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A collection of Native American arrowheads used for making weapons.

Indian Arrowheads

A collection of Native American arrowheads used for making weapons.

A Native American pappoose, or child carrier, and cradle.

Indian Pappoose and Cradle

A Native American pappoose, or child carrier, and cradle.

The totem or emblem of the Sioux, a Native American tribe has a squirrel on top of a nut.

Sioux Totem

The totem or emblem of the Sioux, a Native American tribe has a squirrel on top of a nut.

The totem or emblem of the Huron, a Native American tribe has a beaver on top of a log in the water.

Huron Totem

The totem or emblem of the Huron, a Native American tribe has a beaver on top of a log in the water.

French soldiers and officers in the French and Indian War.

French Soldiers

French soldiers and officers in the French and Indian War.

The gold mining camp of Cripple Creek, Colorado.

Cripple Creek Mine

The gold mining camp of Cripple Creek, Colorado.

(1839-1925) American soldier who sirved in the Civil War, Indian Wars, and the Spanish-American War.

Nelson A. Miles

(1839-1925) American soldier who sirved in the Civil War, Indian Wars, and the Spanish-American War.

Santalum album is a small tropical tree cultivated for its fragrant oil and medicinal uses.

Indian Sandalwood

Santalum album is a small tropical tree cultivated for its fragrant oil and medicinal uses.

Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet (1715 – 11 July 1774), founder of Johnstown, New York, was an Irish pioneer and army officer in colonial New York, and the British Superintendent of Indian Affairs from 1755 to 1774.

Sir William Johnson

Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet (1715 – 11 July 1774), founder of Johnstown, New York, was an Irish…

Tecumseh (March 1768 – October 5, 1813), also Tecumtha or Tekamthi, was a famous Native American leader of the Shawnee. He spent much of his life attempting to rally various Indian tribes in a mutual defense of their lands, which eventually led to his death in the War of 1812.

Tecumseh

Tecumseh (March 1768 – October 5, 1813), also Tecumtha or Tekamthi, was a famous Native American…

The crossing between Lakes George and Champlain had been used by natives for thousands of years. The town was located on the direct route, utilizing rivers and two long lakes, between New York City to the south and the French settlement of Montreal to the north. The town was the setting for historic battles and maneuvers during both the French and Indian War and the American Revolution. The site of Fort Ticonderoga marked the location of an important portage between Lake George and Lake Champlain.

Ticonderoga and the Lake, from Mount Defiance

The crossing between Lakes George and Champlain had been used by natives for thousands of years. The…

The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought in 1811 between United States forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and forces of Tecumseh's growing American Indian confederation. The battle took place outside Prophetstown, near present-day Battle Ground, Indiana, and was part of what is sometimes known as Tecumseh's War, which continued into the War of 1812. The battle was an important political and symbolic victory for the American forces.

Tippecanoe Battle Ground in 1860

The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought in 1811 between United States forces led by Governor William Henry…

Uncas (c. 1588 – c. 1683) was a sachem of the Mohegan who through his alliance with the English colonists against other Indian tribes made the Mohegans the leading regional Indian tribe.

Uncas

Uncas (c. 1588 – c. 1683) was a sachem of the Mohegan who through his alliance with the English…

The Utes are an ethnically related group of American Indians now living primarily in Utah and Colorado. There are three Ute tribal reservations: Uintah-Ouray in northeastern Utah (3,500 members); Southern Ute in Colorado (1,500 members); and Ute Mountain which primarily lies in Colorado, but extends to Utah and New Mexico (2,000 members). The name of the state of Utah was derived from the name Ute.

Ute Indians

The Utes are an ethnically related group of American Indians now living primarily in Utah and Colorado.…

The tomb of Sultan Humayun in Delhi, India is an example of Indo-Saracenic architecture.

Tomb of Sultan Humayun

The tomb of Sultan Humayun in Delhi, India is an example of Indo-Saracenic architecture.

The sasin or blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is a species of antelope native to India.

Blackbuck

The sasin or blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is a species of antelope native to India.

