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Alcibiades was one of the political leaders in Athens during the Peloponnesian War.

Alcibiades

Alcibiades was one of the political leaders in Athens during the Peloponnesian War.

The Battle of Issus, during the conquest of Persia.

Battle of Issus

The Battle of Issus, during the conquest of Persia.

Hera (Juno), a greek goddess.

Hera

Hera (Juno), a greek goddess.

A Grecian Temple

Grecian Temple

A Grecian Temple

A Greek Theater, Athens.

Greek Theatre

A Greek Theater, Athens.

"Hannibal's Passage of the Alps. Hannibal determined to carry the war into Italy. To do this, he had to fight his way through Spain and cross the Alps, which were regarded as an impassable barrier between Italy and the North. In this he succeeded, although he lost one half of his troops and almost all the beasts of burden in the passage. This is justly regarded as one of the greatest military feats in history. In modern times Napoleon accomplished it, but both he and his historians have accounted it one of the best proofs of his genius, that he, in the nineteenth century, should be able to do what Hannibal had accomplished in the third century B. C. Hannibal crossed the Alps probably by way of what is now known as the Little St. Bernard Pass. The Gauls on the Italian side of the Alps welcomed him as their deliverer, and he was soon in the plains of northern Italy."—Colby, 1899

Hannibal

"Hannibal's Passage of the Alps. Hannibal determined to carry the war into Italy. To do this, he had…

"Augustus ruled for about forty-two yeras, that is, from 27 B.C. to 14 A.D., and this period is known in history as the Golden Age of Latin Literature."—Colby, 1899

Augustus

"Augustus ruled for about forty-two yeras, that is, from 27 B.C. to 14 A.D., and this period is known…

"Statue of Charlemagne, in Paris. At Pepin's death in 768 the kingdom of the Franks included the greater part of what is now France, together with a portion of Germany. This territory was divided between his two sons, Carloman and Charles, who ruled over it together for three years, until 771, when, by the death of Carloman, Charles became the sole ruler. Charles, or to give him the title by which he is best known, Charlemagne (that is, Charles the Great), is the greatest figure in the history of the Middle Ages, and one of the ablest rulers of all time. His reign is itself an epoch in history; for the work he did lived after him, and influenced the nations of Europe for centuries to come."—Colby, 1899

Charlemagne

"Statue of Charlemagne, in Paris. At Pepin's death in 768 the kingdom of the Franks included the greater…

"Queen Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII, by Anne Boleyn. Her reign is one of the most remarkable in English history. It lasted from 1558 to 1603, and in those years England's glory was brighter than it had ever been before. Elizabeth was not extreme in her religious views. she was probably lacking in religious feeling, but on the whole, inclined toward the Protestant system, though not biitter against the Roman Catholic Church. Accordingly, the Church of Elizabeth was less Protestant than that of Edward VI, but did not retain the Roman Catholic doctrines of the Church of Mary and Henry VIII. It was a Protestant Church, but kept the old forms of worship."—Colby, 1899

Queen Elizabeth

"Queen Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII, by Anne Boleyn. Her reign is one of the most remarkable…

"Peter the Great. This prince is one of the most extraordinary figures in history. As a boy he showed a great eagerness for knowledge in departments which were not generally attractive to the members of royal families. He cared nothing for books, but took a keen interest in mechanical devices, in carpentering, and especially in the making and sailing of boats. He was impatient of discipline and opposition and showed at an early age serious defects of temper. In fact, except for his restless and inquisitive spirit, there was little about him to suggest the qualities which afterwards made him famous. His half-sister, Sophia, plotted against him, and at one time, through a palace revolution, his life was actually endagered. He was obliged to share the throne with his feeble-minded half-brother, and at first his position was insecure. In 1689, however, Peter, discovering the plots of Sophia, raised a party against her, took the power out of her hands, and shut her up in a convent. Ivan was wholly incompetent to rule, and from this time forth Peter, though now only seventeen years of age, ruled the state."—Colby, 1899

Peter the Great

"Peter the Great. This prince is one of the most extraordinary figures in history. As a boy he showed…

