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Section of mucous membrane of the small intestine. One the left a villus is seen in seen in section. Labels: a, the epithelial covering; c, the blood-vessels; d, the basement membrane, or subepithelial layer; e, spaces for reception of the chyle; f, origin of a lacteal vessel. On the right is a follicular depression in the mucous membrane, with b, the cells lining it; and c, the subepithelial layer.

Mucous Membrane

Section of mucous membrane of the small intestine. One the left a villus is seen in seen in section.…

Section of mucous membrane of the small intestine. One the left a villus is seen in seen in section. Labels, the epithelial covering, the blood-vessels, the basement membrane, or sub epithelial layer, spaces for reception of the chyle, origin of a lacteal vessel. On the right is a follicular depression in the mucous membrane, with, the cells lining it and the sub epithelial layer.

Mucous Membrane

Section of mucous membrane of the small intestine. One the left a villus is seen in seen in section.…

Illustration of a male green spoonworm. A, Generative pore with spermatozoa; B, Anterior blind end of intestine attached to the parenchymatous tissue by muscular strands; C, Green wandering cells containing chlorophyll; D, Parenchymatous connective tissue; Epidermis, I, Intestine; J, Vas deferens; L, Internal opening of vas deferens; M, The left anal vesicle; and M, Spermatozoa in the body-cavity.

Bonellia Viridis (Male)

Illustration of a male green spoonworm. A, Generative pore with spermatozoa; B, Anterior blind end of…

"Transverse section of a diseased patch in the leaf showing the hyphae of the fungus pushing between the leaf-cells and tapping them for nourishment. The hyphae have broken through the upper face and are forming a cluster of spores." -Britannica, 1910

Diseased Leaf

"Transverse section of a diseased patch in the leaf showing the hyphae of the fungus pushing between…

"Ehrlich's diagrams illustrating the mechanism of immunity and cytolysis. The figures in black indicate substances with toxic action. a and b illustrate the excessive production of receptors in response to the action of toxins, and their escape from the cells." -Whitney, 1911

Cytolysis, Stage 1

"Ehrlich's diagrams illustrating the mechanism of immunity and cytolysis. The figures in black indicate…

"Ehrlich's diagrams illustrating the mechanism of immunity and cytolysis. The figures in black indicate substances with toxic action. a and b illustrate the excessive production of receptors in response to the action of toxins, and their escape from the cells; in b they are seen to combine with toxin outside the cell, preventing its union with the cell." -Whitney, 1911

Cytolysis, Stage 2

"Ehrlich's diagrams illustrating the mechanism of immunity and cytolysis. The figures in black indicate…

Krak des Chevaliers was the headquarters of the Knights Hospitaller during the Crusades. It was expanded between 1150 and 1250 and eventually housed a garrison of 2,000. The inner curtain wall is up to 100 feet thick at the base on the south side, with seven guard towers 30 feet in diameter.

Krak des Chevaliers

Krak des Chevaliers was the headquarters of the Knights Hospitaller during the Crusades. It was expanded…

An illustration of a sectional view of a Acanthobdella, a member of the annelid family. "c, Coelom; c.ch, Coelomic epithelium (yellow cells); cg, glandular cells; cl, Muscle cells of lateral line; cp, Pigment cells; ep, Ectoderm; g, Nerve cord; m, Intestine; mc, Circular muscle; ml, Longitudinal muscle; vd, Dorsal vessel; ww, Ventral vessel." (Britannic, 1910)

Sectional View of Acanthobdella

An illustration of a sectional view of a Acanthobdella, a member of the annelid family. "c, Coelom;…

An illustration of a sectional view of a Acanthobdella, a member of the annelid family. "c, Coelom; c.ch, Coelomic epithelium (yellow cells); cg, glandular cells; cl, Muscle cells of lateral line; cp, Pigment cells; ep, Ectoderm; g, Nerve cord; m, Intestine; mc, Circular muscle; ml, Longitudinal muscle; vd, Dorsal vessel; ww, Ventral vessel; cn, nerve cord; nf, parts of nephridium; on, external opening of nephridium; ov, ova; t, testis." (Britannica, 1910)

Sectional View of Acanthobdella

An illustration of a sectional view of a Acanthobdella, a member of the annelid family. "c, Coelom;…

An illustration of potato starch cells.

