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"Minerva." —Bulfinch, 1897

Minerva

"Minerva." —Bulfinch, 1897

The colossal egg-and-leaf moulding is found in the temple of Jupiter Tonans, Rome.

Colossal Egg-and-Leaf Moulding

The colossal egg-and-leaf moulding is found in the temple of Jupiter Tonans, Rome.

Political advisor to Octavian, the first Emperor of Rome.

Mæcenas

Political advisor to Octavian, the first Emperor of Rome.

(54-68 A.D.) Reigned over Rome

Nero

(54-68 A.D.) Reigned over Rome

Emperor of Rome from 96 to 98 A.D.

Nerva

Emperor of Rome from 96 to 98 A.D.

This Roman oblong panel is at the underside of the architrave (moulded band) of the Temple of Vespasian in Rome, Italy.

Roman Oblong Panel

This Roman oblong panel is at the underside of the architrave (moulded band) of the Temple of Vespasian…

Augustulus is deposed from the crown by Odoacer, and was thus the last Western Roman Emperor.

Odoacer Compels Augustulus to Yield the Crown

Augustulus is deposed from the crown by Odoacer, and was thus the last Western Roman Emperor.

An illustration of an ancient Roman oil vase.

Roman Oil Vase

An illustration of an ancient Roman oil vase.

"The Palantine from the Aventine." — Young, 1901

Palatine

"The Palantine from the Aventine." — Young, 1901

The Palladium, an ancient statue.

The Palladium

The Palladium, an ancient statue.

"The finest monument of this time is the Pantheon of Rome, first built about B.C. 27, which is one of the grandest buildings of the ancient world. Whether it was erected as a Temple or as a Hall attached to the Thermae of Agrippa is a moot point. It is even now in a sufficient good state of preservation for us to be able to judge of what it was." —D'Anvers, 1895

Pantheon

"The finest monument of this time is the Pantheon of Rome, first built about B.C. 27, which is one of…

"The most important and most beautiful of circular buildings without columns surrounding it is the Pantheon at Rome, which was completed in the reign of Augustus, in the year 25 A.D."

Façade of the Pantheon at Rome

"The most important and most beautiful of circular buildings without columns surrounding it is the Pantheon…

"The most important and most beautiful of circular buildings without columns surrounding it is the Pantheon at Rome, which was completed in the reign of Augustus, in the year 25 A.D."

Interior of the Pantheon at Rome

"The most important and most beautiful of circular buildings without columns surrounding it is the Pantheon…

A building in Rome commissioned as a temple to all the gods of Ancient Rome.

The Panthéon

A building in Rome commissioned as a temple to all the gods of Ancient Rome.

Saint Paul and Saint Peter in prison, one seated, both bound in chains. One man has a book on his lap. Five prisoners come before the two apostles, kneeling or holding their arms out to them. A small fountain erupts from the floor when Peter prays. The prisoners are able to be baptized in the fountain.

Paul and Peter in Prison, Baptizing Other Prisoners

Saint Paul and Saint Peter in prison, one seated, both bound in chains. One man has a book on his lap.…

"Arms of Paul II (Barbo)." — Young, 1901

Paul II

"Arms of Paul II (Barbo)." — Young, 1901

"Arms of Paul III. (Farnese)" — Young, 1901

Paul III

"Arms of Paul III. (Farnese)" — Young, 1901

Illustration of Paul, kneeling on one knee in the city streets, head bowed, awaiting execution. A man in a short tunic and head wrap is raising his sword above Paul's head. A man in a robe stands nearby with his hand over his mouth. Another man stands in the background, holding a scroll and a staff. Two soldiers are standing in the background.

Paul is Beheaded at Rome by the Order of Emperor Nero

Illustration of Paul, kneeling on one knee in the city streets, head bowed, awaiting execution. A man…

"And when it was determined that we should sail for Italy, they delivered Paul and certain other prisoners to a centurion named Julius, of the Augustan band. And embarking in a ship of Adramyttium, which was about to sail unto the places on the coast of Asia, we put to sea, Aristarchus, a Macedonian of Thessalonica, being with us." Acts 27:1-2 ASV <p>Illustration of Paul, bound in chains, getting on a boat. He is being taken to Rome. A group of soldiers walks behind him.

Paul Sails to Rome as a Prisoner

"And when it was determined that we should sail for Italy, they delivered Paul and certain other prisoners…

Illustration of Peter being bound to an upside down cross. One man holds his upper body, while another man ties his ankles to the cross. A third man prepares to pierce Peter's feet with a large nail. Peter asked to be crucified upside down because he did not believe he was worthy of being crucified in the same manner as Jesus.