"George III (1760-1815). The first two Hanoverian kings were ignorant of English politics and obliged to rely on their ministers. Moreover, they cared more for Hanover than for England. But George II had English ideas. He was born and educated in England, and he made up his mind that he would rule in the manner of the old kings. He tried to restore the power of the crown at the expense of Parliament. In private morals and social relations he was better than his predecessors, and his character inspired respect. He had the loftiest ideas of royal dignity, and the greater part of his reign was taken up with the struggles with Parliament. But though he had some good qualities, he was narrow-minded, ill-educated, and imprudent. During the first twenty-four years of his reign he managed to estrange his people, check the prosperity of the nation, and lose forever the American colonies. His reign therefore was disastrous. The details of the struggle with the American colonies and the rise of the United States to the foremost rank among nations do not properly fall within the scope of this work. It is sufficient here to state that by the treaty of 1783 England's control over the thirteen colonies was lost forever. During the latter part of the reign of George III he was incapacitated for ruling. He was stricken with insanity, and the government passed into the hands of the prince regent, afterwards George IV. The most interesting side of the reign from the point of view of general history is the relations of England with foreign powers and the part where she played in the wars that arose from the French Revolution."—Colby, 1899

George III, King of England

"George III (1760-1815). The first two Hanoverian kings were ignorant of English politics and obliged…

Martha Danridge was born in the county of New Kent, Virginia, in May, 1732. Martha was a widow of Park Custis and wife of George Washington.

Martha Washington

Martha Danridge was born in the county of New Kent, Virginia, in May, 1732. Martha was a widow of Park…

Lady Hester Stanhope, a famous woman in history

Lady Hester Stanhope

Lady Hester Stanhope, a famous woman in history

Josephine, a famous woman in history.

Josephine

Josephine, a famous woman in history.

The second wife of Napoleon Bonaparte. Born December 12, 1791 and died on December 17, 1847.

Maria Louisa

The second wife of Napoleon Bonaparte. Born December 12, 1791 and died on December 17, 1847.

Jeanne Josephe Marie Antoinette, a famous woman in history.

Marie Antoinette

Jeanne Josephe Marie Antoinette, a famous woman in history.

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, at Winsfield Castle

Marty Stuart

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, at Winsfield Castle

Queen Elizabeth on a tour through her realm

Queen Elizabeth

Queen Elizabeth on a tour through her realm

Joan of Arc, surnamed the 'Maid of Orleans.'

Joan of Arc

Joan of Arc, surnamed the 'Maid of Orleans.'

"Most of the great diamonds distinguished for beauty and size have very interesting histories. one of the most famous is the Koh-i-Nur, or Koohinoor, 'Mountain of Light.' The legend is that it was carried by the hero Karna, whose deeds are celebrated in the 'Mahabharata.' It made its first appearance in history in the 14th century, when Ala-ed-din brought it to Delhi. At that time it was supposed to weigh 793 carats."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

The Kohinur Diamond

"Most of the great diamonds distinguished for beauty and size have very interesting histories. one of…

"Mosses are a class of small flowerless plants, important in the economy of nature, and of great interest in their life history. They are found in all climates, but are most abundant in temperate regions and in damp places."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Moss

"Mosses are a class of small flowerless plants, important in the economy of nature, and of great interest…

"Mosses are a class of small flowerless plants, important in the economy of nature, and of great interest in their life history. They are found in all climates, but are most abundant in temperate regions and in damp places."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Moss

"Mosses are a class of small flowerless plants, important in the economy of nature, and of great interest…

"Mosses are a class of small flowerless plants, important in the economy of nature, and of great interest in their life history. They are found in all climates, but are most abundant in temperate regions and in damp places."—(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Moss

"Mosses are a class of small flowerless plants, important in the economy of nature, and of great interest…

"Plutarch, as the great interpreter of Greece and Rome, exerted on generations succeeding him in influence perhaps greater than any other classical writer." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Plutarch

"Plutarch, as the great interpreter of Greece and Rome, exerted on generations succeeding him in influence…

"Marcus Aurelius Antoninus stands almost alone in the history of the world as a philosopher and philanthopist clothed in royal purple. He was born A.D. 121, adopted by Antoninus Pius in 138, became consul in 140, and succeeded his adoptive father as emperor in 161." — The Delphian Society, 1913