Chess is a recreational and competitive game played between two players. Sometimes called Western chess or international chess to distinguish it from its predecessors and other chess variants, the current form of the game emerged in Southern Europe during the second half of the 15th century after evolving from similar, much older games of Indian and Persian origin. Today, chess is one of the world's most popular games, played by millions of people worldwide at home, in clubs, online, by correspondence, and in tournaments.

Chess Board

Chess is a recreational and competitive game played between two players. Sometimes called Western chess…

An illustration of an anamirta cocculus leaf. Anamirta cocculus is an Southeast Asian and Indian climbing plant. Its fruit, Cocculus indicus, is the source of picrotoxin, a poisonous alkaloid with stimulant properties. The plant is large-stemmed (up to 10cm in diameter); the bark is "corky gray" with white wood. The "small, yellowish-white, sweet-scented" flowers vary between 6 to 10 centimeters across; the fruit produced is a drupe, "about 1 cm in diameter when dry".

Anamirta cocculus

An illustration of an anamirta cocculus leaf. Anamirta cocculus is an Southeast Asian and Indian climbing…

An illustration of an anamirta cocculus branch with flowers. Anamirta cocculus is an Southeast Asian and Indian climbing plant. Its fruit, Cocculus indicus, is the source of picrotoxin, a poisonous alkaloid with stimulant properties. The plant is large-stemmed (up to 10cm in diameter); the bark is "corky gray" with white wood. The "small, yellowish-white, sweet-scented" flowers vary between 6 to 10 centimeters across; the fruit produced is a drupe, "about 1 cm in diameter when dry".

Anamirta cocculus Flowers

An illustration of an anamirta cocculus branch with flowers. Anamirta cocculus is an Southeast Asian…

An illustration of an anamirta cocculus female flower. Anamirta cocculus is an Southeast Asian and Indian climbing plant. Its fruit, Cocculus indicus, is the source of picrotoxin, a poisonous alkaloid with stimulant properties. The plant is large-stemmed (up to 10cm in diameter); the bark is "corky gray" with white wood. The "small, yellowish-white, sweet-scented" flowers vary between 6 to 10 centimeters across; the fruit produced is a drupe, "about 1 cm in diameter when dry".

Anamirta cocculus Flower (Female)

An illustration of an anamirta cocculus female flower. Anamirta cocculus is an Southeast Asian and Indian…

An illustration of an anamirta cocculus fruit. Anamirta cocculus is an Southeast Asian and Indian climbing plant. Its fruit, Cocculus indicus, is the source of picrotoxin, a poisonous alkaloid with stimulant properties. The plant is large-stemmed (up to 10cm in diameter); the bark is "corky gray" with white wood. The "small, yellowish-white, sweet-scented" flowers vary between 6 to 10 centimeters across; the fruit produced is a drupe, "about 1 cm in diameter when dry".

Anamirta cocculus Flower (Female)

An illustration of an anamirta cocculus fruit. Anamirta cocculus is an Southeast Asian and Indian climbing…

An illustration of an anamirta cocculus male flower. Anamirta cocculus is an Southeast Asian and Indian climbing plant. Its fruit, Cocculus indicus, is the source of picrotoxin, a poisonous alkaloid with stimulant properties. The plant is large-stemmed (up to 10cm in diameter); the bark is "corky gray" with white wood. The "small, yellowish-white, sweet-scented" flowers vary between 6 to 10 centimeters across; the fruit produced is a drupe, "about 1 cm in diameter when dry".

Anamirta cocculus Flower (Male)

An illustration of an anamirta cocculus male flower. Anamirta cocculus is an Southeast Asian and Indian…

An illustration of an anamirta cocculus male flower with the sephals removed. Anamirta cocculus is an Southeast Asian and Indian climbing plant. Its fruit, Cocculus indicus, is the source of picrotoxin, a poisonous alkaloid with stimulant properties. The plant is large-stemmed (up to 10cm in diameter); the bark is "corky gray" with white wood. The "small, yellowish-white, sweet-scented" flowers vary between 6 to 10 centimeters across; the fruit produced is a drupe, "about 1 cm in diameter when dry".

Anamirta cocculus Fruit

An illustration of an anamirta cocculus male flower with the sephals removed. Anamirta cocculus is an…

The Colonial Seal of Virginia. An Indian kneels before a prominent royal figure.