Peter Crucified on an Upside Down Cross

Illustration of Peter being bound to an upside down cross. One man holds his upper body, while another…

The Roman-Corinthian pilaster capital has a leaf and floral design, then it volutes with a spiral scroll like ornaments on the sides. It is found in the temple of Mars in Rome.

Roman-Corinthian Pilaster Capital

The Roman-Corinthian pilaster capital has a leaf and floral design, then it volutes with a spiral scroll…

The Roman-Corinthian pilaster capital has a leaf and floral design, then it volutes with a spiral scroll like ornaments on the sides. It is found in the temple of Pantheon in Rome.

Roman-Corinthian Pilaster Capital

The Roman-Corinthian pilaster capital has a leaf and floral design, then it volutes with a spiral scroll…

Coin of Piso with bust on front and wreath on back. Front.

Coin of Piso

Coin of Piso with bust on front and wreath on back. Front.

Coin of Piso with bust on front and wreath on back. Back.

Coin of Piso

Coin of Piso with bust on front and wreath on back. Back.

A plough used for cultivating the soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting.

A Roman Plough

A plough used for cultivating the soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting.

An old Roman plow.

Roman plow

An old Roman plow.

"Plutarch, as the great interpreter of Greece and Rome, exerted on generations succeeding him in influence perhaps greater than any other classical writer." &mdash; The Delphian Society, 1913

Plutarch

"Plutarch, as the great interpreter of Greece and Rome, exerted on generations succeeding him in influence…

"The following cut gives a view of of a portion of the paved street at the entrance of Pompeii. The upper surface consists of large polygonal blocks of the hardest stone, fitted and jointed with the utmost nicety, so as to present a perfectly even surface, as free from gaps or irregularities, as if the whole had been one solid mass." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Pompeii

"The following cut gives a view of of a portion of the paved street at the entrance of Pompeii. The…

The ground plan of the baths of Pompeii, Italy.

Baths of Pompeii

The ground plan of the baths of Pompeii, Italy.

Illustration of Pope Leo, dressed in full papal costume and holding the primatial cross, approaches Attila the Hun. Several clergy follow behind Leo, one carrying the cross of Christ. Attila bows slightly. He is wearing a crown and carrying a sword. His army follows behind. The face of a horse is visible. God, carrying a sword, floats in a cloud over the scene.

Pope Leo the Great Approaches Attila, King of the Huns, on the Battlefield

Illustration of Pope Leo, dressed in full papal costume and holding the primatial cross, approaches…

Profile of Pop Leo XIII. He was elected pope on February 20th, 1878 and died July 20th, 1903. He was called the "Rosary Pope" and was known for being an intellectual. This is a very simple side portrait.

Pope Leo XIII - Side Portrait

Profile of Pop Leo XIII. He was elected pope on February 20th, 1878 and died July 20th, 1903. He was…

"Porta San Paolo" — Young, 1901

Porta San Paolo

"Porta San Paolo" — Young, 1901

Praetorian guards were responsible for the protection of the Roman emperor.

Praetorian Guards

Praetorian guards were responsible for the protection of the Roman emperor.

"The next Emperor was Aurelius Probus, officer of the army of Germany. He was chosen by the legions, and recognized by the Senate, A certain Florianus, brother of Tacitus, had in the mean tie assumed the purple without recognition by either the civil or the military power; but presently finding himself abandoned, he made an end by suicide. Probus, who was a soldier and man of worth, was thus left in undisputed possession of the throne. His reign of six years was almost wholly occupied in war."—Ridpath, 1885

Probus

"The next Emperor was Aurelius Probus, officer of the army of Germany. He was chosen by the legions,…

A Roman foot-race.

Race

A Roman foot-race.

Statue of the Greek god Helios. It is currently considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It was one of the tallest statues during its time, standing at over 30 meters (107 feet).

Colossus at Rhodes

Statue of the Greek god Helios. It is currently considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient…

Personification of the city of Rome

Roma

Personification of the city of Rome

"The Pont du Gard near Nimes (ancient Nemausus) in southern France. Built by the emperor Antoninus Pius. The bridge spans two hilltops nearly a thousand feet apart. It carries an aqueduct with three tiers of massive stone arches at a height of 160 feet above the stream. This is the finest and best preserved aqueduct in existence."&mdash;Webster, 1913

A Roman Aqueduct

"The Pont du Gard near Nimes (ancient Nemausus) in southern France. Built by the emperor Antoninus Pius.…

"Roman Bath, from a Painting on the Walls of the Thermae of Titus at Rome." &mdash; Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Roman Bath

"Roman Bath, from a Painting on the Walls of the Thermae of Titus at Rome." — Chambers' Encyclopedia,…

A Roman battle ship manned by many oarsmen.