Potato Starch

An illustration of potato starch cells.

An illustration of corn starch cells.

Corn Starch

An illustration of corn starch cells.

An illustration of wheat starch cells.

Wheat Starch

An illustration of wheat starch cells.

An illustration of Noticulales with buds. The Noctilucales are a peculiar order of marine dinoflagellates. They differ from most others in that the mature cell is diploid and its nucleus does not show a dinokaryotic organization. These cells are very large, from 1 to 2 millimetres in diameter, and are filled with large buoyant vacuoles. Some may contain symbiotic green algae, but there are no chloroplasts. Instead, they feed on other plankton, and there is usually a special tentacle involved in ingestion.

Noctilucales

An illustration of Noticulales with buds. The Noctilucales are a peculiar order of marine dinoflagellates.…

An illustration of Noticulales in section: an, anus; d, denticle; f, flagellum; t, tentacle. The Noctilucales are a peculiar order of marine dinoflagellates. They differ from most others in that the mature cell is diploid and its nucleus does not show a dinokaryotic organization. These cells are very large, from 1 to 2 millimetres in diameter, and are filled with large buoyant vacuoles. Some may contain symbiotic green algae, but there are no chloroplasts. Instead, they feed on other plankton, and there is usually a special tentacle involved in ingestion.

Noctilucales

An illustration of Noticulales in section: an, anus; d, denticle; f, flagellum; t, tentacle. The Noctilucales…

The Noctilucales are a peculiar order of marine dinoflagellates. They differ from most others in that the mature cell is diploid and its nucleus does not show a dinokaryotic organization. These cells are very large, from 1 to 2 millimetres in diameter, and are filled with large buoyant vacuoles. Some may contain symbiotic green algae, but there are no chloroplasts. Instead, they feed on other plankton, and there is usually a special tentacle involved in ingestion.

Noctilucales

The Noctilucales are a peculiar order of marine dinoflagellates. They differ from most others in that…

This modern pipe-spout pot is a tea-kettle. It is made out of metal and has a hoop handle with a wooden guard.

Modern Pipe-Spout Pot

This modern pipe-spout pot is a tea-kettle. It is made out of metal and has a hoop handle with a wooden…

An illustration of the upper portion of a sponge: p, Pore; s, Subdermal cavity; c1, chief fiver of the skeleton; c2, connecting film. The sponges or poriferans (from Latin porus "pore" and ferre "to bear") are animals of the phylum Porifera. Their bodies consist of an outer thin layer of cells, the pinacoderm and an inner mass of cells and skeletal elements, the choanoderm. Sponges do not have nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Instead most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove wastes, and the shapes of their bodies are adapted to maximize the efficiency of the water flow.

Upper Section of Sponge

An illustration of the upper portion of a sponge: p, Pore; s, Subdermal cavity; c1, chief fiver of the…

An illustration of the lower portion of a sponge. O, OS, and M are illustrations of sponge eggs magnified forty times. The sponges or poriferans (from Latin porus "pore" and ferre "to bear") are animals of the phylum Porifera. Their bodies consist of an outer thin layer of cells, the pinacoderm and an inner mass of cells and skeletal elements, the choanoderm. Sponges do not have nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Instead most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove wastes, and the shapes of their bodies are adapted to maximize the efficiency of the water flow.

Lower Section of Sponge

An illustration of the lower portion of a sponge. O, OS, and M are illustrations of sponge eggs magnified…

Colonial, plant-like animals closely related to jellyfish, with stinging cells, Any member of the invertebrate order Hydroida (class Hydrozoa, phylum Cnidaria). Hydroids have three basic life-cycle stages: (1) a tiny free-swimming planula larva about 1 mm (0.04 inch) long, which settles and grows into (2) a sessile (attached), usually colonial hydroid stage, which in turn liberates (3) medusa.

