join him by jumping in the other bucket at the top. Being much heavier than Reynard, Ereswine falls to the bottom of the well where he leaves her.

Reynard the Fox: Tricking Ereswine in the Well

Reynard the Fox put himself in the bucket of the well, calls, and gets the attention of Ereswine the…

Rock in the water.

Rock

Rock in the water.

This illustration shows liquid in glue manufacturing being carried on rollers, cooled with cold water, to be cut.

Rollers (Glue)

This illustration shows liquid in glue manufacturing being carried on rollers, cooled with cold water,…

"Diagram to illustrate a root-hair (h) in the soil, and its relation to the soil-particles, the capillary film of water (w), and the air spaces (a); e, epidermal cell of the root, of which the root-hair is an out-growth, or branch." -Gager, 1916

Roots in Soil

"Diagram to illustrate a root-hair (h) in the soil, and its relation to the soil-particles, the capillary…

"The large wheel a, is supposed to stand over the well, and b, a smaller wheel, is fixed in the water. The rope is extended between the two wheels, and rises on one side in a perpendicular disrection. On turning the wheel by the crank d, the water is brought up by the friction of the rope." -Comstock 1850

Rope Machine

"The large wheel a, is supposed to stand over the well, and b, a smaller wheel, is fixed in the water.…

"Hawser-rudder. a, hawser; bb, hauling-lines, leading through chocks on each quarter." -Whitney, 1911

Hawser Rudder

"Hawser-rudder. a, hawser; bb, hauling-lines, leading through chocks on each quarter." -Whitney, 1911

A sailboat in the water.

Sailboat

A sailboat in the water.

A view on upper Saint John's River in Florida.

Saint John's River

A view on upper Saint John's River in Florida.

"The salmon swimming leisurely. The body, it will be observed, is bent in two curves, one occurring towards the head, the other towards the tail. The shape of the salmon is admirably adapted for cleaving the water."&mdash;Pettigrew, 1857

Salmon

"The salmon swimming leisurely. The body, it will be observed, is bent in two curves, one occurring…

"Jesus answered and said unto unto her, If thou knewest the gift of God, and who it is that saith to thee, Give me to drink; thou wouldest have asked of him, and he would have given thee living water." John 4:10 ASV <p>Illustration of Jesus sitting on a stone bench next to a well. His left arm is raised. A woman at the well has drawn up the pail. Several people are coming up the road towards the well. The ruins of a wall stand in the background.

Jesus Offers Living Water to the Woman at the Well

"Jesus answered and said unto unto her, If thou knewest the gift of God, and who it is that saith to…

"and Jacob's well was there. Jesus therefore, being wearied with his journey, sat thus by the well. It was about the sixth hour. There cometh a woman of Samaria to draw water: Jesus saith unto her, Give me to drink." John 4:6-7 ASV <p>Illustration of Jesus speaking to a Samaritan woman at a well. Jesus is standing, a halo around his head, and the woman is sitting on the edge of the well, resting her arm on a water pot. A group of men stand in the background, pointing at Jesus. Two palm trees and some cacti are growing next to the well.

Jesus Speaks to the Samaritan Woman at the Well

"and Jacob's well was there. Jesus therefore, being wearied with his journey, sat thus by the well.…

A large metal container used to heat and boil water in.

Samovar

A large metal container used to heat and boil water in.

Part of a hydraulic engine. "A device for separating sand and other heavy particles from running water. F. cast-iron body; B. cover; A. finely perforated diaphragm; D. induction-port for water; E, valve. (Water enters through D, and the sand is collected in C.) G. plug for clearing out sand." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Sand Trap

Part of a hydraulic engine. "A device for separating sand and other heavy particles from running water.…

"View at Sander's Creek. This view is from the north side of the Creek. like the other stream, it is filled with canes, shrubs, and many blasted pines."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Sander's Creek

"View at Sander's Creek. This view is from the north side of the Creek. like the other stream, it is…

"A sandy stratum, a a, acting as a filter, occupies an inclined position between two other strata impervious to water, such as clay, the water being absorbed by the superficial parts of the strata, as at a a (which may be of very great extent), will penetrate through its whole depth, and, finding no egress below on account of the basin-like form of the stratum, or from its resting at the lower termination upon a compact rock, will accumulate." &mdash; Wells, 1857

Sandy Stratum

"A sandy stratum, a a, acting as a filter, occupies an inclined position between two other strata impervious…

"A small sail set under another, or between two other sails, to catch or save the wind." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>This illustration shows the save-all labeled with an "a". The hull of the boat as well as other sails and masts are visible.

Save-All, or Catch-All

"A small sail set under another, or between two other sails, to catch or save the wind." —Whitney,…

"The most common way of determining the density of such a body [that is heavier than water] if it is unsoluble in water, is to find its weight in air (w); find its weight when immersed in water (w'); divide the weight in air by the loss of weight in water." -Avery 1895

Scale Designed to Weigh Objects While Underwater

"The most common way of determining the density of such a body [that is heavier than water] if it is…

A type of Ganoid fish.This particular species is a Shovel-beak.

Scaphirhynchus Platyrhynchus

A type of Ganoid fish.This particular species is a Shovel-beak.

"A duck, <i>Fuligula</i> or <i>Fulix marila</i> and related species. The common scaup inhabits Europe, Asia, and North America. It is from 18 to 20 inches long, and from 30 to 35 in extent of wings." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>In this illustration the duck is sitting on placid water, its feet tucked up underneath its body. Its head and upper body is dark, while its belly is white. There is a tree line in the distance.

