Upper Road of the Incas, 1438–1543
A map from 1889 of the Upper Road of the Incas. The map shows the route of the main Inca Road (Camino Real) from the north of Quito near Pasto, Columbia, south to Cloiquisaca. The route shows the Incan capital of Cuzco and many settlements. "Exc...

Early Spanish Map of Peru, 1774
A facsimile of an early Spanish map of Peru and northwest South America, from the Paris (1774) edition of Zarate. The map is in French, and the map coverage extends from Panama to the Paria River delta (Orinoco) of Venezuela in the north to the Tropi...

Northwestern South America, 1861
A map of northwestern South America from the French scientific explorations of the area in 1861. The map shows the Pacific coastal region of New Granada (Columbia), Ecuador, Peru, and the northern portion of Bolivia near Lake Titicaca. The cities of ...

The peaks and volcanoes which form the Andes, 1873
An orographic sketch map from 1873 of the Andes mountain chains. The map divides the system into the Andes of Columbia and Ecuador, Andes of Bolivia and Peru, Andes of Chile, and Andes of Patagonia. The map is keyed to show the prominent peaks and vo...

Lake Titicaca, 1889
A map of Lake Titicaca from 1889 during the French scientific explorations, showing Charles Weiner's route in the region from 1875 to 1877. This map shows rivers draining into the lake, nearby villages, and archeological sites of the area....

The Falkland Islands, 1903
A map from 1903 of the Falkland Islands, located in the South Atlantic off the coast of Argentina and under control of Great Britain. The map shows the capital city of Stanley and the settlements of Port Salvador and Port William, the mountains Simon...

Argentine Republic, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay, 1904
A map from 1904 of the Argentine Republic, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay. This map shows capital cities, major towns, ports, rivers, terrain, and coastal features. The map shows mean annual temperatures for selected cities, elevations for major peaks ...

Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and the Guianas, 1906
A map from 1906 showing the borders of Columbia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and the Guianas at the time. The map shows capitals, major cities, towns, ports, railroads, rivers, terrain and coastal features of the region, and portions of Panama, Brazil, Peru,...

Peru and Bolivia, 1906
A map of Peru and Bolivia from 1906 showing the political boundaries at that time. The map shows the capital cities of Lima (Peru) and La Paz (Bolivia), major cities, towns, and ports, railroads, rivers, lakes, mountains and terrain, and coastal feat...

Brazil and Guiana, 1911
A map from 1911 showing the British, Dutch, and French Guiana colonies, and eastern Brazil from approximately 60° west of Greenwich to the Atlantic Coast, and from Guiana in the north to São Paulo in the south, and the Amazon River from th...