Medusa of a Hydroid

Colonial, plant-like animals closely related to jellyfish, with stinging cells, Any member of the invertebrate…

A modern Bryozoan, a group of cells or zooecia seen from above, and a single cell seen from the side.

Bryozoan

A modern Bryozoan, a group of cells or zooecia seen from above, and a single cell seen from the side.

A modern Bryozoan, a single branch bearing ovicells and zooid cells.

Bryozoan

A modern Bryozoan, a single branch bearing ovicells and zooid cells.

Cuttlefish "bone" or internal shell. The fine point at the base structure represents the guard of the Belemnite.

Cuttlebone

Cuttlefish "bone" or internal shell. The fine point at the base structure represents the guard of the…

"Eurotium repens. A, a small portion of the mycelium with a conidiophore (c), terminated by the sterigmata (st), from which the spores have fallen, also with the spiral female organ, the ascogonium (as). B the spiral ascogonium (as) with antheridium (p). C, the same beginning to be surrounded by threads, out of which the wall of the perithecium is formed. D, a perithecium. E, F, sections of young perithecia: w, cells composing the wall; f, false parenchyma underneath the wall; as ascogonium. G, ascus. H, an ascopore." -Whitney, 1911

Eurotium Fungus

"Eurotium repens. A, a small portion of the mycelium with a conidiophore (c), terminated by the sterigmata…

An illustration of an adult guard holding bags of money.

Guard Holding Bags

An illustration of an adult guard holding bags of money.

An illustration of a guard and woman talking.

Guard Speaking to Woman

An illustration of a guard and woman talking.

An illustration of a man wearing a suit of armor with a woman washing it.

Woman Washing a Man in Armor

An illustration of a man wearing a suit of armor with a woman washing it.

"And when we came to Rome, the centurion delivered the prisoners to the captain of the guard: but Paul was suffered to dwell by himself with a soldier that kept him." Acts 28:16 KJV

St. Paul's Arrival at Rome in Chains

"And when we came to Rome, the centurion delivered the prisoners to the captain of the guard: but Paul…

"Therefore the LORD God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken." Genesis 3:23 KJV

Adam and Eve Driven out of the Garden of Eden

"Therefore the LORD God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was…

Private Thomas Plunkett (1841 - 1885) was a color bearer during the Civil War. He carried the banner of his regiment at the Battle of Fredericksburg when a cannon blast took away both of his hands. He carried on by pressing the flag against his chest with his wrists and continued until one of the color guard took the flag from him so he could retire. For these actions, Plunkett was awarded the Medal of Honor.

Sergeant Thomas Plunkett

Private Thomas Plunkett (1841 - 1885) was a color bearer during the Civil War. He carried the banner…

A typical cell consists of two portions, one, te firmer, forming an excessively delicate meshwork enclosing its cavities the second more fluid part. Therefore, when highly mangnified, the appearance would be essentialluy like a sponge fully saturated with water. The protoplasm the sponge work, and possibly the fluid part is living and both are transparent.

Typical amimal cell

A typical cell consists of two portions, one, te firmer, forming an excessively delicate meshwork enclosing…

Blood cell function is to transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells; wastes and carbon dioxide to the organs responsible for their removal or breakdown; and also to defend the body against bacteria, viruses, and other organisms.

Blood cell

Blood cell function is to transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells; wastes and carbon dioxide to…

Animal nerve cells are specialized cells called neurons. Figure 1C is a nerve cell with parts of its fiber.

Nerve Cell

Animal nerve cells are specialized cells called neurons. Figure 1C is a nerve cell with parts of its…

Animal cells lining the body lining the body cavity.

Cell Sections

Animal cells lining the body lining the body cavity.

Animal cells lining the windpipe.

Cell Sections

Animal cells lining the windpipe.

Animal cells section through the skin

Cell Sections

Animal cells section through the skin

Pandorina, a one-celled, fresh water form, is a genus of green algae composed of 8, 16, or sometimes 32 cells, held together at their bases to form a globular colony surrounded by mucilage. The cells are ovoid or slightly narrowed at one end to appear keystone- or pear-shaped.