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus

"Marcus Aurelius Antoninus stands almost alone in the history of the world as a philosopher and philanthopist…

"The first writer who deserves the name of a historian is Herodotus, hence called the Father of History. Herodotus was born in the Dorian colony of Halicarnassus in Caria, in the year 484 B.C., and accordingly about the time of the Persian expeditions to Greece." — Smith, 1882

Bust of Herodotus

"The first writer who deserves the name of a historian is Herodotus, hence called the Father of History.…

"Thucydides, the greatest of the Greek historians, was an Athenian, and was born in the year 471 B.C. His family was connected with that of Miltiades and Cimon. He possessed gold mines in Thrace, and enjoyed great influence in that country." — Smith, 1882

Bust of Thucydides

"Thucydides, the greatest of the Greek historians, was an Athenian, and was born in the year 471 B.C.…

Scene from the story, "Knickerbocker History."

Knickerbocker

Scene from the story, "Knickerbocker History."

Scene from the story, "Knickerbocker History."

Knickerbocker

Scene from the story, "Knickerbocker History."

Scene from the story, "Knickerbocker History."

Knickerbocker

Scene from the story, "Knickerbocker History."

Scene from the story, "Knickerbocker History."

Knickerbocker

Scene from the story, "Knickerbocker History."

"Thyrsus, a pole carried by Bacchus, and by Satyrs, Maenades, and others who engaged in Bacchic festivities and rites. It was sometimes terminated by the apple of the pine, or fir-cone, that tree being dedicated to Bacchus in consequence of the use of the turpentine which flowed from it, and also of its cones, in making wine. The monuments of ancient art, however, most commonly exhibit, instead of the pine-apple, a bunch of vine or ivy leaves, with grapes or berries, arranged into the form of a cone. The annexed cut shows the head of a thyrsus composed of the leaves and berries of the ivy, and surrounded by acanthus leaves. The fabulous history of Bacchus relates that he converted the thyrsi carried by himself and his followers into dangerous weapons, by concealing an iron point in the head of the leaves." &mdash Smith; 1873

Thyrsus

"Thyrsus, a pole carried by Bacchus, and by Satyrs, Maenades, and others who engaged in Bacchic festivities…

McCarthy was an Irish politician, historian and novelist.

Justin McCarthy

McCarthy was an Irish politician, historian and novelist.

Known as Bill Nye, he was a journalist and humorist.

Edgar Wilson Nye

Known as Bill Nye, he was a journalist and humorist.

"Babylon is said, by some writers, to have owed its foundation to Queen Semiramis, a person whose history, as it is handed down by tradition, seems to consist rather of entertaining fictions than substantial realities. By other authors, the foundation of the city is ascribed to Belus, and Nebuchadnezzar is allowed to have completed the labor. It stood on the Euphrates, in the middle of a wide plain, and was built in the form of an exact square, each side being fifteen miles in extent." — Goodrich, 1844

Babylon

"Babylon is said, by some writers, to have owed its foundation to Queen Semiramis, a person whose history,…

"Ancient Persia was among the great empires that figure in the early history of mankind. Little of their history is known till the conqueror Cyrus ascended the throne, about the year, about 559 B.C." — Goodrich, 1844

Ancient Persia

"Ancient Persia was among the great empires that figure in the early history of mankind. Little of their…

A genus of wading birds, one species of which was regarded in ancient Egypt with a degree of respect bordering on adoration.

Ibis

A genus of wading birds, one species of which was regarded in ancient Egypt with a degree of respect…

"One of the most extraordinary events in the history of England is that commonly known by the name of the gunpowder Treason and plot; in which case the king and parliament of England had a narrow escape, by a singular accident, from a diabolical scheme of destruction. This plot was the work of a small number of fanatical Roman Catholics, who undertook to wreak their revenge on James the First and his government for not showing indulgence to their religion." — Goodrich, 1844

Guy Fawkes and his associates

"One of the most extraordinary events in the history of England is that commonly known by the name of…