Colonial Seal of Virginia

The Colonial Seal of Virginia. An Indian kneels before a prominent royal figure.

On December 4, 1619, a group of 38 English settlers arrived at Berkeley Hundred, about eight thousand acres (32 km²) on the north bank of the James River near Herring Creek in an area then known as Charles Cittie. It was about 20 miles upstream from Jamestown, where the first permanent settlement of the Colony of Virginia was established on May 14, 1607.

Berkeley, Virginia (Near Harrison's Landing)

On December 4, 1619, a group of 38 English settlers arrived at Berkeley Hundred, about eight thousand…

Anthony Wayne (January 1, 1745–December 15, 1796) was a United States Army general and statesman. Wayne adopted a military career at the outset of the American Revolutionary War, where his military exploits and fiery personality quickly earned him a promotion to the rank of brigadier general and the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony".

General Anthony Wayne's Gold Medal (Front)

Anthony Wayne (January 1, 1745–December 15, 1796) was a United States Army general and statesman.…

Anthony Wayne (January 1, 1745–December 15, 1796) was a United States Army general and statesman. Wayne adopted a military career at the outset of the American Revolutionary War, where his military exploits and fiery personality quickly earned him a promotion to the rank of brigadier general and the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony".

General Anthony Wayne's Gold Medal (Back)

Anthony Wayne (January 1, 1745–December 15, 1796) was a United States Army general and statesman.…

Fort Wayne was established 1839 in Indian Territory by Lt. Col. R.B. Mason of the 1st Dragoons. Named for Gen. "Mad" Anthony Wayne, it was intended as a link in the great line of forts protecting the American West. The army abandoned the fort in 1842 and turned it over to the Cherokee Nation. At the beginning of the Civil War, Stand Watie took over the fort and organized the Cherokee Mounted Rifles. The Union met the Confederates here in 1862 for the Battle of Old Fort Wayne.

Fort Wayne

Fort Wayne was established 1839 in Indian Territory by Lt. Col. R.B. Mason of the 1st Dragoons. Named…

Pohick was the first permanent church in the colony to be established north of the Occoquan River, sometime prior to 1724. Originally called "the Occoquan Church," it was soon referred to as "Pohick Church" because of its proximity to Pohick Creek. George Washington's map of the area locates this long-lost wooden edifice near a site now occupied by Cranford Methodist Church.

Pohick Church

Pohick was the first permanent church in the colony to be established north of the Occoquan River, sometime…

Abraham Whipple (26 September 1733 – 27 May 1819) was an American revolutionary naval commander. Whipple was born near Providence, Rhode Island and chose to be a seafarer early in his life. He embarked upon a career in the lucrative West Indies trade, working for Moses and John Brown. In the French and Indian War period, he became a privateersman and commanded privateer Game Cock from 1759 to 1760. In one six-month cruise, he captured 23 French ships. He sunk the first British ship of the American Revolution. The first to unfurl the Star Spangled Banner in London, he was also the first to build and sail an ocean-going ship 2000 miles down river from Ohio to the Caribbean, opening trade to the Northwest Territory.

Abraham Whipple

Abraham Whipple (26 September 1733 – 27 May 1819) was an American revolutionary naval commander.…

Eucalyptus is a diverse genus of trees (and a few shrubs), the members of which dominate the tree flora of Australia. There are more than seven hundred species of Eucalyptus, mostly native to Australia, with a very small number found in adjacent parts of New Guinea and Indonesia and one as far north as the Philippines islands. Species of Eucalyptus are cultivated throughout the tropics and subtropics including the Americas, England, Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East, China and the Indian Subcontinent.

Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus is a diverse genus of trees (and a few shrubs), the members of which dominate the tree flora…

Madder is the common name of the plant genus Rubia, the type genus of the madder family Rubiaceae. The genus contains about 60 species of perennial scrambling or climbing herbs and sub-shrubs native to the Old World, Africa, temperate Asia and America. The best known species are Common Madder (Rubia tinctorum), Wild Madder (Rubia peregrina), and Indian Madder (Rubia cordifolia). The Common Madder can grow to 1.5 m in height. The evergreen leaves are 5-10 cm long and 2-3 cm broad, produced in whorls of 4-7 starlike around the central stem. It climbs with tiny hooks at the leaves and stems. The flowers are small (3-5 mm across), with five pale yellow petals, in dense racemes, and appear from June to August, followed by small (4-6 mm diameter) red to black berries. The roots can be over a metre long, up to 12 mm thick and the source of a red dye known as rose madder. It prefers loamy soils with a constant level of moisture. Madders are used as food plants for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Hummingbird hawk moth.

Madder

Madder is the common name of the plant genus Rubia, the type genus of the madder family Rubiaceae. The…

The chickpea (Cicer arietinum) (also garbanzo bean, Indian pea, ceci bean, bengal gram, chana, kadale kaalu, sanaga pappu, shimbra, Kadala) is an edible legume of the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. Chickpeas are high in protein and one of the earliest cultivated vegetables. 7,500-year-old remains have been found in the Middle East.

Chickpea Plant

The chickpea (Cicer arietinum) (also garbanzo bean, Indian pea, ceci bean, bengal gram, chana, kadale…

Edward Otho Cresap Ord (October 18, 1818 – July 22, 1883) was the designer of Fort Sam Houston, and a United States Army officer who saw action in the Seminole War, the Indian Wars, and the American Civil War.

Edward Otho Cresap Ord

Edward Otho Cresap Ord (October 18, 1818 – July 22, 1883) was the designer of Fort Sam Houston,…

A tipi (also teepee, tepee) is a conical tent originally made of animal skins or birch bark and popularized by the Native Americans of the Great Plains. Tipis are stereotypically associated with Native Americans in general, but Native Americans from places other than the Great Plains used different types of dwellings. The term wigwam is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to a dwelling of this type. The tipi was durable, provided warmth and comfort in winter, was dry during heavy rains, and was cool in the heat of summer. Tipis could be disassembled and packed away quickly when a tribe decided to move, and could be reconstructed quickly when the tribe settled in a new area. This portability was important to those Plains Indians who had a nomadic lifestyle.

Teepee

A tipi (also teepee, tepee) is a conical tent originally made of animal skins or birch bark and popularized…

Marinus Willett (July 31, 1740 – August 22, 1830) was an American soldier and political leader from New York. He was characterized by historian Mark M. Boatner as "one of the truly outstanding American leaders of the Revolution." Marinus Willett served in the militia during the French and Indian War. He received a commission as 2nd lieutenant in a New York regiment under the command of Oliver DeLancey Sr. which took part in General James Abercrombie's expedition to Fort Ticonderoga in 1758. During the early stages of the American Revolution, Willett became an informal leader of the Sons of Liberty in New York City.

Marinus Willett

Marinus Willett (July 31, 1740 – August 22, 1830) was an American soldier and political leader from…

On September 7, 1676, Waldron invited about 400 Indians to participate in a mock battle against the militia. It was a trick; instead, he took them prisoner. Thirteen years passed, and it was assumed that the incident had been forgotten. But then squaws began dropping ambiguous hints that something was astir. On June 27, 1689, two Indian women appeared at each of 5 garrison houses, asking permission to sleep by the fire. All but one house accepted. In the dark early hours of the next day, the women unfastened the doors, and in rushed Indian men who had concealed themselves about the town. Waldron resisted but was stunned with a hatchet, then placed on his table. After dining, the Indians cut him across the belly with knives, each saying "I cross out my account." Major Waldron was slain with his own sword.

Death of Major Richard Waldron

On September 7, 1676, Waldron invited about 400 Indians to participate in a mock battle against the…

During Dummer's War, the location was a rendezvous for returned inhabitants of Pemaquid and vicinity. Colonel David Dunbar, Surveyor-General of the King's Woods, rebuilt the fort in 1729–1730, renaming it Fort Frederick. He renamed the town Harrington after the Earl of Harrington, who had helped arrange the 1729 Treaty of Seville. Fort Frederick withstood two attacks in 1747, but in 1759 was decommissioned at the end of the French and Indian Wars. In 1775, the town dismantled the fort to prevent it from becoming a British stronghold during the Revolutionary War.