Pandorina

Pandorina, a one-celled, fresh water form, is a genus of green algae composed of 8, 16, or sometimes…

Volvox is one of the best-known chlorophytes, a division of green algae, and is the most developed in a series of genera that form spherical colonies. This mature Volvox colony is composed of numerous flagellate cells.

Volvox

Volvox is one of the best-known chlorophytes, a division of green algae, and is the most developed in…

Under certain circumstances some cells may store up food matters beome eggs, while others, known as sperm-cells, develop a flagellum. These reproductive cells separating from the colony they swim actively uniting with an egg. This union of two individuals in Vorticella results inthe power of division. The cells produced remain together, form a spere, and finally develop a Volvox colony.

Volvox

Under certain circumstances some cells may store up food matters beome eggs, while others, known as…

The sponge, a many celled animal, begins its life as a single-cell, the egg. The continued division of its cells result in the formation of a hollow globe of cells called the blastula, similar to Volvox, and at this point the young larva leaves the parent.

Sponge Develoment

The sponge, a many celled animal, begins its life as a single-cell, the egg. The continued division…

The sponge, a many celled animal, that begins its life as a single-cell, the egg. The continued division of its cells result in the formation of a hollow globe of cells called the blastula, similar to Volvox, and at this point the young larva leaves the parent.

Sponge Develoment

The sponge, a many celled animal, that begins its life as a single-cell, the egg. The continued division…

The sponge, a many celled animal, begins its life as a single-cell, the egg. After division of cells and formation of blastula, the young larva leaves the parent. The next transformation consists of a pushing in of one side. This depression deepens and gradually results in the formation of a two layered sac know as the gastrula.

Sponge Develoment

The sponge, a many celled animal, begins its life as a single-cell, the egg. After division of cells…

In zoology a skeleton is any fairly rigid structure of an animal, irrespective of whether it has joints and irrespective of whether it is biomineralized. The mesohyl functions as an endoskeleton in most sponges, and is the only skeleton in soft sponges that encrust hard surfaces such as rocks. More commonly the mesohyl is stiffened by mineral spicules, by spongin fibers or both. Portion of a wall of sponge (fig 17) showing the outer layer (e), the inner layer (i), consisting of collared cells, and the middle layer (m), consisting of irregular cells.

Skeleton of Sponge

In zoology a skeleton is any fairly rigid structure of an animal, irrespective of whether it has joints…

Spicules may be made of silica or calcium carbonate, and vary in shape from simple rods to three-dimensional "stars" with up to six rays. Spicules are produced by sclerocyte cells, and may be separate, connected by joints, or fused.

Sponge Spicules

Spicules may be made of silica or calcium carbonate, and vary in shape from simple rods to three-dimensional…

Fresh water Hydra, a jellyfish, is a many celled animal. Shown is a Hydra nettle cells.

Hydra Jellyfish

Fresh water Hydra, a jellyfish, is a many celled animal. Shown is a Hydra nettle cells.

Fresh water Hydra, a jellyfish, is a many celled animal. The organs of defence, nettle cells or lasso cells , in the event of disturbance, the sac will discharge coiled thread an barbs into the body of the intruder.

Hydra Jellyfish

Fresh water Hydra, a jellyfish, is a many celled animal. The organs of defence, nettle cells or lasso…

Fresh water Hydra, a jellyfish, is a many celled animal. The organs of defence, nettle cells or lasso cells , in the event of disturbance, the sac will discharge coiled thread an barbs into the body of the intruder.

Hydra Jellyfish

Fresh water Hydra, a jellyfish, is a many celled animal. The organs of defence, nettle cells or lasso…

Bees are flying insects closely related to wasps and ants. Honey bees (or honeybees) are a subset of bees, primarily distinguished by the production and storage of honey and the construction of perennial, colonial nests out of wax. A colony generally contains one queen bee, a fertile female; seasonally up to a few thousand drone bees or fertile males; and a large seasonally variable population of sterile female worker bees. A honeycomb is a mass of hexagonal wax cells built by honey bees in their nests to contain their larvae and stores of honey and pollen.