Roman Battle Ship

A Roman battle ship manned by many oarsmen.

A example of a Roman books, which were made out of rolls of papyrus.

Roman Book Papyrus Roll

A example of a Roman books, which were made out of rolls of papyrus.

A Roman doodad.

Roman doodad

A Roman doodad.

A tall stone structure.

Roman edifice

A tall stone structure.

An illustration of the Roman Forum as in 1885. The Roman Forum, sometimes known by its original Latin name, is located between the Palatine hill and the Capitoline hill of the city of Rome. It is the central area around which the ancient Roman civilization developed. Citizens referred to the location as the "Forum Magnum" or just the "Forum

Roman Forum in 1885

An illustration of the Roman Forum as in 1885. The Roman Forum, sometimes known by its original Latin…

"This ship lies besides the wharf at Ostia. In the afterpart of the vessel is a cabin with two windows. Notice the figure of Victory on the top of the single mast and the decoration of the mainsail with the wolf and twins. The ship is steered by a pair of huge paddles."&mdash;Webster, 1913

A Roman Freight Ship

"This ship lies besides the wharf at Ostia. In the afterpart of the vessel is a cabin with two windows.…

The spear point of the Roman javelin, or pila.

Roman Javelin

The spear point of the Roman javelin, or pila.

The attaching point for the spear point of the Roman javelin, or pila.

Roman Javelin

The attaching point for the spear point of the Roman javelin, or pila.

The Roman javelin, or pila.

Roman Javelin

The Roman javelin, or pila.

The Roman javelin, or pila.

Roman Javelin

The Roman javelin, or pila.

"From a monument of the imperial age. The soldier wears a metal helmet, a leather doublet with shoulder-pieces, a metal-plated belt, and a sword hanging from a strap thrown over the left shoulder. His left hand holds a large shield, his right, a heavy javelin."&mdash;Webster, 1913

A Roman Legionary

"From a monument of the imperial age. The soldier wears a metal helmet, a leather doublet with shoulder-pieces,…

Roman Pack-wagons and carts carrying goods being drawn by horses.

Roman Pack-wagons

Roman Pack-wagons and carts carrying goods being drawn by horses.

Illustration of a Roman farmer driving his plow, called an <i>aratrum</i>. The man wears a typical brimmed hat and a tunic with no toga or outer gown. He is driving two oxen that are pulling the plow.

A Roman Farmer with a Plow

Illustration of a Roman farmer driving his plow, called an aratrum. The man wears a typical brimmed…

A Roman gladiator-style sandal.

Roman sandal

A Roman gladiator-style sandal.

A scene from a Roman wall painting.

Roman School Scene

A scene from a Roman wall painting.

A Roman Siege Works, with A and B, a double wall; C, C, C, Vine&aelig;; D, an Agger; E, a movable tower; F, a ditch.

Roman Siege Works

A Roman Siege Works, with A and B, a double wall; C, C, C, Vineæ; D, an Agger; E, a movable tower;…

A projectile weapon used to throw a blunt projectile.

A Roman Slinger

A projectile weapon used to throw a blunt projectile.

"From a gravestone of the first century A.D. The standard consists of a spear crowned with a wreath, below which is a crossbar bearing pendant acorns. Then follow, in order, a metal disk. Jupiter's eagle standing on a thunderbolt, a crescent moon, an amulet, and a large tassel."&mdash;Webster, 1913

A Roman Standard Bearer

"From a gravestone of the first century A.D. The standard consists of a spear crowned with a wreath,…

Staffs carried by Roman legions to show who they were and what rank in the army they held.

Roman Standards

Staffs carried by Roman legions to show who they were and what rank in the army they held.

Roman Sword or gladii. In sheath decorated with carvings.

Roman Sword

Roman Sword or gladii. In sheath decorated with carvings.

"The best preserved of Roman temples. Located at Nimes in southern France, where it is known as La Maison Carree ("the square house"). The structure is now used as a museum of antiquities."—Webster, 1913

A Roman Temple

"The best preserved of Roman temples. Located at Nimes in southern France, where it is known as La Maison…