Scaup, a Common Duck

"A duck, Fuligula or Fulix marila and related species. The common scaup inhabits Europe, Asia, and North…

<i>Melanitta americana or &OElig;demia nigra</i> A large sea-duck of the genus <i>CEdemia</i>, belonging to the subfamily <i>Fuligulinaea</i>, having in the male the plumage black and a red gibbosity of the bill, as <i>&OElig;demia nigra</i> of Europe. <p>In this illustration, the duck is swimming in a large body of water. There is a lighthouse in the background.

A Black Scoter Swimming

Melanitta americana or Œdemia nigra A large sea-duck of the genus CEdemia, belonging to the subfamily…

An illustration of a sea-lily fossil.

Sea-lily

An illustration of a sea-lily fossil.

"The seal, adapted principally for water. The extremities are larger than in the porpoise and manatee."&mdash;Pettigrew, 1874

The Seal

"The seal, adapted principally for water. The extremities are larger than in the porpoise and manatee."—Pettigrew,…

Illustration of the entrance of an igloo, built out of ice, partially underwater. A seal is swimming under the water, headed for the entrance.

Seal Swimming up to an Igloo

Illustration of the entrance of an igloo, built out of ice, partially underwater. A seal is swimming…

"Foot of the seal, which opens and closes in the act of natation, the organ being folded upon itself during the non-effective or return stroke, and expanded during the effective or forward stroke. Due advantage is taken of this arrangement by the seal when swimming, the animal rotating on its long axis, so as to present the lower portion of the body and the feet obliquely to the water during the return stroke, and the flat, or the greatest available surface of both, during the effective or forward stroke."&mdash;Pettigrew, 1874

Foot of Seal

"Foot of the seal, which opens and closes in the act of natation, the organ being folded upon itself…

<i>Leptonychotes weddelli</i>. "A spotted seal of the southern and antarctic seas, belonging to the family <i>Phocidae</i> and either of two different genera." &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>This illustration shows the seal lying on some rocks.

Leopard Seal

Leptonychotes weddelli. "A spotted seal of the southern and antarctic seas, belonging to the family…

"A conduit or canal constructed, especially in a town or city, to carry off superfluous, water, soil, and other matters; a public drain. A, B, C, D, E forms used in London, Paris, and other European cities; F, G, H, I, J, K, L, special forms used in New York and other American cities. F shows a method of repairing with tiles at the bottom of an oval sewer. G, tile-bottomed sewer. H, barrel sewer...of wood bound with iron. I, a form used for large sewers. J, section of pipe sewer. K, half section of sewer having section similar to B, but also provided with a spandrel. L, the aqueduct form, used for large sewers only, it rests on a bed of concrete." &mdash;Whitney, 1889

Collection of Sewer Cross-Sections

"A conduit or canal constructed, especially in a town or city, to carry off superfluous, water, soil,…

An irrigation tool invented by the people of ancient Sumer. It uses weights to make lifting buckets of water almost effortless.

Shadoof

An irrigation tool invented by the people of ancient Sumer. It uses weights to make lifting buckets…

"A contrivance extensively employed in Egypt and the East, generally for raising water. It consists of a long stout rod suspended on a frame at about one fifth of its length from the end. The short end is weighted so as to serve as the counterpoise of a lever, and from the long end a bucket is suspended by a rope. The shadoof is extensively used in Egypt for lifting water from the Nile for irrigation" &mdash;Whitney, 1889 <p>This illustration shows two men using a shadoof to raise water. There is a sailboat in the background.

Shadoofs, Two Men Raising Water

"A contrivance extensively employed in Egypt and the East, generally for raising water. It consists…

Three ships sailing on the ocean.

Ships

Three ships sailing on the ocean.

A hunter, shepherd, and farmers working on the shore.

Shore Scene

A hunter, shepherd, and farmers working on the shore.

Water flows frow the higher glass through the tub and into the lower glass.

Siphon

Water flows frow the higher glass through the tub and into the lower glass.

"Illustration showing various forms of the siphon." &mdash;Hallock 1905

Various Siphons

"Illustration showing various forms of the siphon." —Hallock 1905

"Carbonic acid water, generally spoken of as Sodawater, though it seldom contains any soda. It is prepared on athe large scale by placing whiting, chalk, or carbonate of lime in a lead vessel with water and sulphuric acid, when the sulphuric acid combines with the lime to form stucco or sulphate of lime, and carbonic acid is evolved as gas." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Soda Water

"Carbonic acid water, generally spoken of as Sodawater, though it seldom contains any soda. It is prepared…

"Carbonic acid water, generally spoken of as Sodawater, though it seldom contains any soda. It is prepared on athe large scale by placing whiting, chalk, or carbonate of lime in a lead vessel with water and sulphuric acid, when the sulphuric acid combines with the lime to form stucco or sulphate of lime, and carbonic acid is evolved as gas." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Soda Water

"Carbonic acid water, generally spoken of as Sodawater, though it seldom contains any soda. It is prepared…

One of the commonest ways of determining the density of a solid body is to weight it first in air and then in water.

Specific Gravity of Solids

One of the commonest ways of determining the density of a solid body is to weight it first in air and…

A spring with a bird in front of it.

Spring

A spring with a bird in front of it.

"A clothes sprinkler may be made from a milk bottle. In it place a large cork, insert a garden sprinkling spray in the cork. This will dampen the clothes evenly."&mdash;The Federal Digest, 1921

Clothes Sprinkler

"A clothes sprinkler may be made from a milk bottle. In it place a large cork, insert a garden sprinkling…

This illustration shows a standard Lowe water gas apparatus.

Standard Lowe Water Gas Apparatus

This illustration shows a standard Lowe water gas apparatus.

A vessel in which water is turned into steam by the process of boiling.

Boiler, Steam

A vessel in which water is turned into steam by the process of boiling.