Honey Bees

Bees are flying insects closely related to wasps and ants. Honey bees (or honeybees) are a subset of…

Carpenter bees are large, hairy bees distributed worldwide. Their name comes from the fact that nearly all species build their nests in burrows in dead wood, bamboo, or structural timbers. In several species, the females live in tunnels alongside their own daughters or sisters, creating a sort of social group. They use wood bits to form partitions between the cells in the nest. A few species bore holes in wood dwellings. Since the tunnels are near the surface, structural damage is generally minor or nonexistent.

Carpenter Bee

Carpenter bees are large, hairy bees distributed worldwide. Their name comes from the fact that nearly…

Hearing is the perception of certain vibrations of bodies. These vibrations give rise to sound waves. These sound waves come to animals through the air, through water, or throught both air and water. Here we see the auditory organ of a mollusk showing the (a) auditory nerve, (b) the outer wall of connective tissue, (c) cells with auditory hairs, and (d) otolith.

Sense of Hearing

Hearing is the perception of certain vibrations of bodies. These vibrations give rise to sound waves.…

"Gun. A, breech; B, barrel; C, band; D, breech-block; E, butt; F, butt- or heel-plate; G, front sight or bead; H, guard- or trigger-plate; I, guard-bow; K, hammer; L, lock; M, peep-sight; N, N, pipes; O, pistol-grip; P, rear sight; Q, receiver; R, side-screws or -nails; S, S, stock; T, tip; U, trigger; V, wiping-rod." -Whitney, 1911

Parts of the Gun

"Gun. A, breech; B, barrel; C, band; D, breech-block; E, butt; F, butt- or heel-plate; G, front sight…

"Field-gun Carriage. A, stock. B, cheek. a, lunette; b, trail-plate; c, c, pointing-rings; d, handle; e, e, prolonge-hooks; f, wheel-guard plate; g, lock-chain bolt, nut, and washer; h, turn buckle, chain, and hasp for sponge and rammer; i, stop for rammer-head; k, ear-plate for worm; l, elevating-screw; m, under-strap; n, implement-hook; o, D-ring for hand-spike; q, trunnion-plate; r, cap-square; s, s, cap-square chains and keys; 1, prolonge; 2, sponge and rammer; 3, hand-spike." -Whitney, 1911

Field Gun Carriage

"Field-gun Carriage. A, stock. B, cheek. a, lunette; b, trail-plate; c, c, pointing-rings; d, handle;…

The pole screen is a small screen that is supported on a tall slender poll with a tripod (three legged) base. It is used by women to protect their complexion from the heat of a fire such as a fireplace. The design on this pole screen is of an Irish warrior and the tripod base is composed of three busts of helmeted heads.

Pole Screen

The pole screen is a small screen that is supported on a tall slender poll with a tripod (three legged)…

In Norse mythology, Heimdall is the guardian of the gods. When Loki causes evil spirit to be in everyone, the world grows cold and mean. Heimdall rides his horse over the rainbow bridge and blows his horn to warn the gods of the end of the world.

Heimdall Warns the Gods

In Norse mythology, Heimdall is the guardian of the gods. When Loki causes evil spirit to be in everyone,…

"Life-history of Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha): 1 and 2, developing thallus; 2 shows the cup with gemmae; 3, section across thallus, showing chimney-shaped stoma and green cells under, and mucilage cell on left; 4, male hats; 5, development of antheridia; 6, antheridium nearly ripe; 7, antherozoid; 8, female hat; 9, 10, archegonia before fertilization; 11, 12, 13, fertilized egg dividing; 14, immature sporogonium, containing spores and elaters." -Hazeltine, 1894

Liverwort Life Cycle

"Life-history of Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha): 1 and 2, developing thallus; 2 shows the cup with…

A pictorial banner illustrated with a guard leaning on a ledge looking over the city.