Old Fort Frederick at Pemmaquid

During Dummer's War, the location was a rendezvous for returned inhabitants of Pemaquid and vicinity.…

A dark mystery shrouds the fate of the eldest son of Louis XVI of France and Marie Antoinette, who was eight years of age at the time his father was murdered by the Jacobins. After the downfall of Robespierre and his fellows, it was declared that the prince died in prison in 1795, while the royalists believed he had been secretly hidden away in the United States. Curious facts and circumstances pointed to Rev. Eleazar Williams, a reputed half-breed Indian, of the Caughanawaga tribe, near Montreal, as the surviving prince, who, for almost sixty years, had been hidden from the world in that disguise.

Eleazar Williams

A dark mystery shrouds the fate of the eldest son of Louis XVI of France and Marie Antoinette, who was…

William Henry Winder (1775 – 1824) was an American soldier and a Maryland lawyer. He was a controversial general in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812. He was commissioned as a colonel in the U.S. Army at the start of the War of 1812. Promoted to brigadier general, he was one of two acting commanders of the American army at the Battle of Stoney Creek in July 1813, where he was captured, along with fellow commander John Chandler.

William Henry Winder

William Henry Winder (1775 – 1824) was an American soldier and a Maryland lawyer. He was a controversial…

Henry Alexander Wise (December 3, 1806 – September 12, 1876) was an American statesman from Virginia. Henry A. Wise served in the United States Congress from 1833 to 1844. Wise was active in securing the election of John Tyler as Vice President in 1840. Tyler appointed Wise as United States minister to Brazil from 1844 to 1847, where two of his children were born in Rio de Janeiro. After his return, Wise identified with the Democratic Party. In 1855, after a remarkable campaign, he was elected governor of Virginia over the Know Nothing candidate. Wise served as a Brigadier General in the Confederate Army. He commanded a brigade in the Army of Northern Virginia during the siege of Petersburg, and was promoted to the rank of Major General after the Battle of Sayler's Creek.

Henry Alexander Wise

Henry Alexander Wise (December 3, 1806 – September 12, 1876) was an American statesman from Virginia.…

The Battle of Wyoming was an encounter during the American Revolutionary War between American Patriots and Loyalists accompanied by Iroquois raiders that took place in Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania, on July 3, 1778. More than three hundred Patriots were killed in a battle followed by a massacre, in which the Iroquois raiders hunted and killed fleeing Patriots before torturing to death thirty to forty who had surrendered.

Wyoming Valley Massacre

The Battle of Wyoming was an encounter during the American Revolutionary War between American Patriots…

The Monument marks the grave site of the bones of victims of the Wyoming Massacre, which took place on July 3, 1778. Local residents banded together to defend the area against an invasion of British Tories as well as pro-Tory Native Americans. The battle ended in defeat for the colonial fighters and considerable brutality followed the actual Battle. In 1833, the bones were reinterred in a vault under the present Monument. The monument is located in the borough of Wyoming, Pennsylvania.

The Wyoming Monument

The Monument marks the grave site of the bones of victims of the Wyoming Massacre, which took place…

The Great Seal of the State of Florida. The image shows a Seminole Native American sprinkling flowers. There is also a palm tree, a steamboat, and sunshine.

Seal of Florida

The Great Seal of the State of Florida. The image shows a Seminole Native American sprinkling flowers.…

Rufus Putnam (April 9, 1738 – 1824) was a colonial military officer during the French and Indian War, and a general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.

Rufus Putnam

Rufus Putnam (April 9, 1738 – 1824) was a colonial military officer during the French and Indian…

The Seal of the State of Massachusetts. The seal has a shield in the center with a Algonquin Native American holding a bow and arrow. Around the shield, is a blue ribbon with the state motto, 'Ense Petit Placidam Sub Libertate Quietem" which means "By the sword we seek peace, but only under liberty."

Seal of Massachusetts

The Seal of the State of Massachusetts. The seal has a shield in the center with a Algonquin Native…

The Great Seal of the State of Minnesota. The seal depicts a farmer plowing as a Native American rides by horseback. Above, the state motto reads, 'L'etoile du nord' meaning "Star of the North."