"The reign of Louis the Fourteenth has been termed the Augustan age of France. This monarch had none of the commanding qualities which create a nation or an era, and he would not have been distinguished from common princes in common circumstances. Destitute himself of the true sentiment of greatness, he yet became, fortuitously, the instrument of great deeds, and his reign will always be a memorable period in history." — Goodrich, 1844

Louis XIV in his chambers

"The reign of Louis the Fourteenth has been termed the Augustan age of France. This monarch had none…

"He assisted in the making of history for nearly half a century, and is, in some respects, the most remarkable, if not the greatest, man in Europe." —The Popular Cyclopedia, 1888

William Gladstone

"He assisted in the making of history for nearly half a century, and is, in some respects, the most…

A famous author who produced works such as <em>History of the Ciry of New York</em> and was the editor of the <em>Magazine of American History.</em>

Martha Lamb

A famous author who produced works such as History of the Ciry of New York and was the editor…

A nineteenth century British poet, historian and Whig politician. He wrote extensively as an essayist and reviewer, and on British history.

Thomas Macauley

A nineteenth century British poet, historian and Whig politician. He wrote extensively as an essayist…

A genus of birds found originally in Asia, but brought to Europe at an early date in history. They were introduced into the United States from Europe. The pheasants include a number of species, and with them are usually associated numerous allied birds, all of which are highly prized as game birds.

Pheasant

A genus of birds found originally in Asia, but brought to Europe at an early date in history. They were…

Daughter of Powhatan, a distinguished Indian chief, born in 1595; died off Gravesend, England, in March, 1617. Her early life was spent among the Indians in Virginia. In 1607 she became connected with the early history of America by saving the life of Capt. John Smith, and otherwise showed friendship for the English colonists.

Pocahontas

Daughter of Powhatan, a distinguished Indian chief, born in 1595; died off Gravesend, England, in March,…

Roman emperor, born in Arca, in 205; slain in 235 A. D. He was of Syrian parentage and originally named Alexius Bassianus, but was adopted by Emperor Heliogabalus and assumed the name by which he is known in history.

Alexander Severus

Roman emperor, born in Arca, in 205; slain in 235 A. D. He was of Syrian parentage and originally named…

This illustration shows the features in the life history of Chlamydomonas: A, character of the motile plant. B, conjugation of isogamous gametes. C, a plant dividing to form numerous small male gametes. D, a plant forming two large female gametes. E, male and female gametes about to conjugate.

Chlamydomonas

This illustration shows the features in the life history of Chlamydomonas: A, character of the motile…

This illustration shows the features in the life history of Pandorina: A, a colony of plants. B, each plant of the colony dividing to form a new colony. C, the plants of a colony escaping as gametes. D, the conjugation of two gametes of unequal size. E, later stage in the conjugation. F, gametospore or resting spore. G, Large zoospore formed from the gametospore. H, a colony formed by the division of the zoospore, G.

Pandorina

This illustration shows the features in the life history of Pandorina: A, a colony of plants. B, each…

This illustration shows a diagram of the life history of Ricciocarpus. The upper portion of the figure represents the sexual generation and the lower portion, the asexual. The former generation begins with the formation of the spores, sp, from the mother-cell and ends with the formation of the gametes, g. The asexual generation begins with the gametospore, gm, and ends with the spore mother cells, sm.

Ricciocarpus

This illustration shows a diagram of the life history of Ricciocarpus. The upper portion of the figure…

A political cartoon describing civilian answers to the new war cry. This cartoon title is "Do Your Bit." Food production of course comes first. Ding of the New york Tribune called it "The Most Critical Race in Our History."

Do Your Bit

A political cartoon describing civilian answers to the new war cry. This cartoon title is "Do Your Bit."…

This diagram shows some stages in the life history of the tapeworm. A, Cysticercus or Bladderworm stage, before the "head" protrudes from the bladder; B, same, later stage; C, Strobila, or chain of proglottides, many being omitted; D, embryo such as fill the uterus of the mature proglottides. It is protected by a shell. b, bladder; ex., excretory canals; g, genital pore; h, head or scolex provided with hooks and suckers (s); u, uterus in a mature posterior proglottis; z, one of budding or segment formation. The numerals show the approximate number of segments, reckoning from the front.