Guard Sitting Looking Over Ledge Pictorial Banner

A pictorial banner illustrated with a guard leaning on a ledge looking over the city.

An illustration of a mantle, a type of loose garment usually worn over indoor clothing to serve the same purpose as an overcoat, on a guard.

Mantle

An illustration of a mantle, a type of loose garment usually worn over indoor clothing to serve the…

"The first change in the parent-cell is that by which it becomes broken up into a mass of cells, each of which is just like itself. This process is called segmentation of the vitellus; each one of the numerous resulting cells is called a cleavage-cell. The nucleus of the parent-cell divides into two; each attracts its half of the yelk; the halves furrow apart and there are now two cleavage cells in place of the one parent-cell a furrow at right angles to the first, and redivision of the nuclei; results in four cleavage-cells. Radiating furrows intermediate to the first two bisect the four cells, and would render eight cells, were not these simultaneously doubled by a circular furrow which cleaves each, with the result of sixteen cleavage-cells. So the subdivision goes on until the parent-cell becomes a mass of cells. This particular kind of cleavage, by radiating and concentric furrowing, is called discoidal, and the resulting heap of little cells assumes the figure of a thin, flat, circular disc. Segmentation of the vitellus, in whatever manner it may go on, results in a mulberry-like mass of cleavage-cells; and the original cytula has become what is called a morula. This process is shown closely here." Elliot Coues, 1884

The Segmentation of the Vitellus

"The first change in the parent-cell is that by which it becomes broken up into a mass of cells, each…

"Further development of hen's egg; after Haeckel: A, the mulberry mass of cleavage cells, b, same as seen on top in fig 111, F, here viewed in profile in section, resting upon n, the simply-shaded part of the figure, to represent conventionally the mass of food-yelk. A, morula stage (as before); B, blastula stage, the mass of cells, b, forming the blastoderm, uplifted from the food-yelk, leaving the cleavage-cavity, s; w, the thickened rim of the germ-disc; C, the blastula in process of inversion, by which a layer of entoderm-cells, i, growing from periphery to centre, will apply itself to the layer of exoderm-cells, e, obliterating the cleavage-cavity, s; D, the disc-gastrula completed, by union of entoderm, i, with exoderm, e, leaving the primitive intestinal cavity, d, which is quite similar in appearance to the cleavage cavity, s, but morphologically quite different." Elliot Coues, 1884

Egg Germination

"Further development of hen's egg; after Haeckel: A, the mulberry mass of cleavage cells, b, same as…

"Longitudinal radial section through the wood of a branch of maple one year old: P, pith; B, bark." -Century, 1889 In botany, Medullary rays refer to a characteristic found in woods. In this context the term refers to radial sheets or ribbons extending vertically through the tree across and perpendicular to the growth rings. Also called pith rays or wood rays, these formations of primarily parenchyma cells allow the radial transmission of sap.

Medullary Rays of Maple

"Longitudinal radial section through the wood of a branch of maple one year old: P, pith; B, bark."…

"Resipratory and vocal organs of the Rook, Corvus frugilegusm an Oscine Passerine bird; 1 a, tongue; b, basi-branchial, commonly called uro-hyal; c, c, horns of hyoid bone; d, d, genio-hyoid muscles; e, e, stylo-hyoid muscles; f, f, cleido-hyoid muscles; g, h, i, aesophagus; j, proventriculus; or secretory stomach; k, gizzard, or gigerium, the muscular stomach; l, m, n, n, intestine, duodenum to rectum; o, p, trachea, or windpipe; q, inferior larynx, or syrinx; r, r, right and left bronchus; ss, ss, contractor muscles or trachea; t, t, lungs with u, u, apertures communicating with thoracic air-cells; v, v, v, three pairs of muscular slips answering to a rudimentary diaphragm; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, as many ribs. Elliot Coues, 1884

The Respiratory and Vocal Organs of a Rook

"Resipratory and vocal organs of the Rook, Corvus frugilegusm an Oscine Passerine bird; 1 a, tongue;…