Seal of Minnesota

The Great Seal of the State of Minnesota. The seal depicts a farmer plowing as a Native American rides…

The headquarters of Louis Montcalm, the commander of the French forces in the French and Indian War.

Montcalm's Headquarters

The headquarters of Louis Montcalm, the commander of the French forces in the French and Indian War.

The Great Seal of the State of North Dakota. The seal depicts a tree, wheat, a plow, and a Native American on horseback hunting a buffalo. Above is the state motto, "Liberty and Union Now and Forever, One and Inseparable."

Seal of North Dakota

The Great Seal of the State of North Dakota. The seal depicts a tree, wheat, a plow, and a Native American…

The Great Seal of the State of Oklahoma, 1907. The seal has a star with five rays hold seals of Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole.

Seal of Oklahoma

The Great Seal of the State of Oklahoma, 1907. The seal has a star with five rays hold seals of Cherokee,…

Sanders Creek is a small waterway located in Lamar County, Texas.

Sanders Creek

Sanders Creek is a small waterway located in Lamar County, Texas.

The Battle of Big Sandy Creek was fought in northwestern New York on May 29 – May 30, 1814, during the War of 1812.

Place of Battle at Sandy Creek

The Battle of Big Sandy Creek was fought in northwestern New York on May 29 – May 30, 1814, during…

Pieter Schuyler (September 17, 1657 – February 19, 1724) was the mayor of Albany, New York and the head of the Albany Commissioners for Indian Affairs. He served as acting governor of New York in 1709 and from 1719-1720.

Peter Schuyler

Pieter Schuyler (September 17, 1657 – February 19, 1724) was the mayor of Albany, New York and the…

The Battle of Stoney Creek was fought on June 6, 1813, during the War of 1812 near present day Stoney Creek, Ontario.

Battleground of Stony Creek

The Battle of Stoney Creek was fought on June 6, 1813, during the War of 1812 near present day Stoney…

Samuel Davis Sturgis (June 11, 1822 – September 28, 1889) was an American military officer who served in the Mexican-American War, as a Union general in the American Civil War, and later in the Indian Wars.

Samuel Davis Sturgis

Samuel Davis Sturgis (June 11, 1822 – September 28, 1889) was an American military officer who…

The most imposing and original of all Indian domes are those of the Jumma Musjid and of the Tomb of Mahmûd, both at Bijapur. Gol Gumbaz is the mausoleum of Mohammed Adil Shah (1627-1657) of the Adil Shahi dynasty of Indian sultans, who ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur from 1490 to 1686. The structure consists of a massive square chamber measuring nearly 50 m (160 ft) on each side and covered by a huge dome 37.9 m (124 ft) in diameter making it the second largest pre-modern dome in the entire world (after the dome of Hagia Sophia and Pantheon).

Gol Gumbaz (Section)

The most imposing and original of all Indian domes are those of the Jumma Musjid and of the Tomb of…

Illustration of a dodo bird skeleton. The dodo (Raphus cucullatus) was a flightless bird endemic to the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius. Related to pigeons and doves, it stood about a meter tall, weighing about 20 kilograms (44 lb), living on fruit and nesting on the ground.

Dodo Skeleton

Illustration of a dodo bird skeleton. The dodo (Raphus cucullatus) was a flightless bird endemic to…

The Chay Root (Oldenlandia umbellata) is a plant native to India used for the red dye that can be extracted from its root. "Shaya-root ... a, flower; b, pistil and calyx." -Whitney, 1911

Chay Root

The Chay Root (Oldenlandia umbellata) is a plant native to India used for the red dye that can be extracted…

"A throwing-stick, similar to the Australian boomerang, used by the Indians of the southwestern United States in hunting rabbits and other small game." -Whitney, 1911

Rabbit Stick

"A throwing-stick, similar to the Australian boomerang, used by the Indians of the southwestern United…

The Brahmin cave-temples are, as a rule, open in front, and are sometimes connected with an independent structure hewn out of the solid rock. A, Entrance; B, Rock-Temple; C, Small shrine.

Cave-Temple of Dumas-Syna at Ellora

The Brahmin cave-temples are, as a rule, open in front, and are sometimes connected with an independent…