Tapeworm

This diagram shows some stages in the life history of the tapeworm. A, Cysticercus or Bladderworm stage,…

Reinmar was one of the most important Minnesingers in history. A Minnesinger is someone who wrote and performed poetry. Reinmar still has approximately 80 texts still in existannce.

Reinmar the Minnesinger

Reinmar was one of the most important Minnesingers in history. A Minnesinger is someone who wrote and…

A German historian, frequently considered the founder of "scientific" history. Ranke set the tone for much of later historical writing, introducing such ideas as reliance on primary sources, an emphasis on narrative history and especially international politics and a commitment to writing history.

Leopold Ranke

A German historian, frequently considered the founder of "scientific" history. Ranke set the tone for…

(1741-1817) One of the earliest contributors to the bibliography of American history.

Christoph Daniel Ebeling

(1741-1817) One of the earliest contributors to the bibliography of American history.

"The so-called Republican, the earliest coinage, began at an early period of Roman history, and subsisted till about 80 B.C. Its standard metal was copper or bronze, an alloy of copper." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Roman Coin

"The so-called Republican, the earliest coinage, began at an early period of Roman history, and subsisted…

"In 1854, Mr. Fowler exhibited his patent steam-draining apparatus at the Lincoln meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society of England; and from this time may be dated the practical history of cultivation of the land byy steam; for the idea that such an apparatus could be wrought advantageously in other field-operations entered the mind of a practical farmer, Mr. Smith of Woolston, near Bletchley; and under the direction of Mr. Fowler, he got construced an apparatus with modifications." &mdash; Chambers, 1881

Fowler's Steam-engine

"In 1854, Mr. Fowler exhibited his patent steam-draining apparatus at the Lincoln meeting of the Royal…

"A popular name of the species of actinia and some other Actiniadae. It seems to have been first applied to them about a century ago by Ellis, one of the most celebrated investigators of the department of natural history to which they belong, who remarks that 'their tentacles, being disposed in regular circles, and tinged with a variety of bright lively colors, very nearly represent the beautiful petals of some of our most elegantly fringed and radiated flowers, such as the carnation, marigold, and anemone.'" &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Anemone

"A popular name of the species of actinia and some other Actiniadae. It seems to have been first applied…

"A popular name of the species of actinia and some other Actiniadae. It seems to have been first applied to them about a century ago by Ellis, one of the most celebrated investigators of the department of natural history to which they belong, who remarks that 'their tentacles, being disposed in regular circles, and tinged with a variety of bright lively colors, very nearly represent the beautiful petals of some of our most elegantly fringed and radiated flowers, such as the carnation, marigold, and anemone.'" &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Anemone

"A popular name of the species of actinia and some other Actiniadae. It seems to have been first applied…

"A popular name of the species of actinia and some other Actiniadae. It seems to have been first applied to them about a century ago by Ellis, one of the most celebrated investigators of the department of natural history to which they belong, who remarks that 'their tentacles, being disposed in regular circles, and tinged with a variety of bright lively colors, very nearly represent the beautiful petals of some of our most elegantly fringed and radiated flowers, such as the carnation, marigold, and anemone.'" &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Anemone

"A popular name of the species of actinia and some other Actiniadae. It seems to have been first applied…

"Eagle, as a military standard, was adopted by the Romans, and even by nations preceding them in history. The Persians, in the time of Cyrus the Younger, bore an eagle on a spear as a standard. The Romans for some time used the eagle, the wolf, the boar, the horse, and the minotaur for standards, but afterwards abandoned the last four, and confined themselves to the first." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Roman Eagle

"Eagle, as a military standard, was adopted by the Romans, and even by nations preceding them in history.…

Cross section of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul (historically Constantinople). The Greek name Hagia Sophia means "Holy Wisdom." It is known as Ayasofya in Turkish. <p>The building was originally constructed as a church between A.D. 532 and 537 on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In 1453, Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed the Conqueror, who ordered the building be converted into a mosque. It was closed in 1931 and reopened as a museum in 1935. This important milestone in the history of architecture was the world's largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years. It also greatly influenced the design of Ottoman mosques, including the nearby Blue Mosque.

Hagia Sophia

Cross section of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul (historically Constantinople). The Greek name Hagia Sophia…